英语学术写作课件-英语学习-外语学习-教育专区

WRITINGRESEARCH

PAPERS--WORKINGTHROUGWRITINGPROCESSLuo

Mingjiangmjluo5686@126.comSept,2016Contents

Part1IntroductionPart2GenrePart3TopicPart4ScopePart5ThesisorQuestionPart6ResearchPart7OutlinePart8FirstDraftPart9RevisionsPart10ProofreadsAdditionalResources

Part1Introduction

StepbyStepResearch&Writing

WhytheStepbyStepApproach?

Step1-GettingStarted-preparingfortheassignmentandgettingreadytochooseatopic

Step2–DiscoveringandChoosingaTopic-readingtobecomeinformed

Step3–LookingforandFormingaFocus-exploringyourtopic

Step4–GatheringInformation-whichclarifiesandsupportsyourfocus

Step5–PreparingtoWrite-analyzingandorganizingyourinformationandformingathesisstatement

Step6–WritingthePaper-writing,revisingandfinalizingThere'satonofinformationavailableonlineaboutwritingpapersforcollegeclasses,mostlyprovidedbycollegeanduniversitywritingdepartments.Butwhenyourpoliticalscienceorbiologyoreconomicsinstructorassignsyouaresearchpaper,writingthepaperisonlyhalfthebattle.Beforeyoucanstartwriting,youhavetoexplorethesubjecttofindatopic,locaterelevantinformation,analyzetheissuesandorganizeyourarguments.Theseactivitiestakemoretimeandrequiredifferentskillsthanthefinalstep—writingthepaper.Andmanystudentshaven'thadalotofformaltraininginhowtodoresearchandprepareinformationforwritinga"researchpaper."Librariansprovidealotofhelptostudentsintheexploring,findingandorganizingphasesoftheirwritingprojects.They'vedoneresearchonhowstudentsapproachthesetasks,howtheyfeelwhilethey'redoingthem,andwhatkindsofactivitiesleadtoasuccessfulresearchpaper.Thepaperisyourfinalproduct,butaresearchpaperinvolvesanextensiveprocessbeforeyoucangeneratetheproduct.TheStepbyStepsectionwillguideyouthroughthisprocessfromgettingtheassignmenttowritingthepaper.Step1-GettingStartedGoal:Preparingfortheassignmentandgettingreadytochooseatopic.Feelings:Don'tbesurprisedifyoufeellikemanypeopledoastheygetstarted—worriedabouttheamountofworkaheadofyouandabitunsureofyourself.Youmightevenfeelalittleexcitement,anticipatingtheproject!Ormaybenot.Heywaitaminute!WhyshouldIcareabouthowI'mfeelingduringthiswholeprocess?There'sanoldsaying,"Miserylovescompany."Ifyouknowhowotherstudentsfeelastheygothroughtheresearchandwritingprocessandyoufeelaboutthesameway,you'llknowyourprojectisrightontrack!ThoughtsandActions:Followthestepsbelowtogetanideaofthingsyoushouldbethinkingaboutanddoing,andsomeofthestrategieswhichwillhelp.Notethetypeofinformationsearchyoushouldbedoingatthisstage.StepsforGettingStarted1.1Understandtheassignment1.2Considertheprocessyou’lluse1.3Setdeadlinesforeachstepoftheassignment1.4Thinkaboutpossibletopics1.5InfoSearch–browse,read,relax1.6Relateyourpriorexperienceandlearning1.7Jotdownyourquestionsandideasaboutpossibletopics1.8Brainstorm,aloneandwithothers1.1UnderstandtheassignmentReadovertheinstructionsfortheassignmenttomakesureyoufullyunderstandwhattheinstructorhasinmindandonwhatbasisyouwillbegraded.Report

Sometimes,ateacherwillassigntopicsorgivestudentsarangeoftopicstochoosefromandaskthatthestudentswritearesearchpaperonthetopic.Thistypeofresearchpaperisreallyaformofindividualstudy.Themeasureofsuccessishowwellthestudentcanconductresearch,analyzeandorganizetheinformationandcommunicateitclearlyinwrittenform.Frequently,reportsrequireanoralpresentationtotheclassaswell.IssueAnalysis

