大学英语写作之词汇0210的知识

LectureTwo

TheSentenceOutlineCompleteSentencesandSentenceFragmentsTypesofSentencesEffectiveSentencesSkillsinWritingSentencesCommonMistakesCorrectionCompleteSentencesandSentenceFragmentsAgrammaticallycompletesentenceisonethatcontainsatleastasubjectandapredicateverb;iftheverbistransitive,theremustbeanobject;iftheverbisalinkverb,theremustbeapredicativeorcomplement.Attributesandadverbials,thoughtheyarenotessentialelementsofasentence,helptomakethemeaningclearorcomplete：Hecame.Hecametotheclassroomveryearly.Shewrotealetter.Shewrotealonglettertoherparents.Dr.Smithisaprofessor.Dr.Smithisawell-knownprofessorofphysics.IammajorinEnglish.ImajorinEnglish.Thenumberyoudialedisnotexist.Pleasecheckanddialitagain.Thenumberyoudialeddoesnotexist.Pleasecheckanddialitagain.Finally,hebecametobeinterestedinart.Finally,hebecameinterestedinart.Finally,hecametobeinterestedinart.Ourcountryhastgakenplaceagreatchangeinmanyfield.Greatchangehastakenplaceinmanyfieldsinourcountry.Butitmayoccursomenewproblems.Butitmayoccursomenewproblems.Idon’tsatisfiedwithmyEnglish.IamnotsatisfiedwithmyEnglish.

Acompletesentencebeginswithacapitalletterandendswithaperiod.Donotseparatedcompletesentenceswithcommas.Faulty:Itwasraininghard,theycouldnotworkinthefields.Improved:Itwasraininghard;theycouldnotworkinthefields.Itwasraininghard.Theycouldnotworkinthefields.Itwasrainingsohardthattheycouldnotworkinthefields.Theycouldnotworkinthefieldsbecauseitwasraininghard.Itwasraininghard,sotheycouldnotworkinthefields.Asitwasraininghard,theycouldnotworkinthefields.Faulty:Iwasborninasmalltown,inthetowntherewasonlyoneschool,Istudiedthereforsixyears.Improved:InthesmalltownwhereIwasborn,therewasonlyoneschool.Istudiedthereforsixyears.Iwasborninasmalltown,wheretherewasonlyoneschool.Istudiedthereforsixyears.IstudiedforsixyearsattheonlyschoolinthesmalltownwhereIwasborn.Inordertobeasentence,agroupofwordsmustmeetthreecriteria:Itmustcontainasubject;Itmustcontainapredictiveverb;Itmustmakeacompletethought.SentenceFragmentasentencefragmentisapartofasentence;itisagroupofwordsnotcompleteinitselfSentenceFragment

FragmentsThatDoNotContainaSubjectoraVerb

Iopenedthedoor.Expectingtoseemybrotherstandingontheporch.Iopenedthedoor,expectingtoseemybrotherstandingontheporch.Iopenedthedoor.Iwasexpectingtoseemybrotherstandingontheporch.FragmentsThatContainaSubjectandaVerb

butDoNotExpressaCompleteThoughtDonaldwascheckinghistrap.Hesawanenormousblackbear.WhileDonaldwascheckinghistrap.Hesawanenormousblackbear.Somestudentsinordertogetabetterjobaftergraduation.SomestudentsstudyEnglishhardinordertogetabetterjobaftergraduation.HavebetterskillsinEnglishmeanshavemorechancestogetjobs.HavingbetterskillsinEnglishmeanshavingmorechancestogetjobs.HavingbetterskillsinEnglishmeanstohavemorechancestogetjobs.HavingbetterskillsinEnglishmeansonecanhavemorechancestogetjobs.TypesofSentencesDeclarativeInterrogativeImperativeExclamatorySimpleCompoundComplexCompound-ComplexMakesanassertionorastatementAsksaquestionExpressesacommandorarequestExpressesastrongfellingoremotiononesubjectandonepredicate-verband,but,or,;,etconemainclauseandoneormoredependentclausesacombinationofacompoundandacomplexsentence

(a)Theyoungpilotonhisfirstoverseastrainingfeltveryuneasy.

(b)Theyoungpilotfeltveryuneasyduringhisfirstoverseastraining.

