2016年6月英语六级考试真题2答案与详解

MyViewonE-Withscienceandtechnologydevelo,anincreasingnumberofpeopleprefertotakecoursesandacquireknowledgeonlineratherthanattendschool,causinge-learningboomingallaroundtheworld.Viewsvaryfrom onthethrivingofe-learning.Themajorityofpeopleconsideritverynecessarytolearnonlineinthefuture,whileothersareagainsttheidea.Asforme,Iagreewiththeformerone.Foronething,thereisnodoubtthattheInternethasmadeagreatdifferenceineveryaspectofourlife.Asfore-learning,itprovideslearnerswithmanyoptionsintermsoftime,locations,subjectsandcosts.Foranotherthing,learnerscanbearmedwiththeupdatedinformationthroughonlinelearning.Justbyclickingthemouse,anyinformationthatyouneedcanbepresentedtoyouinnotime.Admittedly,e-learningoffersusmanyadvantagesandmakesourlifemoreconvenientandefficient；however,withsomuchuselessandfalseinformationontheInternet,chancesarethatwemaygetmisunderstood.Therefore,itisadvisableforustodistinguishtheauthenticityofinformationwhenlearningonlineandtomakegooduseofthepositivePartIIListeningComprehensionSectionAQuestions1to4arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustWhatseemstohavebeenverysuccessfulaccordingtothewomanTheprojectthemanmanagedatTheupdatingoftechnologyatTheman'sswitchtoanewTherestructuringofher【详解】A)。事实细节题。开头，就问男士是否在CucinTech公司里负责革新项案为A)。Whatdidthecompanylackbeforetheman'sschemewas Strategic【详解】B)。推理判断题。问男士CucinTech公司的崛起是否都归功于革新，男WhatdoesthemansayheshoulddoinhisExpandtheRecruitmoreInnovateWhatdoesthemansayistheriskofPossibleUnforeseenswithintheImitationbyone's【详解】D)。事实细节题。男士在讲到革新的风险时，说只要有革新，就会出现模仿W:So,Mike,(1)youmanagetheinnovationprojectatCucinTech.M:Ididindeed.W:Well,then,first,congratulations.(1)Itseemstohavebeenverysuccessful.M:Thanks.Yes,IreallyhelpthingsturnaroundatCucinTech.W:(2)WastherevivalintheirfortunesentirelyduetostrategicM:Yes,yes,Ithinkitwas.CucinTechwasacompanywhowereverymuchfollowingthepack,ngwhateveryoneelsewas ngandgettingrapidlyleftbehind.Icouldseetherewasalotoftalentthere,andsomegreatpotential,particularlyintheirproductdevelopment.IjusthadtothatW:WasinnovationatthecoreoftheM:Absoluy.Ifitdoesn'tsoundliketoomuchofCliché,(3)ourworldisconstantlychangingandit'schangingquickly.Weneedtobeinnovatingconstantlytokeepupwiththis.Standstillandyouarelost.W:NostoptosnifftheM:Well,I'lldothatinmy allife.Sure.Butasabusinessstrategy,I'mafraidthereisnoM:WhatexactlyisstrategicinnovationW:Strategicinnovationistheprocessofmanaginginnovation,ofmakingsureittakesplaceatalllevelsofthecompany,andthatisrelatedtothecompany'soverallstrategy.W:IM:So,insteadofinnovationforinnovation'ssakeandnewproductsbeingcreatedsimplybecausethetechnologyisthere,thecompanyculturemustswitchfromthesepointing-timeinnovationstocontinuouspipelineofinnovationsfromeverywhereandeveryone.W:HowdidyoualignstrategiesthroughouttheM:Isoonbecameawarethatningisuseless.Peopletakenonotice.Simplyitcameaboutthroughgoodpracticetricklingdown.Thisbuiltconsent.PeoplecouldseeitwasthebestwaytoW:DoesinnovationontheskillreallygiveacompetitiveM:Iamcertainofit,absoluy,(4)especiallyifit'sdifficultforacompetitortocopy.Theriskisofcoursethatinnovationmayfrequentlyleadtoimitation.W:Butnotifit'sstrategic?M:Precisely.W:ThanksfortalkingtoQuestions5to8arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustWhatarethespeakersmainlytalkingThejobofanThestressfeltbyTheimportanceoflanguageThebestwaytoeffective【详解】A)。