Aresearchpapermayhighlightaparticularissueorprobleminafieldofstudy.Thepapermayfocusonanalysisoftheissueanditssolutions,possiblyfrombothhistoricalandcurrentperspectives.Thepostureofthewriterisfrequentlythatofaneutralobservermorethananadvocateforaparticularposition.Thesuccessofthepaperisoftenbasedonhowcompletelyandclearlythewriterhasidentifiedthekeyaspectsoftheissueandtheirsignificancetothefieldtowhichtheyrelate.AdvocacyorPersuasion

Aresearchpapermayinvolvetakingastandonanissueanddefendingitagainstopposingpointsofview.Thestudentwillresearchtheissuesandreadothers'argumentsforandagainst.Thepaperwillanticipateanddeflectargumentsagainsttheposition,whilepresentingsupportingevidenceinfavoroftheposition.Successwilldependonhowpersuasivelythepapermakesitscaseanddefendsagainstpossibleopposition.1.2Considertheprocessyou'lluseThepaperisyourfinalproduct,butaresearchpaperinvolvesanextensiveprocessbeforeyoucangeneratetheproduct.Ifyoufocustooquicklyontheendproduct,youmaymisssomeoftheimportantresearchstepsandfindyourselfwritingapaperwithoutenoughunderstandingofthetopictodoanA+job.Browseovertherestofthestepssuggestedinthismanualtogetanideaoftheprocessandthinkabouthowyou'llapproacheachstep.Startajournalornotebookandbeginjottingnotesaboutnotonly"what"youplantodobutalso"how"youplantodoit.1.3SetyourdeadlinesforeachstepoftheassignmentIdeally,youwillhaveatleastfourweeksfromthedateit'sassignedtocompletearesearchpaperof7or8pages(2,000to2,500words).Shorterpapersrequiringfairlysimpleresearch(4or5pages-1,500words)maynotrequirefourweeks'"leadtime,"whilea15pageorlongerpapermightbeasemester-longproject.1.4Thinkaboutpossibletopics

Theword"topic"isusedvariablybymanyteachersofwritingandresearchtomeananythingfromtheverygeneral"subjectmatter"totheveryspecific"thesisstatement."Inthismanual,thetermtopicisbroadlydefined,whilefocusmeansanarrowerperspectiveonthetopic,andthesisstatementisthemainpointofyourpaper,whichcannotbedetermineduntilafterresearchandanalysisiscomplete.1.5InfoSearch-browse,read,relaxStartbythumbingthroughthetextbooksorcoursepackfortheclassinwhichyourpaperwasassigned.Browsethetableofcontents,chapterheadingsandsubheadings,togetanoverviewofthesubjectmatter.

Visityourlibraryandbrowseinthecatalogandreferenceroomtofindoutwhatsourcesareheldbythelibrarywhichmayrelatetoyourclass.Browsesomeofthesubject-indexedsourcesontheinternetwiththesamepurpose.Yourobjectiveinthisstepistogeta"bird'seyeview"ofthegeneralsubjectmatter,togiveyourbrainsomeideastoworkonwhileyou'regettingreadyforthestepofchoosingatopic.1.6RelateyourpriorexperienceandlearningTheprocessofsuccessfulresearchandwritinginvolvesbuildingonwhatyouknow.Youdon'tneedtoknowalotaboutasubjectinordertouseitasyourtopic,butchoosingoneyou'retotallyunfamiliarwithcouldbeamistake.