(c)Theyoungpilot'sfirstoverseastrainingmadehimfeelveryuneasy.

(d)Extremeuneasinessseizedtheyoungpilotonhisfirstoverseastraining.

(e)Theyoungpilotwasonhisfirstoverseastraining,feelingveryuneasy.

(f)Itbeinghisfirstoverseastraining,theyoungpilotfeltveryuneasy.

(g)Theyoungpilotwasonhisfirstoverseastrainingandfeltveryuneasy.

(h)Theyoungpilot,whowasonhisfirstoverseastraining,feltveryuneasy.

(i)Whentheyoungpilotwasonhis/firstoverseastraining,hefeltveryuneasy.

(j)Astheyoungpilotwasonhisfirstoverseastraining,hefeltveryuneasy.

(k)Theyoungpilotwasonhisfirstoverseastraining,sothathe

feltveryuneasy.

(1)Theyoungpilotwasonhisfirstoverseastraining.

(2)Hefeltveryuneasy.

Loose松散句Itputsfirstthingsfirst,andletsthereaderknowwhatitismainlyaboutwhenhehasreadthefirstfewwords.Periodic圆周句Themainideaisexpressedatorneartheend,anditisnotgrammaticallycompleteuntiltheendisreached.Theworkersherearemostlydiligent,thoughnotall.Theworkersherearemostly,thoughnotall,diligent.Hewillgoabroadifhehasenoughmoney.Ifhehasenoughmoney,hewillgoabroad.Balanced平行结构Containstwoormorepartsofthesameformandgrammaticalfunction.Wecangainknowledgebyreading,byreflection,byobservationorbypractice.ShortandLongSentencesShortsentencesareusuallyemphatic,whereaslongsentencearecapableofexpressingcomplexideas.Shortsentencesaresuitableforthepresentationofimportantfactsandideas,andlongsentencesoftheexplanationofviewsandtheories,orthedescriptionofthingswithmanydetails.

Weneedalargerpoliceforceforpublicprotection.Weneedamodernizedfiredepartment.Weneedanenlargedlibrary.Weneedtoincreasethepayscaleofteachersinthepublicschools.Weneedtoimproveourwatersupply.Foralltheseneedsthereisbutonesolution.WemustseethatthebondissueisapprovedbythevotersintheNovemberelection.Ihaveoftenwonderedwhethersomepeople，whohadnointentionofmakingapurchase，wouldtakeadvantageofthisprivilege．OnedayIaskedthisquestiontotheshopgirl，andIlearneditwasindeedthecase。

EffectiveSentencesUnityCoherenceConcisenessEmphasisVarietyUnity（统一）Aunifiedsentenceexpressesasinglecompletethought.Itdoesnotcontainideasthatarenotcloselyrelated,nordoesitexpressathoughtthatisnotcompletebyitself.Faulty:BorninasmalltowninSouthChinaintheearly50s,hegrewuptobeafamousmusician.Revised:HewasborninasmalltowninSouthChinaintheearly50s.Inhischildhoodhelikedtosingsongs.Laterheenteredaconservatory.Inthe70shebecameafamousmusician.Coherence（连贯）Coherencemeansclearandreasonableconnectionbetweenparts.Faulty:Amanisjudgednotonlybywhathesaysbutalsobyhisdeeds.Revised:Amanisjudgednotonlybywhathesaysbutalsobywhathedoes.Amanisjudgednotonlybyhiswordsbutalsobyhisdeeds.Faulty:Wethoughtshewascharming,intelligent,andaverycapableyoungwoman.Revised:Wethoughtshewascharming,intelligent,andverycapable.Wethoughtshewasacharming,intelligent,andverycapableyoungwoman.Faulty:Wehavegreatfaithandhighhopesforher.Revised:Wehavegreatfaithinandhighhopesforher.Faulty:Shetoldmysisterthatshewaswrong.Revised:“I’mwrong,”shesaidtomysister.Sheadmittedthatshewaswrongandsaidsotomysister.“You’rewrong,”shesaidtomysister.Mysisterwastoldthatshewaswrong.Faulty:Thefreshwater,itisthemostimportantthingsoftheearth.Revised:Freshwateristhemostimportantthingsoftheearth.Conciseness（简洁）Asentenceshouldcontainnounnecessarywords.Iftheideaisfullyexpressed,thefewerwordsareused,thebetter.Wordy:Itwasblueincolor.Maryisaquietandcarefulwoman.HereturnedintheearlypartofthemonthofAugust.Inspiteofthefactthatheislazy,Ilikehim.Ilikedhiminspiteofhislaziness.Forthepeoplewhoarediligentandkind,moneyisjustthethingtobeusedtobuythethingtheyneed.Diligentandcaringpeopleusemoneyonlytobuywhattheyneed.