主旨大意题。开头，男士介绍说是有着二十年工作经验的一位口译WhatdoesthemanthinkofDayna's【详解】B)。观点态度题。男士说他在当时，与口译工作者一同共过事，他认为口译WhatdoesDaynasayabouttheinterpreterssheTheyallhaveastronginterestinTheyallhaveprofessionalTheyhaveallpassedlanguageproficiencyTheyhaveallstudiedcross-cultural【详解】B)。细节推断题。男士说很多人认为只要会讲外语，就能做口译，但是说，WhatdomostinterpretersthinkofconsecutiveItrequiresamuchlargerItattachesmoreimportancetoItismorestressfulthansimultaneousItputsone'slong-termmemoryundermore【详解】C)。细节推断题。当男士表示同声传译似乎更难时，表示了不同看法，她说M:(5)Today,myguestisDaynaIvanovichwhohasworkedforthelasttwentyyearsasaninterpreter.Dayna, W:ThankM:Now,I'dliketobeginbysayingthatIhaveonoccasionsusedaninterpretermyselfasaforeigncorrespondent.(6)SoIamfullofadmirationforwhatyoudo,butIthinkyourprofessionissometimesunderrated,andmanypeoplethinkanyonewhospeaksmorethanonelanguagecandoW:(7)Therearen'tanyinterpretersIknowwhodon'thaveprofessionalqualificationsandtraining.Youonlyreallygetproficientaftermanyyearsinthejob.W:That'sright.Thetechniquesyouusearedifferent,andalotofinterpreterswillsayoneiseasierthantheother,lessstressful.M:Simultaneousinterpreting,puttingsomeone'swordsintoanotherlanguagemoreorlessastheyspeak,soundstomelikethemoredifficult.W:Well,actuallyno.(8)Mostpeopleinthebusinesswouldagreethatconsecutiveinterpretingisthemorestressful.Youhavetowaitforthespeakertodeliverquiteachunkoflanguagebeforeyouthenputitintothesecondlanguage,whichputsyourshort-termmemoryunderintensestress.M:Youmakenotes,IW:Absoluy,anythinglikenumbers,names,placeshavetobenoteddown.Buttherestisnevertranslatedwordforword.Youhavetofindawayofsummarizingit,sothatthemessageisthere.Turningeverysinglewordintothetargetlanguagewouldputtoomuchstrainontheinterpreterandslowdownthewholeprocesstoomuch.M:But,withsimultaneousinterpreting,youstarttranslatingalmostassoonastheother speaking.Youmusthavesomepreparationbeforehand.W:Well,hopefullythespeakerswillletyouhaveanoutlineofthetopicadayortwoinadvance.Youhavealittletimetodoresearch,preparetechnicalexpressionsandsoon.SectionQuestions9to11arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustWhatisthelong-heldviewaboutmothersleewithnewbornItmightaffectmothers'Itmightdisturbinfants'Itmightincreasetheriskofinfants'Itmightincreasemothers'mentalC)。细节辨认题。短文开头就提出，多年以来，母亲们就受到警告，和新生婴儿WhatdoIsraeliresearchers'findingsMotherswhobreast-feedtheirbabieshaveahardertimefallingMotherswhosleepwiththeirbabiesneedalittlemoresleepeachSleepatternsofmothersgreatlyaffecttheirnewbornbabies'Sleewithinfantsinthesameroomhasanegativeimpacton【详解】D)。细节推断题。短文中明确，根据以色列的研究，只要与婴儿在同一间屋内休息，不论是不是同睡一张床，都会对母亲的睡眠产生影响。WhatdoestheAmericanAcademyof mendmothersChangetheirsleeppatternstoadapttotheirnewbornSleepinthesameroombutnotinthesamebedastheirSleepinthesamehousebutnotinthesameroomastheirTakeprecautionstoreducetheriskofsuddeninfantdeath【详解】B)。事实细节题。