Itmaytakesomuchtimeandefforttobecomeinformedaboutthesubjectthatyoudon'treallyhavetimetogetintothedepthrequiredbyyourassignment.1.7JotdownyourquestionsandideasaboutpossibletopicsUseyournotebooktostartingrecordingquestionswhichinterestyouorideasforpossibletopics.You'llendupwithalistofideasandmusings,someofwhichareobviouslyridiculousandnotreasonabletopicsforyourpaper,butdon'tworryaboutthatatthispoint.Thinkaboutthingswhichinterestyouandwhichbuilduponsomeexperienceorknowledgeyouhaveorbuilduponthingsyou'representlylearninginclass.1.8Brainstorm,aloneandwithothersTossideasaroundinyourmind.Bounceideasoffofyourclassmates,yourteacheror(heavenforbid)yoursiblingsandparents,togettheirreactionsandideas.Manytimesanotherpersonwillhaveafreshperspectiveyoumightnothavethoughtof,orsomethingtheysaywilltriggeranideaforyou.Step2-DiscoveringandChoosingaTopicGoal:Discoveringandchoosingatopicforyourresearch.Feelings:Youmayfeelconfused,adriftinaseaofinformation.Youmaybeanxioustopickatopicand"getonwithit."Onceyou'vemadeachoice,you'llprobablyfeelelatedandexcited-forawhile,atleast!ThoughtsandActions:Followthestepsbelowtogetanideaofthingsyoushouldbethinkingaboutanddoing,andsomeofthestrategieswhichwillhelp.Notethetypeofinformationsearchyoushouldbedoingatthisstage.StepsforDiscoveringandChoosingaTopic2.1InfoSearch-readforoverviewofvarioustopics2.2Continuethinkingandjottingquestionsandideasinyournotebook2.3InfoSurvey-whatprintandelectronicresourcesareavailable?2.4Trydifferenttopicsonfor“size”–howdotheyfit?2.1InfoSearch-readforoverviewofvarioustopicsUsethenotesyou'vemadeandthethinkingyou'vedonesofartoselectsomeareasforgeneralreading.Usethelibrary'sreferenceroom—encyclopedias,dictionaries,almanacs—togetanoverviewofpossibletopics(evenifyourinstructorhastoldyouthatyoucan'tuseanencyclopediaasareference—that'snotimportantatthisstage).ExploreCD-ROMtoolsinyourlibrary,likenewspaperandmagazineindexes,searchingwithkeywordsrepresentingyourtopicideas.Exploretheinternetbyusingseveraloftheresourcesorganizedbysubject.2.2ContinuethinkingandjottingdownquestionsandideasinyournotebookAsyouread,ideasandquestionsmaystrikeyou-writethemdown,oryou'lllosetrackofthem.Lookforissueswhichinterestyou,whicharouseyourcuriosityoryourpassion.

Considertheaudienceforyourresearchpaper:whatkindsofthingshavebeendiscussedinclassthatseemedtointeresttheclassandtheinstructor?Whatkindsofissuesweretoucheduponbutcouldusefurtherstudyandelaboration?2.3InfoSurvey-whatprintandelectronicresourcesareavailable?Whenyou'venarrowedyourchoicesdown,makeaquicksurveyoftheresearchresourceswhichwillbeavailabletoyouoneachpotentialtopic.Howmuchinformationseemstobeavailableinyourlibrary'scatalog?Ifit'sacurrenttopic,isthereinformationinnewspaperandmagazineindexesandarethosenewspapersandmagazinesheldbyyourlibrary?Istheremuchauthoritativeinformationonyourtopicontheinternet?Istheavailableinformationslantedtoonesideofanissueversusanother?Howmuchworkwillittaketogettheinformationyouneedifyouchooseaparticulartopic?2.4Trydifferenttopicsonfor"size"Thetopicyouchooseshould"fit"inseveralimportantrespects:yourinterestsandknowledge,thepurposeoftheassignment,thetypeofpaper(report,issue,argument),thelengthofthepaper.Don'tworrytoomuchabouthavingabroadtopicatthispoint—inStep3you'llbelookingforafocustonarrowthetopicdowntoamanageablesizeforresearchandwriting.Step3-LookingforandFormingaFocusGoal:Exploringyourtopic,findingandformingafocusforyourresearch.

