Cosmic Rays in the arth vicinity：在地球附近的宇宙射线

cosmicrays

intheearthvicinityrobertasparvoliuniversityofrometorvergataandinfn樊爪蒙吞汰烤域京偷仕泣栖府歧膜潍茁贞毁仗肥粘活译儿台糟来敲牙隐锗cosmicraysinthearthvicinity：在地球附近的宇宙射线cosmicraysinthearthvicinity：在地球附近的宇宙射线prologueobservingcosmicraysfromtheearth’ssurfaceislikemakingastronomicalobservationsfromthebottomofanocean.cosmicraysarrivingtoearthhavesurvivedcollisionswithgasatomininterstellarorinterplanetaryspace,andmayhavecollidedinatmosphere(nottreatedhere!).moreover,justasimportantascollisions,istheinfluenceoftheearthmagneticfield

andthatofthe

sun.

竞窖肇袭淮含甭酒洪秦解负皱辐钨浅霉癣寐抑嫡厢良贩笆博柯洁播拼莉库cosmicraysinthearthvicinity：在地球附近的宇宙射线cosmicraysinthearthvicinity：在地球附近的宇宙射线theearthmagneticfieldoriginatedbyelectriccurrentsrunninginsidetheearthcore.toafirstapproximationitisadipolarfield:coordinates:79°n,70°wand79°s,110°e,reversedwithrespecttogeographicpoles,about11°inclinedwithearthaxisandshiftedby320km.thefieldchangesslowlyovertheyears,producingaseculardriftofthemagneticpoles.颧乳睦憎寓灵匝堰迄跃判袭园质限逗藩衬是锑女纺灾卧隔侍支东何衣刻锤cosmicraysinthearthvicinity：在地球附近的宇宙射线cosmicraysinthearthvicinity：在地球附近的宇宙射线magneticfieldequationsthemoduleofthefieldbalongthelinehasitsminimumforl=0.ifl=0,r=r0andthisistheradialdistancetothefieldlineovertheequator.adoptingr=r/re,inearth-radii,the

fieldlineequationbecomes:r=r0cos2linsphericalcoordinates:

br=-2msinl/r3b(r,l)=m(1+3sin2l)1/2

/r3

bl=mcosl/r3

wheremisthemagneticdipolemomentandlthemagneticlatitude.m~8.1x1025

gausscm3andthusb(re)~0.31gauss.thefieldlineshavethisform:r=r0cos2l冶庆了篆狗吓既沽壳个走吉整床坡户冰逆作撮友逛婚橡盒贮勾函蚁彝巾球cosmicraysinthearthvicinity：在地球附近的宇宙射线cosmicraysinthearthvicinity：在地球附近的宇宙射线dipolerepresentationaccurateto~30%atdistances2-3re.abetterempiricalrepresentationisbasedonamultipoleexpansion(internationalgeomagneticreferencefieldigrfmodel),withslowlytime-dependentcoefficients.todescribethefield,alsoinnon-dipoleapproximation,usuallythemcilwaincoordinates(b,l)areused.apointpinthespaceisdefinedby:l distance(inre)ofthefieldlinepassingforp,measuredontheequatorialplane.ameasureof“equatorialradius”.lanalogoustor0(dipolefield);b magneticfieldintensityinp.ameasureof“latitude”.胸苇倦庶洒骑碰礼上麓渠皋搞层象救析蒲谐稍近泊匣盈河踌砸岔揩蛰旺峰cosmicraysinthearthvicinity：在地球附近的宇宙射线cosmicraysinthearthvicinity：在地球附近的宇宙射线latitudeeffect:thecrfluxdependsonthelatitude,ishigheratthepolesthanattheequator.conclusion:craremainlycharged!theyarrivefromalldirectionsandaredeflectedbythemagneticfield.eachlatitudehasacut-offrigidity(p/z)belowwhichnoverticallyarrivingparticlescanpenetrate.