短文结尾部分提到，儿科学会建议母亲不要与婴儿睡在Israeliresearchersarereportingthatevensleeinthesameroomcanhavenegativeconsequences:notforthechild,butforthemother.Motherswhosleptinthesameroomastheirinfants,whetherinthesamebedorjustthesameroom,hadpoorersleepthanmotherswhosebabiessleptelsewhereinthehouse:Theywokeupmorefrequently,wereawakeapproximay20minuteslongerpernight,andhadshorterperiodsofuninterruptedsleep.Theseresultsheldtrueeventakingintoaccountthatmanyofthewomeninthestudywerebreast-feedingtheirbabies.Infants,ontheotherhand,didn'tappeartohaveworsesleepwhethertheysleptinthesameordifferentroomfromtheirmothers.Theresearchersacknowledgethatsincethefamiliestheystudiedwereallmiddle-classIsraelis,it'spossibletheresultswouldbedifferentindifferentcultures.LeadauthorLiatTikotzkywroteinan thattheresearchteamalsodidn'tmeasurefathers'sleep,soit'spossiblethattheirsleeppatternscouldalsobecausingthesleepdisruptionsformoms.Rightnow,toreducetheriskofsuddeninfantdeathsyndrome,(11)theAmericanAcademyofPediatrics thatmothersnotsleepinthesamebedastheirbabiesbutsleepinthesameroom.TheIsraelistudysuggeststhatngsomaybebestforthebaby,butmaytakeatollonmom.Questions12to15arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustWhatdowelearnfromtheAlotofnativelanguageshavealreadydiedoutintheTheUSranksfirstinthenumberofendangeredTheeffortsto nlanguageshaveprovedMoremoneyisneededtorecordthenativelanguagesinthe而残存的192种本土语言也已经被教科文组织列入“”或“濒危”行列。ForwhatpurposedoesFredNahwooksyappealformoreTosetupmorelanguage endangeredToeducatenativeAmerican【详解】D)。细节推断题。印第安人博物馆的FredNahwooksy说，需要的钱，来Whatisthehistoricalcauseofthedeclinein nThe ernment'spolicyof nThefailureofAmericannlanguagestogainanofficialThy ernment'sunwillingnesstospendmoneyeducatingThelong-timeisolationof nsfromtheoutside【详解】A)。事实细节题。短文中明确，印第安语消亡有其historicalroots（历史，19进行“化”，使他们远离自己的语言和文化。Whatdoesthespeakersay ItisbeingutilisedtoteachnativeD)Itiswidelyusedinlanguageimmersion【详解】C)。细节辨认题。短文最后说濒危语言的另一个 了千家万户，了家人之间讲故事和聊天的时间，加速了 (12)TheUShasalreadylostmorethanathirdofthenativelanguagesthatexistedbeforeEuropeancolonization,andtheremaining192areclassedbyUNESCOasrangingbetween“unsafe”and“extinct”.“Weneedmorefundingandmoreefforttoreturntheselanguagestoeverydayuse,”saysFredNahwooksyoftheNationalMuseumoftheAmericann.(13)“Wearemakingprogressbutmoneyneedstobespentonrevitalisinglanguages,notjust ingthem.”Some40languages,mainlyinCaliforniaandOklahoma,wherethousandsofnswereforcedtorelocateinthe19thCentury,havefewerthan10nativespeakers.“Partoftheissueisthattribalgroupsthemselvesdon'talwaysbelievetheirlanguagesareendangereduntilthey'redowntothelasthandfulofspeakers.Butprogressisbeingmadethroughimmersionschools,becauseifyouteachchildrenwhenthey'reyoungitwillstaywiththemasadultsandthat'sthefuture,”saysMr.Nahwooksy,aComanchen.Suchschoolshave eamodelinHawaii.Buttheislanders'locallanguageisstillclassedbyUNESCOas“criticallyendangered”becauseonly1,000peoplespeakit.(14)ThedeclineinAmericannlanguageshashistoricalroots:Inthemid-19thCentury,theUSernmentadoptedapolicyofAmericanizingnchildrenbyremovingthemfromtheirhomesandculture.Withinafewgenerationsmosthadforgottentheirnativetongues.