语篇与译者复习过程

语篇与译者

Contents1.IssuesandDebatesinTranslationStudies2.LinguisticsandTranslators:TheoryandPractice3.ContextinTranslating:RegisterAnalysis4.TranslatingandLanguageasDiscourse5.TranslatingTextasAction:ThePragmaticDimensionofContext6.TranslatingTextsasSigns:TheSemioticDimensionofContext7.IntertextualityandIntentionality8.TextTypeastheTranslator'sFocus9.ProseDesign:TextStructureinTranslation10.DiscourseTexture11.TheTranslatorasMediator

StandardAbbreviationsFPSFunctionalStencencePrespectiveMTMachineTranslationRRhemeTThemeSLSourceLanguageTLTargetLanguageSTSourceLanguageTextTTTargetLanguageTextOutline

BasilHatim&IanMasonsomeimportanttranslationtheories1.Understandingoftransaltion2.ContextandTranslation3.Intertextuality(互文性)andTranslation4.CoherenceandTranslation

ChapterOneIssuesandDebatesinTranslationStudies目录CONTENTSTranslatingisacommunicativeprocesswhichtakesplacewithinasocialcontext

翻译不是成品而是过程

翻译活动的语境考虑

翻译中不能做到绝对客观1.1ProcessandProductTranslationasproductinsteadoftranslatingasprocess.(Widdowsonpointsout)

Theviewofthisbook:translationasaprocessinvolvingthenegotiationofmeaningbetweenproducersandreceiversoftexts.1.2Objectivity/SubjectivityScann'teliminatedandOcannotachievedcompletelyChaptertwoTheoryandPractice

Thebasicproblemsfacedbytranslatorsintheirwork1.Comprehensionofsourcetext:(a)parsingoftext(grammar&lexis)(b)accesstospecialisedknowledge(c)accesstointendedmeaning2.Transferofmeaning:(a)relayinglexicalmeaning(b)relayinggrammaticalmeaning(c)relayingrhetoricalmeaning,includingimpliedorinferrablemeaning,forpotentialreaders.3.Assessmentoftargettext(a)readability(b)conformingtogenericanddiscoursalTLconventions(c)judgingadequacyoftranslationforspecifiedpurpose

Theemergenceoflinguisticsasanewdisciplineinthetwentiethcenturybroughtaspiritofoptimismtothepursuitoflanguagestudy,afeelingthatthegroundworkwasatlastbeinglaidforasystematicandscientificapproachtothedescriptionoflanguage.

Perhapsprovidesolutionstothekindsoflanguageproblems

oneobviousapplicationoflinguistics:developadeviceforcarryingoutautomatictranslationDeepstructureandSurfacestructuresometranslatorsandNidaTranslatinginvolved:1.breakingdowntheSLtextintoitsunderlyingrepresentationorsemantic"kernels"2.TransferofmeaningfromSLtoTL"onastructurallysimple"3.GenerationofstylisticallyandsemanticallyequivalentexpressioninTLeg:Itiswidelysensedthatthedisciplinehasnotyetlocated

apaththatwillleadtoacoherentandsustainedadvancebeyondtheintellectualterritoryclaimedbymoderngeneralequilibriumtheory.大家普遍感觉到，这个科学还没有走上这一条路径。它将超越现代一般均衡理论所提出的思维空间，带来连贯持续进步。Whyearlierdevelopmentsinlinguistictheorywereofrealitylittleinteresttotranslators?Linguistsandtranslatorswerenottalkingaboutthesamething.linguisticdescriptionwaslimitedtosinglelanguagesystems,meanwhile,fortranslatorseveryprobleminvolvedtwolanguagesystem.Chapter3Contextintranslating1.Malinowski'stheoryofcontextwasoriginallydevelopedwiththetranslatorinmind.2.Firth:Contextofsituationcouldincludeparticipantsinspeechevents,theactiontakingplace,otherrelevantfeaturesofthesituatiorandtheeffectsoftheverbalaction.Sothesevariablesareamenabletolinguisticanalysis.3.

B.Hatim&I.Mason:mostactiveanddiverseelements

makediscoursescoherent.

ContextandTranslationCommunicativedimensionconditionsoflanguagevariablesarisePragmaticdimensionSpeechAct,intentionsect.Semioticdimension

putcommunicationentity&pragmaticconnotationinsemioticsystem

LanguageVariation

USERUSEDialectsect.Registers,ect.

geographicalsocialidiolectaltemporalect.Fortranslators,itisreallyhardtomakeadecisionfortranslatingusingmodernlanguageorlanguageinthepast,forexample将仲子兮，无我里！无折我树！岂敢爱之！畏我父母！

Don'tcomeinsir,please!