Emphasis（强调）Whenthereisanimportantidea,itshouldbeexpressedwithemphasis.Inwritingtherearewaysforplacingemphasisonsentencesorwordsthatshouldbeemphasized.

EmphaticSentences

Theskywasovercast.Anorthwindwasblowing.Itthreatenedtorainatanymoment.Agloomyday.Thepoetwasbornpoor,andpoorheremainedallhislife.

Don’tmove!/Hownice!

Didn’tItellyouthatyoumustn’ttouchthismachine?Ididn’tgetaticketfortheopera.HowcouldI?Thereweresomanyerrorsintheperformancethattheresultwasnotatragedy,butacomedy.Governmentofthepeople,bythepeople,forthepeopleshallnotperishfromtheearth.2.EmphasiswithintheSentencesa.Placing.Thebeginningandtheend,especiallytheend,ofasentencearethetwoplacesthatattractthereader’sattention.Thereisabigtree,whichissaidtobe300yearsold,inthetemple.Inthetemplethereisabigtree,whichissaidtobe300yearsold.b.Repetition.Unnecessaryrepetitionshouldbeavoided.Butinapropercontextrepeatingawordoranideaindifferentwordsmaybeameansofemphasis.Bright,verybright,werethestarsoverthewild,darkYenanhills.Thegoodolddaysweregoneforever,couldneverbegotbackagain.2.EmphasiswithintheSentencesc.Theverbandtheactivevoice.Whendescribingactions,onehadbetteruseverbsinsteadofnounsdenotingactions.Atthesightofthedisorderlycrowd,hewasawarethatsomethingbadwouldbepossible.Themomenthesawthedisorderlycrowd,heknewthatsomethingbadwouldhappen.e.Subordination.Puttingaminorideainadependentelementofthesentencesoastogivethemainideaaprominentposition.Theprofessorwalkedintotheclassroomandhecarriedabagofbookswithhim.Theprofessorwalkedintotheclassroom,carryingabagofbookswithhim.Theprofessorwalkedintotheclassroomwithabagofbooksunderhisarm.Theprofessorwalkedintotheclassroom,abagofbooksunderhisarm.Theywerewaitingforthemeetingtobegin.Theytalkedwitheachother.Theytalkedaboutthewomen’sfootballteam.TheteamhadwonvictoriesinGuangzhou.Whilewaitingforthemeetingtobegin,theytalkedaboutthevictorieswonbythewomen’sfootballteaminGuangzhou.e.Emphaticwordsandphrases.ThisistheverydictionaryIhavebeenlookingfor.Thedirectorhimselftoldmethisnews.Hislatestnovelisby

farthebesthehaseverwritten.Whatoneartharethechildrendoinginthenextroom?Idon’tliketheplayatall.Thistheatreisfarbetterthantheonewewenttolasttime.I’msohungrythatI’lleatwhateverfoodIcanfind.Variety（多样）

要写好句子，就要学会写简单句，写复杂句，并具备能由简单句变复杂句，复杂句变简单句的写作能力，使所写的句子在文章中有短有长，有起有伏。Varietyisessentialtogoodwriting.Aseriesofsentencesofthesamestructureandlength,beginningwiththesamenounorpronounasthesubject,wouldsoundmonotonous.Varietyisachievedwhenshortsentencesareusedinbetweenlongones,simplesentencesinbetweencompoundandcomplexone.

试比较以下两个段落（1）Wecanimaginethebeautifulsurroundings.(2)Therearemanytreesalongthestreets.(3)Thereisacleanriverinthecity.(4)Therearemanyfishesintheriver.(5)Therearewillowtreesontheoneside.(6)Therearesomepiecesofgrasslandontheotherside.(7)Therearemanyflowersonthem.(1)Justimaginethebeautifulsurroundingsifwehavemadeourcitiesgreener.(2)Greentreeslinethestreets.(3)Acleanriverwindsthroughthecity,inwhichalotoffishesabound.(4)Ontheonesidestandrowsofwillowtrees.(5)Ontheothersideliesastretchofgrasslandsprinkledwithmanyyellowandredflowers.