(15)Anotherchallengetolanguagesurvivalisevision.IthasbroughtEnglishintohomesandpushedouttraditionalstory-lingandfamilytimetogether,acceleratingtheextinctionofnativelanguages.SectionQuestions16to18arebasedontherecordingyouhavejustHowdoesunemploymentinsurancehelptheItpaysthemuptohalfoftheirpreviouswageswhiletheylookforItcoverstheirmortgagepaymentsandmedicalexpensesfor99ItpaystheirlivingexpensesuntiltheyfindemploymentItprovidesthemwiththebasicnecessitiesofeveryday【详解】A)。细节辨认题。讲座中明确，人们失业时可以获得失业保险，在寻找工作期间，可以拿到相当于最后一份工资的50%的收入。WhatislocaldirectorElizabethWalshoftheBucksCounty CreatingjobsforthehugearmyofunemployedProvidingtrainingandguidanceforunemployedConvincinglocallawmakerstoextendunemploymentRaisingfundstohelpthosehavingnounemployment【详解】B)。细节辨认题。讲座中明确，士郡的CareerLink为失业工人提供培训WhatdoesPennsylvaniaStateRepresentativeScottPetrisayisthebestwaytohelpthelong-termunemployed?ToofferthemloanstheyneedtostarttheirownToallowthemtopostponetheirmonthlymortgage者的最好的办法就是让普通公民投资当地公司，以此创造出的就业机会。GregRosenlosthisjobasasalesmanagernearlythreeyearsagoandisstillunemployed.“Itliterallyislikesomethinginadream,torememberwhatit'sliketoactuallybeabletogoout,andputinaday'sworkandreceiveaday'spay.”Atfirst,Rosenboughtgroceriesandmadehousepaymentswiththehelpfromunemploymentinsurance.Itpayslaidoffworkersuptohalfoftheirpreviouswageswhiletheylookforwork.Butnow,thatinsurancehasrunoutforhim,andhehastomaketoughchoices.He'scutbackonmedicationsandhenolongerhelpssupporthisdisabledmother.Itisadevastatingexperience.NewresearchsaystheU.S.recessionisnowover,butmanypeopleremainunemployed.Andunemployedworkersfacedifficultodds.Thereisliterallyonlyonejobopeningforeveryfiveunemployedworkers,sofouroutoffiveunemployedworkershaveactuallynochanceoffindinganewjob.BusinesseshavedownsizedorshutdownacrossAmerica,leavingfewerjobopportunitiesforthoseinsearchofwork.ExpertswhomonitorunemploymentstatisticshereinBucksCounty,Pennsylvania,sayabout28,000peopleareunemployed,andmanyofthemarejoblessduetonofaultoftheirown.That'swheretheBucksCountyCareerLinkcomesin.LocaldirectorElizabethWalshsaystheyprovidetrainingandguidancetohelpunemployedworkersfindlocaljobopportunities.“Sohere'sthejobopening,here'sthejobseeker,matchthemtogetherunderoneroof,”ButthelackofworkopportunitiesinBucksCountylimitshowmuchshecanRosensayshehopesCongresswilltakeaction.Thismonthhelaunchedthe99ersUnion,umbrellaorganizationof18Internet-basedgrassrootsgroupsof99ers.Theirgoalistoconvincelawmakerstoextendunemploymentbenefits.ButPennsylvaniaStateRepresentativeScottPetrisaysernmentssimplydonothaveenoughmoneytoextendunemploymentinsurance.(18)Hethinksthebestwaytohelpthelong-termunemployedistoallowprivatecitizenstoinvestinlocalcompaniesthatcancreatemorejobs.Buttheboostininvestorconfidenceneededfortheplantoworkwilltaketime—timethatRosensaysstillrequireshimtobuyfoodandmakemonthlymortgagepayments.Rosensayshe'llusethelastofhissavingstotrytohangontothehomeheworkedformorethan20yearstobuy.Butoncethatmoneyisgone,hesayshedoesn'tknowwhathe'lldo.Questions19to22arebasedontherecordingyouhavejustWhatdidPenHadowandhisteamdointheArcticTheymeasuredthedepthsofsea yzedthewaterTheyexploredtheoceanTheyinvestigatedthe【详解】D)。