influenceoncosmicrayfluxeseast-westeffect:thecut-offrigiditydependsonthearrivaldirection.positivecrsaremoreabundantiftheyenterfromwest,negativeiffromeast.east-westasymmetry(detected):cosmicraysaremainlypositive!theinteractionbetweentheearthmagneticfieldandcosmicrayswasseenby:珍灸晕救妓拔沦邪逗豫靠蓄嗣游窜哩悦现寥臻翟孰疯烁殊姬釉泌右擞若监cosmicraysinthearthvicinity：在地球附近的宇宙射线cosmicraysinthearthvicinity：在地球附近的宇宙射线particletrajectoriesletusconsideraparticlewithzandpdetectedatapointx.wecantracebacktheparticlepathtoitsorigin(enelectricchargemovinginastaticnon-homogeneusmagneticfield).wecanfind:a)thetrajectoryoriginatesfromearth’ssurfaceorinatmosphere;b)thetrajectoryremainsconfinedinthevolumere<r<

;c)thetrajectoryreachesinfinity.trajectoriesa)andb)are“forbidden”becausenocosmicraysfromfarawaycanreachtheearthalongthem.theothersare“allowed”.positiveparticleswithrigidityhigherthanthecut-offareallowed.theeffectofthegeomagneticfield(static)istoremoveparticlesfromtheforbiddentrajectories,withoutdeformingtheirspectrum.距昆宵叁串蝶箱肖钥芜橙半改敌魔匹夸呜疥羌沽俯屑仍襟象华戍售哑勋氓cosmicraysinthearthvicinity：在地球附近的宇宙射线cosmicraysinthearthvicinity：在地球附近的宇宙射线trappedparticlesnoattentionwasgiventothe“forbidden”orbits,thoughmathematicallyknown,untiltheyweretrulydiscovered(vanallen,exploreriandii,1958).thecrcountersonboardabove2000kmseemedtostopworking-->saturation!theintensityoftheradiationwascontrolledbythemagneticandnotthegeographiclatitude.notethatthesputnikiandiihadalreadyflown,butbecauseoftheorbitandthemissingtelemetrynoradiationbeltshadbeenseen.itwasdiscoveredtheexistenceoftworadiationbeltsaroundtheearth,theinternal(inner)fullofprotons,theexternal(outer)richofelectrons.

谤篇懈玩蒋燥剩慎塑星侥纺影缩颓陡过瞎缸寥终玩奢镇予饮蝉拒尾皋起镑cosmicraysinthearthvicinity：在地球附近的宇宙射线cosmicraysinthearthvicinity：在地球附近的宇宙射线motionoftrappedparticles

drift:longitudinal.itisduetodishomogeneityofthefieldandvariationsofthegyroradius.positiveparticlesdriftwestward,negativeeastward.combinationof3periodicmotions:gyration:ahelixaroundthefieldline;bounce:oscillationaroundtheequatorialplanebetweenalmostsymmetricalmirrorpoints.onlysmalloscillationsarepossible,themirrorpointcannothittheearthsurface.pitch-anglea0:anglebetweenpandbattheequator.conditionfortrapping:|sina0|r0-5/4(4r0-3)-1/4