Feelings:You'reprobablystillfeelinguncertain,eventhoughyouhaveatopic.Asyourootaroundinyourtopic,youmayhaveyourdarkesthourinthewholeprocess,feelingthreatenedbythechoiceofafocus—whatifyoupickthe"wrong"one?Trytotoleratethesefeelings.Onceyouchooseafocus,youshouldstarttofeelsomeoptimismandconfidence.Youmayevenhavean"Aha!"experience,butdon'tworryifyoudon't—there'snotan"Aha!"ineveryA+paper.ThoughtsandActions:Followthestepsbelowtogetanideaofthingsyoushouldbethinkingaboutanddoing,andsomeofthestrategieswhichwillhelp.Notethetypeofinformationsearchyoushouldbedoingatthisstage.StepsinLookingforandFormingaFocus3.1InfoSearch–exploringyourtopic3.2InfoSearch–preliminarynotetaking3.3Purposefulthinkingaboutpossiblefocuses3.4Choosingafocusorcombiningthemestoformafocus3.1InfoSearch-exploringyourtopicBeforeyoucandecideonafocus,youneedtoexploreyourtopic,tobecomeinformedaboutthetopic,tobuildonyourknowledgeandexperience.You'llbelocatingbooks,articles,videos,internetandotherresourcesaboutyourtopicandreadingtolearn!You'relookingforanissue,anaspect,aperspectiveonwhichtofocusyourresearchpaper.Thisisthefirststepinwhichyou'llprobablybecheckingbooksoutofthelibrary.Encyclopediaswon'tbemuchhelphere.You'relookingfortreatmentsofyourtopicwhichareeithermorecomprehensiveormorespecificthananencyclopedictreatment,withvariousauthors'summaries,analysesandopinions.But,untilyou'vechosenafocus,you'renotreallyonamissionofgatheringinformation.Ifyougatherinformationonthetopicasawhole,you'llwastealotoftimedoingitandhavewaytoomuchtosortthroughwhenyouarereadytowriteyourpaper.Resistthetemptationto"gather"untilyou'vechosenafocus.Nowyou'llbeusingthelibrary'sonlinecatalog,onlineindexesandtheWebsearchenginesalongwiththereferenceroomandthesubject-basedWebdirectories.3.2InfoSearch-preliminarynotetakingAsyouread,starttakingnotesofwhatyou'relearningaboutyourtopic—concepts,issues,problems,areaswhereexpertsagreeordisagree.Keeptrackofthebibliographicreferencesfortheinformationyou'reusing,andwritedownanoteortwoofwhat'scontainedinthebook,article,Website,etc.3.3PurposefulthinkingaboutpossiblefocusesWhileyou'relearningaboutyourtopic,intentionallylookforpossiblefocusesinthematerial.Youcouldspendenormousamountsoftimereading,especiallyaboutaninterestingtopic,withoutbeinganyclosertoafocusunlessyoupurposefullykeepthatgoalinyourmindwhileyouread.3.4ChoosingafocusorcombiningthemestoformafocusTryyourchoicesoffocusonfor"size"asyoudidyourtopic.Whichonesfittheassignment,thesize,scopeandtypeofthepaper?ThinkaboutwhichofyourpossiblefocuseshasthebestchanceformakingasuccessfulA+paper.Ifyoufindseveralthemeswithinyourtopicwhicheacharetoosmalltosupporttheentirepaper,cantheybecombinedtoformafocus?Step4-GatheringInformationGoal:Gatheringinformationwhichclarifiesandsupportsyourfocus.Feelings:Manypeoplefeelinterestedandchallengedatthisstage.Theagonizingpartofchoosingwhattoresearchisoverandthetaskoffindingthespecificinformationyouneedismorelikesolvingapuzzleorgoingonatreasurehunt.Ifanypartofthisprocessisgoingtobefun,thisisthepart.ThoughtsandActions:Followthestepsbelowtogetanideaofthingsyoushouldbethinkingabout