细节辨认题。讲座一开头就说，英国研究团队在北冰洋长途跋涉了三个月，MostoftheicewasaccumulatedoverthepastTheiceensuresthesurvivalofmanyendangeredTheicedecreaseismoreevidentthanpreviously【详解】D)。细节推断题。讲座中说在过去几年时间里，观察和海洋观察都能证明极pronounced与D）选项中的evident是同义转换。WhatdoesCambridgescientistPeterWadhamssayinhisArcticiceisamajorsourceoftheworld'sfreshThemeltingArcticicehasdrownedmanycoastalThedeclineofArcticiceisArcticiceisessentialtohuman【详解】HowdoesPeterWadhamsviewclimateItwilldoalotofharmtoThereisnoeasywaytounderstandItwilladvancenuclearThereisnoeasytechnologicalsolutiontoD)。细节辨认题。讲座结尾部分提到，Wadhams认为，对于气候变化来说，不可能轻易找到一种技术上的解决方案，原文中的fix与D）选项中的solution是同义转述。Earlierthisyear,BritishexplorerPenHadowandhisteamtrekkedforthreemonthsacrossthefrozenArcticOcean,(19)takingmeasurementsandrecordingobservationsabouttheice.technicallymulti-yearicethat'sbeenaroundforafewyearsandjustgetsthickerandthicker.Weactuallyfoundtherewasn'tanymulti-yeariceatall.”Saliteobservationsandsubmarinesurveysoverthepastfewyearshadshownlessiceinthepolarregion,buttherecentmeasurementsshowthelossismorepronouncedthanpreviously“We'relookingatroughly80percentlossoficecoverontheArcticOceanin10years,roughly10years,and100percentlossinnearly20years.”CambridgescientistPeterWadhamswho'sbeenmeasuringandmonitoringtheArcticsince1971saysthedeclineisirreversible.“Themoreyoulose,themoreopenwateriscreated,themorewarminggoesoninthatopenwaterduringthesummer,thelessiceformsinthewinter,themoremeltthereisthefollowingsummer.It esabreakdownprocesswhereeverythingendsupacceleratinguntilit'sallgone.”MartinSommerkornrunstheArcticprogramfortheenvironmentalcharitytheWorldWildlife“TheArcticseaiceholdsacentralpositionintheEarth'sclimatesystemandit'sdeterioratingfasterthanexpected.Actuallyithastotranslateintomoreurgencytodealwiththeclimatechangeproblemandreduceemissions.”SummerkornsaysaplantoreducegreenhousegasemissionsblamedforglobalwarmingneedstocomeoutoftheCopenhagenclimatechangesummitinDecember.echoestheneedfor“Thecarbonthatwe'veputintotheatmospherekeepshavingawarmingeffectfor100years,sowehavetocutbackrapidlynow,becauseitwilltakealongtimetoworkitswaythroughintoaresponsebytheatmosphere.Wecan'tswitchoffglobalwarmingjustbybeinggoodinthefuture.Wehavetostartbeinggoodnow.”Wadhamssaysthereisnoeasytechnologicalfixtoclimatechange.Heandotherscientistssaytherearebasicallytwooptionstoreplacingfossilfuels,generatingenergywithrenewables,orembracingnuclearpower.Questions23to25arebasedontherecordingyouhavejustWhatisthenewstudyThereasonwhyNewZealandchildrenseemtohavebetterself-Therelationbetweenchildren'sself-controlandtheirfutureThehealthproblemsofchildrenraisedbyasingleThedecidingfactorinchildren'sacademic【详解】B)。推理判断题。讲座开头提到，一项研究发现，力弱的孩子成年后在WhatdoesthestudyseemtoChildrenraisedbysingleparentswillhaveahardtimeintheirThosewithacriminalrecordmostlycomefromsingleparentParentsmustlearntoexerciseself-controlinfrontoftheirLackofself-controlinparentsisadisadvantagefortheir【详解】D)。推理判断题。讲座中提到，研究中发现，力弱的孩子很有可能来自单亲控也会对下一代造成影响。WhatdoesMoffittsayisthegoodnewsfromtheirSelf-controlcanbeimprovedthroughSelf-controlcanimproveone'sfinancialSelf-controlproblemsmaybedetectedearlyinSelf-controlproblemswilldiminishasonegrows【详解】A)。