一些被滥用的句型Therebe句型Therearefewerandfewercitizenswholiketoseefilms.Filmsarenowlosingtheirappealformanycitizens.Therearemanypeoplewhocomplainofseverehousingshortages.Housingshortagesbecomethesourceofgreatcomplaint.一些被滥用的句型IfIfyoucomparethetwotablescarefully,youwillfindthedifference.Carefulcomparisonofthetwotableswillshowyouthedifference.Ifweonlyapplybookknowledge,wewillnotgetgoodresult.Bookknowledgeonlywillnotbesufficientforustogetgoodresult.Ifthereisnopollution,mancancertainlysurvive.Mancancertainlysurvivewithoutpollution.一些被滥用的句型InordertoInordertopreventtheproblembecomingtooserioustosolve,wemusttakeanimmediatestep.Animmediatestepmustbetakenbeforetheproblembecomestooserioustosolve.一些被滥用的句型MoreandmoreMoreandmorepeoplenowprefertostayathomeandwatchTV.PeopleinincreasingnumbersprefertostayathomeandwatchTV.Moreandmorepeoplewhobecomemoreandmorerichcanaffordamotorcycle.Thegrowingnumberofpeoplewhobecomeincreasinglyrichcannowaffordamotorcycle.Moreandmoreteenagerssmokecigarettesinrecentyears.Teenagesmokingisontheriseinrecentyears.Moreandmoreteachersareneededwiththedevelopmentofeconomy.Thereisanincreasingdemandforteacherswiththedevelopmentofeconomy.Moreandmoretreeshavedisappearedinthecity.Thereisasharpdeclineinthenumberoftreesinthecity.Withthedevelopmentofinformationtechnology,moreandmoreE-booksappearinourlives.ThenumberofE-booksisconstantlyontheriseasaresultoftherapiddevelopmentofinformationtechnology.Nowadays,moreandmoreyoungpeopledelayhavingchildren.Thereisagrowingtrendtowarddelayedchildbearingamongyoungcouples.一些被滥用的句型Itis…或Itis…that…Itisnecessarytomakeoutwhyagriculturehasdrawnsomuchattention.Whyhasagriculturedrawnsomuchattention.ItisreportedthatthesumofcapitalflowingtoChinaranks2ndintheworld.ThecapitalflowingtoChinaisthesecondlargestintheworld.Itisamatteroffactthatmoreandmorestudentsespeciallycollegestudentstakepart-timejobsintheirsparetimeorinholidays,themostordinaryformofwhichistoactasatutor.Manystudentsaretakingonpart-timejobssuchastutoringyoungerstudents.Itisthecommonsensethatfakecommoditiesareharmfultous.Commonsensetellsusthatpiratedgoodsarenotbeneficialinthelongrun.练习1：Rewritethefollowingbyputtingtheshortsentencesintocompoundorcomplexsentences,orsentenceswithparticipial,prepositional,orotherphrasesThegirlbegantolearntoplaythepiano.Atthattimeshewasachild.Hermotherwasafamouspianist.Thegirl,whosemotherwasafamouspianist,begantolearntoplaythepianowhenshewasachild.Becausehermotherwasafamouspianist,thegirlbegantolearntoplaythepianoveryearly.Beingadaughterofafamousfemalepianist,thegirlbegantolearntoplaythepianowhenshewasveryyoung.Hermotherbeingafamousfemalepianist,thegirlbegantolearntoplaythepianoveryearly.Theyoungdancerappearedonthestage.Astormyapplausebrokeforth.Astormyapplausebrokeforthbecausetheyoungdancerappearedonthestage.Astormyapplausebrokeforthwhentheyoungdancerappearedonthestage.Theyoungdancerreceivedastormyapplauseduringherappearanceonthestage.Theyoungdancerappearedonthestage,receivingastormyapplause.Astormyapplausebrokingforth,thedancerappearedonthestage.Hereturnedtohishometown.Hehadbeenawayfortwelveyears.Helookedinvainforthefamiliarlandmarks.Helookedinvainforthefamiliarlandmarkswhenhereturnedtohishometownwhichhehadbeenawayfortwelveyears.Hereturnedtohishometownwhichhehadbeenawayfortwelveyears,lookinginvainforthefamiliarlandmarks.Helookedinvainforthefamiliarlandmarksinhishometownwhichhehadbeenawayfortwelveyears.Havingbeenawayfromhishometownfortwelveyears,helookedinvainforthefamiliarlandmarks.Hereturnedtohishometownwhichhehadbeenawayfortwelveyearsonlytofindtheunfamiliarlandmarks.Wehavemadesomeprogress.Westillhavealongwaytogo.Wehavemadesomeprogressbutwestillhavealongwaytogo.Westillhavealongwaytogoalthoughwehavemadesomeprogress.Someprogresshavingbeenmade,westillhavealongwaytogo.Havingmadesomeprogress,westillhavealongwaytogo.ThegypsiesarereallyanomadicpeoplefromIndia.TheymigratedintoEurope.OncetheywerethoughttobeEgyptians.BeforemigratingintoEurope,thegypsiesareanomadicpeoplefromIndiabutoncetheywerethoughttobeEgyptians.OriginallybeinganomadicpeoplefromIndia,thegypsiesmigratedintoEuropebutoncetheywerethoughttobeEgyptians.Thegypsies,whoseancestorsarenomadicpeoplefromIndiaandlatermigratedintoEuropewereoncethoughttobeEgyptians.ProfessorLihadgreatconcernforus.Sheoftencametohelpus.AsProfessorLihadgreatconcernforus,sheoftencametohelpus.ProfessorLihadgreatconcernforus,sosheoftencametohelpus.ProfessorLioftencametohelpusbecauseshehadgreatconcernforus.ProfessorLi,whohadgreatconcernforus,oftencametohelpus.Havinggreatconcernforus,ProfessorLioftencametohelpus.ProfessorLihadgreatconcernforusandthereforeoftencametohelpus.练习2：Rewritethefollowingsentences,emphasizingthemainideaineach.Huang,whoisovertwometerstall,isthetallestmanoftheteam.Huang,thetallestmanoftheteam,isovertwometerstall.Socialposition,reputation,evenlifeitself,andfriends,werenolongerinterestingtohimafterhewentbankrupt.Afterbankruptcy,henolongerinterestedinanything,suchassocialposition,reputation,evenlifeitselfandfriends.Hedecidedtotakethejob,anditwassomethingunexpected.Outofexpectation,hedecidedtotakethejob.Chinawillnotbethefirsttousenuclearweaponsunderanycircumstances.UndernocircumstanceswillChinabethefirsttousenuclearweapons.Yangalonecandothework,andtherearetwentystudentsintheclass.Therearetwentystudentsintheclass,butYangalonecandothework.Chinahaschangedagreatdealasaresultofreformandtheopenpolicyduringthepast20years.ItisthereformandopenpolicythatmadeChinachangedagreatdeal.练习3：Rewritethefollowingpassage,givingthesentencessomevarietyinlengthandstructure.IgotupalittlelaterthanusualonSundaymorning.Iwashedandhadaquickbreakfast.ThenIstartedgoingtotowntobuythedictionaryrecommendedbytheteacher.AttheschoolgateIsawLiPing.Iaskedhimifhewasgoingtotowntoo,andhesaidthathewas.Sowedecidedtogotogether.Allthebuseswerecrowded.Wehadtowaitforalongtimeatthebusstopbeforewecouldgetonabus.Anhourlaterwegotoffthebusatabusystreet.Therewerethreebookstoresthere.Wewenttothefirstoneanddidn’tfindthedictionary.Thenwewenttothesecondoneandtheshopassistantsaidthatthedictionarywassoldout.Ifinallyboughtthedictionaryatthethirdbookstore.AfterthatLiPingandIwenttootherstoresandboughtvariousthings.Wereturnedtoschooljustintimeforlunch.