anddoing,andsomeofthestrategieswhichwillhelp.Notethetypeofinformationsearchyoushouldbedoingatthisstage.StepsforGatheringInformation4.1InfoSearch–finding,collectingandrecording4.2Thinkaboutclarifyingorrefiningyourfocus4.3Startorganizingyournotes4.4Thinkaboutwhatyourthesisstatementwillbe4.1InfoSearch-finding,collectingandrecordingThisisthestepmostpeoplethinkofwhentheythinkof"libraryresearch."It'sahuntforinformationinanyavailableform(book,periodical,CD,video,internet)whichispertinenttoyourchosenfocus.Onceyouknowthefocusofyourresearch,therearelotsoftoolsandstrategiestohelpyoufindandcollecttheinformationyouneed.Yourinformationsearchshouldbefocusedandspecific,butpaycarefulattentiontoserendipity(finding,bychance,valuablethingsyouweren'tevenlookingfor).Keepyourmindopentocontinuelearningaboutyourfocusedtopic.Nowisthetimetocarefullyrecordyoursourcesinthebibliographicformatrequiredbyyourinstructor.Everypieceofinformationyoucollectshouldhavebibliographicinformationwrittendownbeforeyouleavethelibrary.SeethelinkstoCitingSourcesforinformationonhowandwhentousequotation,paraphraseandsummaryandhowtoconformtotherequiredstylesofcitationindifferentfieldsofstudy.Youshouldalsopayattentiontothequalityoftheinformationyoufind,especiallyifyou'reusinginformationyoufindontheinternet.Nowisalsothetimetolearnthedetailsofusingsearchengines.Manyofthesourcesyouwillwanttouseareonline,whetherinthelibraryorontheinternet.4.2ThinkaboutclarifyingorrefiningyourfocusAsyougatherinformationaboutyourfocusedtopic,youmayfindnewinformationwhichpromptsyoutorefine,clarify,extendornarrowyourfocus.Stayflexibleandadjustyourinformationsearchtoaccountforthechanges,wideningornarrowingyoursearch,orheadingdownaslightlydifferentpathtofollowanewlead.4.3Startorganizingyournotes