细节推断题。讲座结束时提到了关于力的一个好消息，那就是力是可以通过教育来提升的，家长、学校都可以教导孩子以提高他们的力。Fromaveryearlyage,somechildrenexhibitbetterself-controlthanothers.Now,anewstudythatbeganwithabout1,000childreninNewZealandhastrackedhowachild'slowself-controlcanpredictpoorhealth,moneytroublesandevenacriminalrecordintheiradultyears.Researchershavebeenstudyingthisgroupofchildrenfordecadesnow.Someoftheirearliestobservationshavetodowiththelevelofself-controltheyoungstersdisplayed.Parents,teachers,eventhekidsthemselves,scoretheyoungstersonmeasureslike“actingbeforethinking”and“persistenceinreachinggoals”.Thechildrenofthestudyarenowadultsintheirthirties.TerryMoffittofDukeUniversityandherresearchcolleaguesfoundthatkidswithself-controlissuesmosthealthproblemsintheirthirtiesandtheyhadtheworstfinancialsituationandtheyweremorelikelytohaveacriminalrecordandtoberaisingachildasasingleparentonaverylow SpeakingfromNewZealandviaSkype,Moffittexplainedthatself-controlproblemswerewidelyobservedandweren'tjustafeatureofasmallgroupofmisbehavingkids.“Eventhechildrenwhohadabove-averageself-controlaspreschoolerscouldhavebenefitedfrommoreself-controltraining.Theycouldhaveimprovedtheirfinancialsituationandtheirphysicalandmentalhealthsituationthirtyyearslater.”So,childrenwithminorself-controlproblemswerelikelyasadultstohaveminorhealthproblems,andsoon.Moffittsaidit'sstillunclearwhysomechildrenhavebetterself-controlthanothers,thoughshesaysotherresearchershavefoundthatit'smostlyalearnedbehavior,withrelativelylittlegeneticinfluence.(24)Butgoodself-controlcanbesettoruninfamiliesinthatchildrenwhohavegoodself-controlaremorelikelytogrowuptobehealthyandprosperousparents.“Whereassomeofthelowself-controlstudymembersaremorelikelytobesingleparentswithaverylow eandtheparentisinpoorhealthandlikelytobeaheavysubstanceabuser.Sothat'snotagoodatmosphereforachild.Soitlooksasthoughself-controlissomethingthatinonegenerationcandisadvantagethenextgeneration.”(25)ButthegoodnewsisthatMoffittsaysself-controlcanbetaughtbyparents,andthroughschoolcurriculathathaveprovedtobeeffective.TerryMoffitt'spaperon“TheLinkBetweenChildhoodSelf-controlandAdults'StatusDecadesLater”ispublishedintheproceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofPartIIIReading【详解】A)。动词辨析题。空格位于主从复合句的主句中，thequestion为主语，缺少上下文判断，此处应选arises“出现，发生”。ascends“上升，升高”虽然满足动词的第三人称【详解】D)。名词辨析题。空格位于定冠词The之后，且是本句主语的中心词，因此义，可判断答案为combination“结合”。【详解】F)。副词辨析题。空格位于情态动词will之后，动词enable之前，由此技术进步的共同作用下，产生了某种效果。结合上下文判断，答案为eventually“最终，终【详解】O)。形容词辨析题。空格位于名词use之前，是enable的宾语的一部分，因【详解】C)。固定搭配题。空格位于系动词are之后，动词不定式结构tobeproblems之前。换言之，空格处于betodo的结构中。本句试图表明问题一定会出现。结合上下文判断，此处应填入bound,符合题意。beboundtodo表示“必定，一定”。【详解】N)。名词辨析题。空格位于定冠词the之后，介词of之前，故应填入名词。另外，本句主语为Juries，sympathetictotheofmachines作后置定语修饰主语。此处主要表达“陪审团同情那些机器”。由第三段第三、四句中的privacy和runoveraneighbor'scat可知，答案为victims“受害者”。J)company-crushing之后，并且在结构上与damages并列，因此判断空格处应填入名词的复数形式。本句陈述的是惩罚企业家的后案应为penalties“惩罚，处罚”。【详解】K)。动词辨析题。空格位于连词while之后，可填入现在分词，表示“两件事同时发生”。本句，该怎样做才能既保护人们又创新的空间。结合上下文分析，答案应选preserving“，保护”。L)bebuiltsold并项中只有programmed“规划”符合文意。