GettingupalittlelaterthanusualonSundaymorningandhavingawashandaquickbreakfast,istartedgoingtotowntobuythedictionaryrecommendedbytheteacher.WhatpleasedmeisthatImetLiPingattheschoolgateandheagreeedtogowithme.Allthebusesbeingcrowded,wehadtowaitforalongtimeatthebusstopbeforegettingonone.Wegotoffthebusatabusystreetanhourlaterwheretherearethreebookstores.Butthedictionaryisnotavailableatthefirsttwostores.Itisatthelastonethatwegotthebookweneed.Wereturnedtoschooljustintimeforlunchwiththebookandotherthingswebought.SkillsinWritingSentences1.句子扩充句子扩充指的是在简单句的基础上添加适当的修饰成分,使句子能准确客观地表达作者的思想,反映事物的本来面貌。

Heisacollegestudent.HeisajunioratBeijingUniversity,majoringincomputerscience.1.1添加形容词或副词通过添加形容词或副词对句子中的名词和动词加以修饰,使名词表意更确切,动词行为更生动,给人以亲临其境,栩栩如生之感。这在句子扩充的技巧中是最常用,也是最容易做到的。如:Thiscourseisawaytoimprovemylanguageskills(这门课程是改进我语言技巧的一种途径)。修改后，ThisoptionalcourseisagoodwaytoimprovemyEnglishlanguageskillseffectively。练习1.Thepaintingcompetitiondrewstudents.Theyearlypaintingcompetitiondrewcrowdsofcollegestudents.2.InChina,bothwomenandmencandowellintheircareer.Intoday’sChina,womencan

doequallywellintheirwork.1.2添加介词短语用来扩充句子的介词短语一般在句子中作定语和状语,表明事物的特征和行为发生的时间、地点、原因、目的、方式等。通过给句子添加介词短语,可以使句子意思更明确,信息更充实。在说明文和记述文中介词短语用的最多。例1A)Braindrainisoftenheard·

B)Inrecentyears,braindrainisoftenheardinmostofthedevelopingcountries·例2A)Creativityisanimportantfeature·B)Creativityisoneofthemostimportantfeaturesofasuccessfulpersoninourdays·练习：1.HeisgoingtoBeijing.HeisgoinguptoBeijingnextweekforajobinterview.1.3添加分词短语用于扩充句子的分词短语一般在句子中作定语或状语。分词短语可分为现在分词和过去分词。现在分词一般可表示行为方式、伴随动作及时间和原因等,而过去分词在句子中可表示原因、时间、条件及动作发生时的背景或情况。A)Theycompletedtheexperiment·B)Workingrightthroughmorethantwoyears,theycompletedtheexperiment.A)Wehadgreatdifficultyincompletingtheproject.B)Nothavinggotenoughhands,wehadgreatdifficultyincompletingtheproject.1.4添加不定式不定式是动词的一种非限定形式,在句子中可以担当多种成分。不定式在句子中可以做主语、宾语、表语、定语和状语。不定式具有动词的特征,有时态和语态的变化。通过添加不定式,可以把作者的思想表达的更充分,把事情的原因,目的,结果,状态,性质和特征交代地更清楚。A)Youshouldhaveconfidenceinyourability·B)Youshouldhaveconfidenceinyourabilitytofulfillthetask·A)Manystudentsgotothelibraryatweekends·B)Manystudentsgotothelibraryatweekendstoenjoyreadingbooks。练习ThediseaseSARSmadeanattackonourcountry.AnunexpectedinfectiousdiseaseSARSmadeasuddenattackonmanyareasofourcountryatthebeginningof2003.Itisasteptomakeitlegalforallpeopletoreceiveeducation.Itisabigstepforwardtomakeitlegalforallpeopletohavetherighttoreceivehighereducation.Theworldpopulationis6billion.Thecurrentworldpopulationisapproximately6billion.Themoneywillsupportstudentstocontinuetheirstudy.Consequently,theextramoneyobtainedfrompart-timejobwillstronglysupportstudentstocontinuetheirstudy.Doingpart-timejobcouldtaketime;neverthelessitisnotharmfulifthestudentscanmanagetheirtime.Admittedly,doingpart-timejobcouldtakemuchtime;neverthelessitisnotabsolutelyharmfulifthestudentsappropriatelymanagetheirtime.Modernindustryhasalsopollutedourenvironment.Havingalltheadvantagesmentionedabove,modernindustryhasseriouslypollutedourenvironment.Governmentmusttakeimmediateaction.Governmentmusttakeimmediateactionto