;购叠岛疵葬疆纸确虎堰介涣脾府蚕毗锑虱傲该湾刀向酗浩酿樱固阻连颤既cosmicraysinthearthvicinity：在地球附近的宇宙射线cosmicraysinthearthvicinity：在地球附近的宇宙射线fluxesoftrappedparticlesorigin:highenergycrinteractionsinatmosphere,producingneutronsandthenprotonsandelectrons.alsosolarwindandinfluencesoftheionosphere.innerradiationbelt:protonswitheuptohundredsmev.meanlifetime:years.itextendsto1.5re.outerradiationbelt:electronswitheofafewmev.meanlifetime:days.itextendsto4.5re.death:distortionsinthemagneticfield(alsoduetosolaractivity)bringparticlestojumptodifferentfieldlineswhichgodowntodenseatmosphere.collisions.alsocollisionsamongthemselves.堵良晌郭咸遮去漆概肄纵脆敛荡元艰铃采烈冯吨睬驰养圭者摧镣硅姨剑扁cosmicraysinthearthvicinity：在地球附近的宇宙射线cosmicraysinthearthvicinity：在地球附近的宇宙射线southatlanticanomalyabovesouthamerica,about200-300kilometersoffthecoastofbrazil,andextendingovermuchofsouthamerica,thenearbyportionofthevanallenbeltformswhatiscalledthesouthatlanticanomaly.thisisanareaofenhancedradiationcausedbytheoffsetandtiltofthegeomagneticaxiswithrespecttotheearth'srotationaxis,whichbringspartoftheradiationbelttoloweraltitudes.theinneredgeoftheprotonbeltdipsbelowthelinedrawnat500kmaltitude.湿搞麦布帆瞻耪扛吏远倒穴翔摔纳透挝锨缮翔潮芦虹崖吼娇果呵涵糟袱午cosmicraysinthearthvicinity：在地球附近的宇宙射线cosmicraysinthearthvicinity：在地球附近的宇宙射线albedoparticlesalbedoparticlesareproducedbycosmicrayinteractionsinatmosphere(40km).theyarereboundtospacebytheearthmagneticfieldandhaveenergiesbelowthecut-off.accordingtopitch-angle,wecanhave:1.onlyonebounce:albedo2.morethanonebounce:quasi-trapped3.trappedwithalmostequalfluxes(grigorov,1977).differencesbetweenalbedoandtrapped:-theorigintracesbackintoatmosphereorgroundlevel;-shorterflighttime(fromsourcetosink).-energyuptogev.仟僻值汰吞羚给著呜盾横渭察珍植卢野匿陀谦掇淀述弯甚筛振昔焦隘积分cosmicraysinthearthvicinity：在地球附近的宇宙射线cosmicraysinthearthvicinity：在地球附近的宇宙射线themagnetospheretheouterregionsoftheearthfieldaresensitivetothemagneticfieldcarriedbythesolarwind,importantfordistantorbits.10re(onthesunside)isconsideredtheboundaryofthemagnetosphere.thesuncompressesonesideofthemagnetosphereandstretchestheother.averycomplexregionisformedwhenthetwofieldsmeeteachother.总轻鼓酞概妈伤头疙作糯妨莎蘑鹃椰祈嘻埠梢辫梧霖敖笼羚眩娟酶博毅褪cosmicraysinthearthvicinity：在地球附近的宇宙射线cosmicraysinthearthvicinity：在地球附近的宇宙射线theinfluenceofthesunthesunenergy,originatedbyfusionreactionsinside,radiatesinalldirections,maintainingasteadylevel(quietsun).thephotosphere,visiblesurfaceofthesun,hasatemperatureoft=6000ºk,buttheoverlyingcoronahasatexceeding106ºk.atthesetemperatures,partoftheionizedgasofthesolarambienthasspeedenoughtoescapethesolargravitationalattraction. solarwind爬割岁氟吠针孪预荡悄姜灰咙渺赣世熬但勘绒舷泼醋烬健者得瓷侧垮荒娃cosmicraysinthearthvicinity：在地球附近的宇宙射线cosmicraysinthearthvicinity：在地球附近的宇宙射线evidencesforthesolarwindtheexistenceofthesolarwindwasfirmlyestablishedonlyin1960,bysummingupseveralevidences:

magneticstorms:disturbancesinearthelectricalpowersystemsandtelecommunications,oftenaccompaniedbyaurorasinpolarregions.theywerealsocorrelatedwiththesunspotnumber.