Startorganizingyournotesintologicalgroups.Youmaynoticeagapinyourresearch,oramoreheavyweightingtooneaspectofthesubjectthanwhatyouhadintended.Startingtoorganizeasyougatherinformationcansaveanextratriptothelibrary.It'sbettertofindthegapnowinsteadofthenightbeforeyourpaperisdue(obviously!).4.4ThinkaboutwhatyourthesisstatementwillbeThethesisstatementisthemainpointofyourpaper.Thetypeofthesisstatementyou'llbemakingdependsalotonwhattypeofpaperyou'rewriting—areport,anissueanalysis,anadvocacypaperoranothertype.Asyougatherspecificinformationandrefineyourfocus,intentionallylookforamainpointtoyourfindings.Sometimes,athesisemergesveryobviouslyfromthematerial,andothertimesyoumaystruggletobringtogetherthepartsintoasensiblewhole.Thetrickypartisknowingwhentostopgatheringinformation—whendoyouhaveenough,andoftherightkind?Seekingamainpointasyouresearchwillhelpyouknowwhenyou'redone.Step5-PreparingtoWriteGoal:Analyzingandorganizingyourinformationandformingathesisstatement.Feelings:Youmayfeeluncertainwheretostartoroverwhelmedbyinformation,butyoualsoprobablyseeaglimmerof"lightattheendofthetunnel"thatencouragesyou.ThoughtsandActions:Followthestepsbelowtogetanideaofthingsyoushouldbethinkingaboutanddoing,andsomeofthestrategieswhichwillhelp.Notethetypeofinformationsearchyoushouldbedoingatthisstage.StepsforPreparingtoWrite5.1Analyzeandorganizeyourinformation5.2Constructathesisstatementandtryitonfor“size”5.3Weedoutirrelevantinformation5.4InfoSearch–fillinthegaps5.1AnalyzeandorganizeyourinformationTheword"analyze"meanstobreaksomethingdownintoitsparts.Ameaningfulanalysisidentifiesthepartsanddemonstrateshowtheyrelatetoeachother.Youmayhaveinformationfromdifferentsourceswhichexaminesdifferentaspectsofyourtopic.Bybreakingdowntheinformation,youmaybeabletoseerelationshipsbetweenthedifferentsourcesandformthemintoawholeconcept.Whenyou'retryingtomakesenseoftheinformationcomingoutofyourresearchprocess,youoftenhavetolookatitfromdifferentperspectivesandsometimeshavetostepbackandtrytogeta"bigpicture"view.Somewaystodothisaretotryoutdifferentorganizationpatterns:compareandcontrast,advantagesanddisadvantages,startingfromanarrowpremiseandbuildingonit,causeandeffect,logicalsequence.Therearemanytoolstouseinanalyzingandorganizingresearchfindings,suchaswebbing,outlining,cubing,mapping—seethelinkedarticlesonOrganizingInformation.5.2Constructathesisstatementandtryitonfor"size"Beforebeginningtowritethepaper,writethethesisstatement.Boildownthemainpointofyourpapertoasinglestatement.HamiltonCollege(Williams&Reidy)givesthisexplanationofthethesisstatement:Awell-writtenthesisstatement,usuallyexpressedinonesentence,isthemostimportantsentenceinyourentirepaper.Itshouldbothsummarizeforyourreaderthepositionyouwillbearguingandsetupthepatternoforganizationyouwilluseinyourdiscussion.Itisthemainideaofyourpaper.Athesissentenceisnotastatementofacceptedfact;itisthepositionthatneedstheproofyouwillprovideinyourargument.Yourthesisshouldreflectthefullscopeofyourargument—nomoreandnoless;bewareofwritingathesisstatementthatistoobroadtobedefendedwithinthescopeofyourpaper.Thearticlefromwhichthisquoteistakenalsogivessomeexcellentexamplesofthesisstatementsforpapersinvariousdisciplines.SeetheHamiltonCollegearticleandothersintheLinkssectionforThesisstatement.Anotherwaytosummarizethenatureandfunctionofthethesisstatementisthatitisasinglesentence,usuallyinthefirstparagraphofthepaper,which:declaresthepositionyouaretakinginyourpaper,setsupthewayyouwillorganizeyourdiscussion,andpointstotheconclusionyouwilldraw.5.3WeedoutirrelevantinformationGuesswhat.Nowthatyouhaveallthosewonderfulnotesandcitationsfromyourresearch,you'regoingtohavetogetridofsomeofthem!Nomatterhowprofoundandinterestingtheinformationis,ifitdoesn'trelatetoandsupportthethesisyou'vechosen,don'ttrytocramitintothepaper—justsighdeeplyandsetitaside.You'llhaveaneasiertimewritingifyoudothisweedingbeforeyoustart.5.4InfoSearch-fillinthegapsOnceyou'veidentifiedwhichofyourresearchnotesyou'lluse,youmayseesomegapswhereyouneedanadditionalsupportforapointyouwanttomake.Leaveenoughtimeinyourwritingplanforanextratriptothelibrary,justincase.Step6-WritingthePaperGoal:Writing,revisingandfinalizingthepaper.Feelings:Whenyourpaperisfinished,youmayfeelsatisfaction,ordissatisfaction,dependingonhowyoufeelabouttheendproduct.You'llprobablyfeelasenseofreliefandthestrongurgetotakeanap—goahead,youdeserveit!ThoughtsandActions:Followthestepsbelowtogetanideaofthingsyoushouldbethinkingaboutanddoing,andsomeofthestrategieswhichwillhelp.StepstoWritingthePaper6.1Thinkabouttheassignment,theaudienceandthepurpose6.2Prepareanoutline6.3Writetheroughdraft6.4Knowhowtouseyoursourcematerialsandcitethem6.5Haveothersreadandcritiquethepaper6.6Reviseandproofread6.1Thinkabouttheassignment,theaudienceandthepurpose