preventtheproblembecomingtooserioustosolve.Onemeasureistocreatenaturereserveswhereanimalscanwanderandbeprotected.Oneofthemosteffectivemeasurestoavoidtheextinctionofwildanimalsisforallcountriestocreatenaturereserveswhereallthenativespeciesofanimalscanwanderfreelyandbeprotectedfrommen.Moneyisconsideredtobeanimportantthing.Moneyisconsideredbysomepeopletobethemost

powerfulandimportantthinginlife.Thecitygovernmentshouldgiveconsiderationtotheplantingoftrees.Intheplanningofurbandevelopment,thecitygovernmentshouldgivefullconsiderationtotheplantingoftrees.2.句子合并由于受汉语思维的影响和出于求稳怕错的心理,很多中国学生在写作时都喜欢用简单句。简单句短小精悍,意义明确,但却无法表达各个单句之间的内在联系。读来让人觉得散乱,层次不清楚,重点不突出。有时思路的不连贯还会导致句子之间的关系游离,给理解带来一定的困难。A)Awrist-watchisatime-tellingdevice·B)Itssizeisverysmall·C)Itisverymuchconvenient·D)Itcanbewornonthewrist·

Awristwatchisatimetellingdevice,whichissosmallandconvenientthatitcanbeworeonthewrist.从而突出了手表的功能,兼顾了手表的特征,句子之间的主从关系一目了然。A)Therearemanynetbarsalongthestreets.B)Theyarecrowdedwithpeople.C)Theyaremostlyyoungmen.D)Theirfingersaredancingonthekeyboard.主语变来变去,让人摸不着头脑。如果用句子合并的技巧把它改译成:Ifyougoalongthestreets,youcannoticealotofnetbarscrowdedwithpeople,mostofwhomareyoungmen,whosefingersaredancingonthekeyboard·就可以使句子结构严谨、布局合理、主题突出。2.1.复合句——名词从句主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句在句子中的作用相当于名词通常在句子中所起的作用，因此统称为名词从句。引导名词从句的关联词，主要有三类：主从连词：that,whether,if连接代词：who,whom,whose,what,which连接副词：when,where,why,how主从连词只起连接作用；连接代词和连接副词除了起连接作用外，还充当句子成分。2.1.1主语从句主语从句有三类：1)由what等代词引起的主语从句,可以代替一个名词加定语从句的结构：Whattheyareafterisprofit.2)由连词that引起的主语从句，通常放到句子的后面，而用it作形式主语：It’snotyourfaultthatthishashappened.3)由连接代词或连接副词或whether引起的主语从句,这类句子可以直接用在句首作主语，也可以放到句子后面用it作形式主语：Whentheywillcomehasn’tbeenmadepublic.Ithasn’tbeenmadepublicwhentheywillcome.练习KeepingadiaryinEnglishisnotdifficult.Itonlyneedsyourdeterminationandpractice.KeepingadiaryinEnglishisnotsodifficultassomestudentsimagine.Whatitdemandsisthedeterminationandpractice.Hecometotheofficeearlierthanbeforethismorning.Hesuddenlyrealizedhehadforgottentotakethekeywithhim.Hemeanttocometotheofficeearlierthanbeforethismorning.Butitoccurredtohimthathehadforgottentotakethekeywithhimhalfway.Developingtheundergroundwillsolvetheseverehousingproblem.Manypeopledoubtthis.Whetherdevelopingtheundergroundwillhelptosolvetheseverehousingproblemisstilladoubtfulquestion.Westillhavesomewaystosolvetheproblem.Thatisgoodnews.Itisgoodnewsthatwestillhavesomewaystosolvetheproblem.常用的经典主语从句Itiswrong/foolish/false/ridiculous/afallacytosay/think/believe…money/happinessItisridiculoustobelievethatmoneyalwaysbringshappiness.Itisacommonlyacceptedbeliefthat…,coupledwith…,leadsto/contributeto/resultin…interestinEnglish,itsroleinseekinghighlypaidpositioninbigcorporations,enthusiasmforlearningEnglishItisacommonlyacceptedbeliefthatinterestinEnglish,coupledwiththegrowingawarenessof