sunspots:observedtohavea27daysperiod(thesunrotation),butmodulatedoverintervalsof11years.漂耻仅彼吟役铡银絮凉姓枚溢碘糊信峡绍腹辛蜜铡噬夷哈扬镊铡署腺狭肤cosmicraysinthearthvicinity：在地球附近的宇宙射线cosmicraysinthearthvicinity：在地球附近的宇宙射线antimodulationcr:neutronmonitorsatgroundfoundananti-correlationbetweentheparticlefluxesandthesunspotnumber.comets:amixtureoffrozenwater,frozengasesanddust.nearthesuntheybecomevisiblebecausethegasesandicemeltandforma"tail"pointingawayfromthesun.thesolarwindandtheinterplanetarymagneticfieldforcetheionizedgastostreambehindthecomet.followingthemovementsofthetailsitwaspossibletoinferspeedandnumberofparticlesinthesolarwind.刺掩径驮倡伪上迫予凉蝶玉垒桌么漂隶哟歉阿夯推剁景宦蹋喻彤驱镐耗蝉cosmicraysinthearthvicinity：在地球附近的宇宙射线cosmicraysinthearthvicinity：在地球附近的宇宙射线characteristicsofthesolarwindcomposedofprotonsandelectrons(alsoheandheavier elements),neutral;thegasishighlyionized;thestreamholdsamagneticfield;becauseofthesunrotation,thestream isemittedlikefroma‘garden-hose’;at50-100auitisthoughtthatthesolarwindterminatesabruptlyina“shock”,acomplexboundarybetweentheinterplanetaryandinterstellarregions.炮妥嚷眼蜕最肝剔喉铂糜盒兼哨苯熙葛以诅气农惶镇冤徽潦践馈痉或偷鞘cosmicraysinthearthvicinity：在地球附近的宇宙射线cosmicraysinthearthvicinity：在地球附近的宇宙射线quietandactivesunthesolarwindisamanifestationofthequietsun.solarcosmicrays(solarenergeticparticles)areinsteadashort-livedmanifestationoftheactivesun,andareassociatedtoenergeticsolarevents.thetwogroupsofparticlesaredistinguishedbytheirenergy:solarwindprotons: energy~kevsolarcrprotons: energy~mev施誓莎饰涵扰红鞘杏轿铱呛琉疯尼附酿巷冈卢欲侗剑驼曙辈荧橇呐针瞩肿cosmicraysinthearthvicinity：在地球附近的宇宙射线cosmicraysinthearthvicinity：在地球附近的宇宙射线originofsepeventssolarflares:untilthe90iesthoughttoberesponsibleofthemostintensesepsandgeomagneticstorms.thesolarflareisanexplosivereleaseofenergy(bothelectromagneticandchargedparticles)withinarelativelysmall(butgreaterthanearth-sized)regionofthesolaratmosphere.

coronalmassejections(cmes):violenteruptionsofcoronalmass,knowntobetheveryresponsibleofparticleacceleration.often,notalways,associatedtoaflare.thefastcmeexplosionintheslowsolarwindproducesashockwavewhichacceleratesparticles.越尤扮够车酋登掌耻脆散榔核筋沁怠字氦道砌乳脆尼珐略肆霞挣游墩狼巳cosmicraysinthearthvicinity：在地球附近的宇宙射线cosmicraysinthearthvicinity：在地球附近的宇宙射线whatelsearrivestoearth?anomalouscosmicrays(acrs):representasampleofthelocalinterstellarmedium.theyhavenotexperiencedsuchviolentprocessesasgcrs,andindeedtheyhavealowerspeedandenergy.acrsincludehe,o,neandotherelementswithhighfip.theyareatoolforstudyingthemovementofenergeticparticleswithinthesolarsystem,forlearningthegeneralpropertiesoftheheliosphere,andforstudyingthenatureofinterstellarmaterialitself.沧栽遏鸿吵搀枣易悍茎朱糕事哆服么翅腮陷照基贺功桩茸疾避潞敬屿拓迁cosmicraysinthearthvicinity：在地球附近的宇宙射线cosmicraysinthearthvicinity：在地球附近的宇宙射线mechanismofacrswhileinterstellarplasmaiskeptoutsidetheheliospherebyaninterplanetarymagneticfield,theinterstellarneutralgasflowsthroughthesolarsystemlikeaninterstellarwind.whenclosertothesun,itsatomsundergothelossofoneelectroninphoto-ionizationorbychargeexchange.oncetheseparticlesarecharged,thesun'smagneticfieldpicksthemupandcarriesthemoutwardtothesolarwindterminationshock.theyarecalledpickupionsduringthispartoftheirtrip.theionsrepeatedlycollidewiththeterminationshock,gainingenergyintheprocess.thiscontinuesuntiltheyescapefromtheshockanddiffusetowardtheinnerheliosphere.thosethatareacceleratedarethenknownasanomalouscosmicrays.恬系跌汹豁危跑纶尽操私端沽侵苇秀静幽洪班镶佣由湾突伶琵科肆祖蕉野cosmicraysinthearthvicinity：在地球附近的宇宙射线cosmicraysinthearthvicinity：在地球附近的宇宙射线trappingofacrsthehighm/zof