Enlightenmentfortranslatorsregisterequivalence

Chapter4-63dimensionsofcontextSemioticdismensionWehaveattemptedtobringtogetherthesemioticfeaturesoftextswhicharerelevancetotranslators.Takingthesigntobeatriadic(三元)relation(initial,object,interpretant,thelatterbeingregardedasthemeaningofthesign),wehaveseenhowthesigninvolvesconnotativesystemswhichultimatelyleadtothedevelopmentofmythasaculturalphenomenon.(byauthors)Theprocessofsemiotictranslation1.identification(辨认原语中的符号实体)2.essentialinformation(把握原语中核心信息)3.explication(通过同义词、增补或释义补足译文中无法找到的等值原语意义)4.transformation(译者补足原语中“意图”或“地位”等符号意义的表达)ExampleInordertobeblessed,Nyabungasheadofthehousehold,beganthedanceceremony.Hestretchedoutthelongknifeinhisrighthandandflappedtheshieldinhisleft.Suddenly,andsimultaneously,agunshotechoedatthewestendofthehall.ThengajatdanceNyabungwasperformingstoppedabruptly.1.Identification--initiator:ngajat;object:adance;interpretant:askingforthehouseholdtobeblessed.2.essentialinformation--ritualisticdanceperformedinordertobringblessinguponthehousehold.3.explication--therelationshipbetween"dance"and"blessing"isculture-specific.4..transformation--thetranslatorsoptsfordanceceremonyastheequivalentofngajat

Chapter7-8HistoryofIntertextuality1.PutforwardbyJuliaKristevain19672.Bakhtin:Planar(二维的)Intertextualitya.horizontalIntertextuality(语篇前后)b.verticalIntertextuality（语篇与语篇间）3.LaurentJenny,Fairclough,Beaugrand&Dresslerdevelopedit.4.BasilHatim&IanMason:

Intertextuality（互文性，文本互涉）textsarerecognisedintermsoftheirdependenceonotherrelevanttexts.Itprovidesanidealtestinggroundfortranslatingandinterpreting.

4contributions1.Concluded7-typecategorieswithinliterature(Reference（指涉）,Cliche（套语）,Literaryallusion（文学隐射）,self-quotation（自我引用）,Conventionlism（约定）,Proverb（俗语）,Meditation（吸收）)2.4typesofIntertextualitygenerictext(文类互文)thematictext(主题互文)structuraltext(结构互文)functionaltext(功能互文）3.therelationbetweenIntertextualityReferenceandSemioticstructure4.therelationbetweenIntertextualityandTransaltion.

ThetheoryofIntertextualitytransaltionabsorbedDiscourseLinguistics,FunctionalLinguistics,StructuralLinguistics,PsychologicalLinguistics,Pragmatics,Semiotics.

ThetheoryreflectsIntertextuality.Text,Genre,DiscourseText(语篇)iscomposedofaseriesofsentenceswhichtogetherservesomeoverallrhetoricalpurpose.Genres(体裁):areconventionalisedformsoftextswhichreflectthefunctionsandgoalsinvolvedinparticularsocialoccasionsaswellasthepurposesofparticipantsinthem.如：读来信、新闻报道等Discourse（话语）：involvedinattitudinallydeterminedexpressioncharacteristicofsocialeventsandhowroutinedialectsstandsforsocialcustom.如：男性至上主义、女权主义HatimbelievedthatsemioticdismensionandIntertextualitynotonlyadjustinteractionwithinthetextbutalsointeractionbetweenculture,ideologyandthetext.So,translatorsshouldbringintocorrespondencewithtext,genreanddiscourse.

Chapter9

TextStructureintranslationWhatisText?Itiscomposedofseriesofsentenceswhichtogetherservesomeoverallrhetoricalpurpose.WhatisTextStructure?Itreferstothehierarchicalprinciplesofcomposition.

Weapproachatext,weidentifyseriesofwords,phrases,clauses.ect.Butthelinearprogressionofthesetextelementsdoesnottellthewholestory.Theauthorsholdthateachelemententersintoadiscourserelationwithotherelements.Sequencesofelementsultimatelymakeuptheunittexts.

Howcontextinfluencesthestructureoftexts?

1.culturalcontextisanimportantfactorindeterminingstucturalarrangement.sothat,theimportantquestionwillbe:whatisthestatusofanygivenstructureintheactualprocessoftranslating.Wheretwolanguagesdonotshareastructuralpattern,whatisthetranslator'sroomformanoeuvre(调整)inmakingmodifications?Fristlytoconsidertherelationshipbetweencontextandstructure(byHasan)a.structureismotivatedbythewaytextusersreacttocontextb.choosingparticularstructuresisintentionality(thesigns&theintensionsbehindtheiruseensuresuccessfulcommunication).

Forexample,incourtroominteraction,theintention"toraiseanobjection"isefffectivelyrelayedonlywhenitisrecognisedasasign.Activitiessuchas"objecting"displayingtheirownstructuralformats,andstructurebecomesanimportantindicatorofwhatisgoingonininteraction.