SectionWithataximposedonexpensivehealthinsuranceplans,mostemployerswilllikelytransfermoneyfromhealthexpensesintowages.F)mostemployerswagesF）义转述，故答案为Changesinpolicywouldbeapprovedorrejectedasawholesothatlobbyistswouldfindithardtoinfluencelawmakers.【详解】J)。同义转述题。由题干Changes和approvedorrejected定位到J）段末句。定位句，这些改变可能需要经过国会的全票通过或全票否决，这就使代表狭隘利益的说客很难让者顺从他们的意志。题干中的influencelawmakers对应定位句中的bendlawmakerstotheirwill，故答案为JItisnoteasytocurbtherisingmedicalcostsin【译文】在，很难抑制医疗费用的增长【详解】A)。细节归纳题。由题干risingmedicalcosts定位到A)段首句。定位句及应定位句中的noonehasaneasyfix，故答案为Standardizationofformsforautomaticprocessingwillsavealotofmedical【详解】G)。细节归纳题。由题干automaticprocessing和save定位到G）段第二、三句。定位句，如果健康保险业依旧配合，那么保险公司将会主动提供自动处理的hundredsofbillionsofdollars的推断，故答案为G)Republicansandtheinsuranceindustryarestronglyopposedtothecreationofapublicinsurance【译文】和保险 【详解】L)。细节推断题。由题干 Republicans和theinsuranceindustry定位到L）段和党批评家，这一计划也不会节省。题干中的arestronglyopposedto对应定位句中的thefierceopposition，故答案为Conversionofpapertoelectronicmedicalrecordswillhelpeliminateredundanttestsandpreventdruginteractions.【详解】H)。细节归纳题。由题干Conversion,electronicmedicalrecords和druginteractions定位到H）段第一句和第三句。定位句，刺激计划提供把低效的纸质医HThehighcostofmedicalservicesandunnecessarytestsandtreatmentshavedrivenupmedical【详解】C)。细节归纳题。由题干thehighcost,medicalservices和testsandtreatmentsC）段。定位段，医疗费用通常要比工资和整体经济增长得快，这主要有两个推动因素：这个国家的高医疗服务和医生与医院提供的不必要的治疗，很多检测和治疗经常远远超出的真正需求。题干中的drivenup对应定位句中的propelled，故答案为。Onemainfactorthathasdrivenupmedicalexpensesisthatdoctorsarecompensatedfortheamountofcareratherthanitseffect.【详解】I)。同义转述题。由题干care和effect定位到I）段首句。定位句，所有的专家都认为医疗费用体系中，以医疗数量而非和效果作为导向的机制是医疗费用居高不下的主要原因。题干中的arecompensatedfor对应定位句中的arerewardedfor，题干中的theamountof对应定位句中的thetyof，故答案为 【详解】P)。细节归纳题。由题干doubts和negotiation定位到P)段第二、三句。定案为PFaircompetitionmightcreateastrongincentiveforinsurerstocharge【详解】K)。同义转述题。由题干competition和astrongincentive定位到K)段末故答案为K)。Facingwatershortagesandescalatingfertilizercosts,farmersindevelocountriesareusingrawsewage(下水道污水toirrigateandfertilizenearly49millionacresofcroplandaccordingtoanewreport—anditmaynotbeabadthing.Whilethepracticecarriesserioushealthrisksformany,thosedangersareoutweighedbythesocialandeconomicgainsforpoorurbanfarmersandconsumerswhoneedaffordablefood.“Thereisalargepotentialforwastewateragriculturetobothhelpandhurtgreatnumbersofurbanconsumers,”saidLiqaRaschid-Sally,wholedthestudy.Thereportfocusedonpoorurbanareas,wherefarmsinornearcitiessupplyrelativelyinexpensivefood.Mostoftheseoperationsdrawirrigationwaterfromlocalriversorlakes.Unlikedevelopedcities,however,theseareaslackadvancedwater-treatmentfacilities,andrivers esewers下水道).Whenthiswaterisusedforagriculturalirrigationfarmersriskabsorbingdisease-causingbacteriaasdoconsumerswhoeattheproducerawandunwashedNearly2.2millionpeopledieeachyearbecauseofdiarrhea-related与腹泻相关的diseasesaccordingtoWHOstatisticsMorethan80%ofthosecasescanbeattributedtocontactwithcontaminatedwaterandalackofpropersanitation.ButPayDrechsel,anenvironmentalscientist,arguesthatthesocialandeconomicbenefitsofusinguntreatedhumanwastetogrowfoodoutweighthehealthrisks.Thosedangerscanbeaddressedwithfarmerandconsumereducation,hesaid,whilethefreewaterandnutrientsfromhumanwastecanhelpurbanfarmersindevelocountriestoescapeAgricultureisawater-intensivebusiness,accountingfornearly70%ofglobalfreshwaterInpoor,dryregions,untreatedwastewateristheonlyviableirrigationsourcetokeepfarmersinbusiness.Insomecases,waterissoscarcethatfarmersbreakopensewagepipestransportingwastetolocalrivers.Irrigationistheprimaryagriculturaluseofhumanwasteinthedeveloworld.Butfrequentlyuntreatedhumanwasteharvestedfromlavatoriesisdeliveredtofarmsandspreadasfertilizer.Inmostcases,thehumanwasteisusedongraincrops,whichareeventuallycooked,minimizingtheriskoftransmittingwater-bornediseases.Withfertilizerpricesjumnearly50%permetrictonoverthelastyearinsomeplaces,humanwasteisanattractive,andoftennecessary,Incaseswheresewagemudisused,expensivechemicalfertilizerusecanbeavoided.Themudcontainsthesamecriticalnutrients.“Overlystrictstandardsoftenfail,”JamesBartram,aWHOwater-healthexpert,“Weneedtoacceptthatfactacrossmuchoftheplanet,sowastewithlittleornotreatmentwillbeusedinagricultureforgoodreason.”WhatdoestheauthorsayabouttheuseofrawsewageforItsriskscannotbeItshouldbeforbiddenItsbenefitsoutweighthehazardsItispollutingmillionsofacresof【详解】C)useofrawsewageforfarming险，故答案为CWhatisthemainproblemcausedbytheuseofwastewaterforRiversandlakesnearbywill eItwilldriveproducersofchemicalfertilizersoutofFarmersandconsumersmaybeaffectedbyharmfulItwillmakethefarmproducelesscompetitiveontheC)themainproblemtheuseofwastewaterforirrigation食的农产品的消费者可能会摄入疾病的细菌，故答案为WhatisenvironmentalscientistPayDrechsel'sattitudetowardstheuseofuntreatedhumanwasteinagriculture?Favorable.C)【详解】A)。观点态度题。由题干中的人名PayDrechsel定位到第五段最后一句。定位句明确，环境科学家·德认为，使用处理的人类排泄物生产粮食所AWhatdoesPayDrechselthinkoftherisksinvolvedinusinguntreatedhumanwasteforTheyhavebeensomewhatTheycanbedealtwiththroughTheywillbeminimizedwithnewTheycanbeaddressedbyimproved【详解】B)。细节辨认题。由题干中的人名PayDrechsel和risks定位到第六段。定位段，·德认为使用处理的人类排泄物进行农业生产的风险可以通过对农民和消费者的教育得到解决，故答案为BWhatdowelearnaboutJamesBartram'spositionontheuseofhumanwasteforHeechoesPayDrechsel'sopinionontheHechallengesLiqaRaschid-Sally'sHethinksittheonlywayoutofthecurrentfoodHedeemsitindispensableforcombatingglobal【详解】A)。推理判断题。由题干中的人名 可见，他与·德一样，对人类排泄物的使用持肯定态度，故答案为A)。PassageThesedays,nobodyneedstocook.Familiesgrazeonhigh-cholesteroltake-awaysandmicrowavedready-meals.Cookingisanoccasionalhobbyandavehicleforcelebritychefs.Whichmakesitoddthatthekitchenhas etheheartofthemodernhouse:whatthegreathallwastothemedievalcastle,thekitchenistothe21st-centuryhome.Themoneyspentonkitchenshasrisenwiththeirstatus.InAmericathekitchenmarketiskitchenoverhaulin2006,calculatesRemodelingmagazine,wasastaggering＄54,000;evena“minor”improvementcostonaverage＄18,000.Exclusivity,morefamiliarintheworldofhighfashion,hasreachedthekitchen:Robinson＆Cornish,aBritishmanufacturerofcustom-madekitchens,offersaGeorgian-styleonewhichwouldcost￡145,000-155,000—excludingbuilding,plumbingandelectricalwork.Itsbigsellingpointisthatnobodyelsewillhaveit:“Youwon'tseethiskitchenanywhereelseintheTheelevationoftheroomthatoncebelongedonlytotheservantstothatofdesignshowcaseforthemodernfamilylsthestoryofacenturyofsocialchange.Rightintotheearly20thcentury,