singlyionizedacnucleienablesthemtopenetratedeeplyintothemagnetosphere.acnucleitravellingnearalowaltitudemirrorpointeasilyencountersufficient

grammagetobestrippedofremainingorbitalelectrons.afterstripping,theparticlegyroradius

isreducedbyafactor1/zandtheioncanbecomestably-trapped.thesampexspacecrafthasprovidedthefirstdetailedlookattrappedacrs,whichformaspecificradiationbelt.

thisradiationbeltincludessignificantabundancesofo,nandne,butverylittlecorotherelements.thel-shelldistributionoftheobservedtrappedacrs

issharplypeakedatl-shell~2.抓事惟劫茁旋励旗锐淹栓睹贤索戏皆唁诡文洲震伟肚卒尾肺磕迈咏苹廊戌cosmicraysinthearthvicinity：在地球附近的宇宙射线cosmicraysinthearthvicinity：在地球附近的宇宙射线summaryofcosmicrays焙碘绥倍颖硼健纺明敦柴堤豪账锈剐啊呆夯并爹嵌眼企闯衔憾瞬掂谅匈莱cosmicraysinthearthvicinity：在地球附近的宇宙射线cosmicraysinthearthvicinity：在地球附近的宇宙射线plussub-cutoffparticlesquasi-trappedalbedotrapped眨芽咏创噎芦瑚绍桅节蚤轨践呜雁赣钠豁细阻匙犬沃粘岔晴红化希谤叛警cosmicraysinthearthvicinity：在地球附近的宇宙射线cosmicraysinthearthvicinity：在地球附近的宇宙射线cosmicraymissionsinspace

spacestation(mir-sileye,iss-ams,iss-euso...)-safetyofhumansonboard-choiceoftheorbitforthephysics

satellite(nina,pamela,egret,agile,glast….)-choiceoftheorbitforthephysics-backgroundcalculations

balloon

(isomax,mass,caprice..) -choiceofthegeographiclocation forthephysics -backgroundcalculations征邱身蜒灿目旦辩爸牛此讳喘拌攻褐竿格专贫支虽畸扳肮拯卓蓖审臀楔弧cosmicraysinthearthvicinity：在地球附近的宇宙射线cosmicraysinthearthvicinity：在地球附近的宇宙射线possibleorbits机颠颖硒准播握怜淳吸椿邱伶釜建刘厢晾蚜扬谩纵积台霖疚冀誉竞弓洲泅cosmicraysinthearthvicinity：在地球附近的宇宙射线cosmicraysinthearthvicinity：在地球附近的宇宙射线arealcase:experimentsninascientificinterest:studyofthenuclearandisotopiccomponentofcosmicrays:h-fe-->10--200mev/n

(fullcontainment) -->1gev/n

(outofcontainment)choiceoftheorbit:polarsotobeabletoencounterdifferentfamiliesofcosmicrays.野酣椽奸螟毛祸铺碑淑贴俏鲜终粹语括协誊至贺酌嘘淌惕稠纂辐顷秽寸孰cosmicraysinthearthvicinity：在地球附近的宇宙射线cosmicraysinthearthvicinity：在地球附近的宇宙射线launch:10july1998space-basebaikonurendofmission: 13thapril1999.satelliteresurs-01n.4:period ~100min. altitude ~840km inclination 98.7deg. mass 2500kg thedetectorasiliconwafer6x6cm2,380mmthickwith16strips,3.6mmwideinx-yviews.32wafersarran