ContextualConfiguration语境结构Howdothevariouscontextualvariablesfindexpressioninthestructureandintexture?Registerprovidesanideallinkbetweencontextandtextstructure.Hasanintroducestheterm

contextualconfigurationItreferstothosevaluesfromthewholerangeoffield,tenorormode,actuallyselectedinanyparticularinstanceofcommunication(text)withinaparticulardiscourseorgenre.Hasanprovidesacharacterisationofatextwhichbeginswith__--Goodmorning(G)Dr.Scott'sclinic(I)mayihelpyou(Q)--Ohhellogoodmorning(G)thisisMrsLeespeaking(I)IwonderificouldseeDr.Scotttoday(A)

G-greetingI-IdentificationQ-queryTwobasiccharacteristicsoftextstructureemerge.1.eachgenreisatypicalformat(genericstructure)theformatisgreeting>identification>query2.therearecertainobligatoryfeatureswhichatextmustdisplayifitistoberecognisedasbelongingtothesetoftextsinquestion(intheaboveinstance,whilegreetingmaybeoptional,idetificationmustbepresentforthetexttobepreceivedascomplete)Contextualconfigurationisanaccountofsignificantattributesofsocialactivity.(Halliday&Hasan1985:56)

thelimitsofStructureModification:thesefeatures(optionalelement,obligatoryelements,ects.)thewaytheyareusedareofcentralimportanttothetranslator,whataretheoptionsthetranslatorfaces?1.IstheelementbeingtranslateobligatoryoroptionalintheTLtextformat?2.Ifitisobligatory,istheorderinwhichitoccursappropriatefortheTLtextformat?3.Ifitisobligatoryandtheorderinwhichitoccursappropriate,willinteration,ifthereisany,beappropriateintheTLtextformat?Althoughdifferentlanguagesmaypreferdifferentstructuralformats,ultimately,thelimitsonstructuremodificationintranslationarereachedwhentherhetoricalpurposeoftheSTbeginstobecompromised.Insuchcase,theSLformatmustbeconsideredtheoverridingfactor.HowelementsaregroupedintosequencesAnelementreferstooneoftheconstitutesoftextstructure,eachelementinoursenseofthetermbecauseitestablishesanopposition.forexample,讲义P2differentfromgrammaticalunit(phrase,clause,ect.)

sotranslatorsworkwithaspectsofbothsyntacticformandrhetoricalfunctionindealingwithagivenelementoftext.

Asequenceisaunitoftextorganizationwhichnormallyconsistsofmorethanoneelementandwhichservesahigher-orderrhetoricalfunctionthanthatoftheindividualelementsinquestion.

Topicshiftistobeunderstoodasthepointatwhichthereisaperceptiblechangeoftopicbetweenadjacent(邻近的)portionsofdiscourse.lexicalandsyntacticsignalsarealwayspresenttomarkthisshift(seeBrownandYule1983:94)Acloserdefinitionoftopic,however,enablesustoidentifyboundariesnotonlybetweentexts,butalsobetweensequencesandelementswithinagiventext.sotranslatorsareguidedbythiskindofanalysisoftopic.PerceivingtextasaunitofstructureTextisacoherentandcohesiveunit,realisedbyoneormorethansequenceofmutuallyrelevantelements,andservingsomeoverallrhetoricalpurpose.

Theuppermostlevelstructure,namelytext.

SummarisesthesalientpointsinourdiscussionRhetoricalpurpose(stressedtheimportanceoftherhetoricalpurposeasthebasisoftheevolutionoftexttypes.)Purposeoftranslation(thedegreeofinterventionbythetransaltorwilloftendependoncustomersandtheirneeds.)Globalparrerns(usefultorefertoarecognisablesetofglobalpatternstowhichtextsconformindifferentlanguages).Butworldischanging.Itisnoteworthythat,whereastextualpatternsandconventionsareconstantlymodifiedwhentextsinlessdominantlanguagesaretranslatedintoEnglish,thereverseisnotthecase.

Chapter10DiscoursetextureTextureisoneofthedefiningcharacteristicsoftext.Itisthatpropertywhichensuresthatatext"hangstogether",bothlinguisticallyandconceptually.Text:coherent(sense)&cohesive(surfaceelements)

TwopointsbeforedealwithtextureintranslationMotivationText-typefocusisapowerfulmotivatingfactor,forexample,Genericanddiscourseconstraintsarealsoofobviousrelevancetothestudyoftexture.There'swaterthroughmanyhomes-Iwouldsayalmostallofthemhavewaterinthem.It'sjustcompletelyunderwater.(reportedintheGainesvilleSun,20.12.78）

Textureasmotivatedchoice.NatureofcoherenceCoherenceisnotsomethingwhichiscreatedbytext,butratheranassumptionmadebylanguageusersthat,inaccordancewiththecooperativeprinciple,eractiondependsontheassumptionswhichusersbringtoit