Toprepareforwriting,gooveroncemoretherequirementsoftheassignmenttomakesureyoufocusyourwritingeffortsonwhat'sexpectedbyyourinstructor.Considerthepurposeofthepaper,eitherassetforthintheassignment,orasstatedinyourthesisstatement—areyoutryingtopersuade,toinform,toevaluate,tosummarize?Whoisyouraudienceandhowwillthataffectyourpaper?Whatpriorknowledgecanyouassumetheaudiencehasonthetopic?Whatstyleandtoneofwritingarerequiredbytheaudienceandtheassignment—informal,scholarly,first-personreporting,dramatized?6.2PrepareanoutlineTrytogeta"model"outlineforthetypeofpaperyou'rewriting,orlookatexamplesofgoodpaperstoseehowtheywereorganized.Introduction

StatementoftheProblemThesisSentenceBody:Paragraphs1and2

HistoryoftheProblem(Include,perhaps,pastattemptsatsolutions.Workinsources.)Body:Paragraphs3and4

ExtentoftheProblem(Whoisaffected?Howbadisit?Workinsources.)Body:Paragraphs5and6

RepercussionsoftheProblem(Workinsources.)Body:Paragraphs7and8

Futuresolutions(notnecessarilyyourown.Moresources.)Conclusion

Summarizeyourfindings6.3Writetheroughdraft—visittheOWLs

Here'swheretheOnlineWritingLabsexcel—therearemanydozensofgreatarticlesoneveryaspectofwritingyourpaper.TheLinkspageshaveclassifiedthesebytopicsothatyoucanbrowseeasilyandpickoutarticlesyouwanttoread.TheentireLinksforWritingsectionwillbehelpful,andspecificallythesectionson:Title,introductionandconclusionWritingstyleandtechnique

Grammarandpunctuation

6.4KnowhowtouseyoursourcematerialsandcitethemSeethesectionCitingsourcesontheLinkspage.There'salsoanicesectiononusingsourcesinthemiddleofanotherarticleentitledinWritingaGeneralResearchPaperfromtheRoaneStateCommunityCollegeOWL(Henley,1996A).Thesection,"WhatHappensWhentheSourcesSeemtobeWritingMyPaperForMe?"describeshowtobreakuplongquotationsandhowtociteanauthormultipletimeswithoutlettingtheauthortakeoveryourpaper,anditlinkstoboththeMLAandtheAPAstylerequirementsforpartialquotations,fullquotations,indentedquotations,in-textquotations,andparaphrasing.6.5HaveothersreadandcritiquethepaperReadyourpaperoutloud,toyourself.Seeiftheargumentsarecoherent,logicalandconclusivewhenreadaloud.Haveseveralexperiencedpeoplereadandcritiqueyourpaper.Ifyourschoolhasawritinglab,usethetutorsorhelpersthereascritics.Ifyouronlychoiceisotherstudents,makesurethey'reAstudents!6.6ReviseandproofreadClassificationofsourcematerials

1）Primarysources:thoseprovidingdirectevidence,suchasnovels,biographiesorautobiographies,memoirs,speeches,lectures,diaries,letters,interview,casestudies,etc.

2)Secondarysources:thoseprovidingindirectevidencesuchasresearchpapersortreatises(专题著作，专题论文),journalsbyexpertsinagivenfield,studiesonauthorsorwritersandtheirworks,etc.

3)Tertiarysources:thoseprovidinginformationaboutsubjectsandtopics,mostlysyntheses(论文集）oranthologies（选集）andlistsofprimaryandsecondarysources,suchasreferencebooks,bibliographies,indexes,etc.writingthesisstatementsWhenyouwerecollectingandevaluatingsourcematerials,youhadaveryroughthesisinyourmind;andwhenyouwerereadingandreevaluatingthesourcematerialsaccompaniedbynotetaking,yourthesisbecameevenclearerwithabetterfocalpoint.Nowitistimeyoufinalizedyourthesisintoastatement,whichwillserveasaguideinyourwritingby:1)controllingthefocusoftheentirepaper;2)givingordertodetailsof