2023年英语真题及答案详解

2023年MBA英语真题及答案详解考生须知选择题旳答案须用2B铅笔填涂在答题卡上，其他笔填涂旳或做在试卷或其他类型答题卡上旳答案无效。其他题一律用蓝色或黑色钢笔或圆珠笔在答题纸上按规定规定作答，凡做在试卷上或未做在指定位置旳答案无效。交卷时，请配合监考人员验收，并请监考人员在准考证对应位置签字（作为考生交卷旳凭据）。否则，所产生旳一切后果由考生自负。2023年全国攻读工商管理硕士硕士入学考试英语试题SectionIVocabulary(10points)Directions:Thereare20incompletesentencesinthissection.ForeachsentencetherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.ChoosetheonethatbestcompletesthesentenceandmarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.1．Hiswifehasbeen_______alotofpressureonhimtochangehisjob．A．takingB．exertingC．givingD．pushing2．Itisestimatedthat，currently,about50，000speciesbecome_____everyyear．A．extinctB．instinctC．distinctD．intense3．Johnsaysthathispresentjobdoesnotprovidehimwithenough______forhisorganizingability．scopeB．spaceC．capacityD．range4．Many_______willbeopenedupinthefutureforthosewithauniversityeducation．A．probabilitiesB．realitiesC．necessitiesD．opportunities5．Afterhisuncledied，theyoungman_____thebeautifulestatewithwhichhechangedfromapoormantoawealthynoble．A．inhabitedB．inheritedC．inhibitedD．inhaled6．Themanageriscallingona______customertryingtotalkhimintosigningthecontract．A．prosperousB．preliminaryC．pessimisticD．prospective7．In1991，whilet11eeconomiesofindustrializedcountriesmetaneconomic_____，theeconomiesofdevelopingcountriesweregrowingveryfast．A．revivalB．repressionC．recessionD．recovery8．Thedestructionofthetwintowers_________shockandangerthroughouttheworld．A．summonedB．temptedCprovokedD．stumbled9．About20ofthepassengerswhowereinjuredinaplanecrasharesaidtobein_____condition．A．decisiveB．urgentC．vitalD．critical10．TheinteractionsbetweenChinaandtheUSwillsurelyhaveasignificant_______onpeaceandstabilityintheAsia—Pacificregionandtheworldasawhole．A．importanceB．impressionC．impactD．implication11．Thepoorcountriesareextremely_______tointernationaleconomicfluctuations-A．inclinedB．vulnerableC．attractedD．reduced12．Applicantsshouldnotethatallpositionsare——toAustraliancitizenshiprequirements．A．subjectB．subjectiveC．objectedD．objective13．Weaimtoensurethatallcandidatesaretreatedfairlyandthattheyhaveequal______toemploymentopportunities．A．entranceB．entryC．accessD．admission14．Successfullearningisnota(n)________activitybutconsistsoffourdistinctstagesinaspecificorderA．onlyB．soleC．mereD．single15．TheopportunitytoexploreandplayandtheencouragementtodosoCan________theperformanceofmanychildren．A．withholdB．preventC．enhanceD．justify16．Allherhardwork__________intheend，andshefinallypassedtheexam．A．showedoffB．paidoffC．1eftoffD．keptoff17．Inordertolivethekindoflifewewantandtobethepersonwewanttobe，wehavetodomorethanjust________withevents．A．putsupB．setupC．turnupD．makeup18．Theteamplayedhardbecausethechampionshipofthestatewas______.A．athandB．atstakeC．atlargeD．atbest19．Idon’tthinkyou'llchangehismind；oncehe’sdecidedonsosomethinghetendsto_____it.A．sticktoB．abidebyC．complywithD．keepon20．Tomplacedthebanknotes，_________thechangeandreceipts，backinthedrawer．A.morethanB.butforC．thankstoD.alongwithSectionIICloze(10points)Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.Advancingagemeanslosingyourhair,yourwaistlineandyourmemory，right?DanaDenisisjust40yearsold，but21she’sworriedaboutwhatshecalls’myrollingmentalblackouts.””ItrytoremembersomethingandIjustblankout，”shesaysYoumay22abouttheselapses，callingthem”seniormoments”orblaming"earlyAlzheimer’s(老年痴呆症)．”Isitaninescapablefactthattheolderyouget，the23youremember?Well,sortof．Butastimegoesby,wetendtoblameage24problemsthatarenotnecessarilyage—related．“Whenateenagercan’tfindherkeys，shethinksit'sbecauseshe’sdistractedordisorganized，”saysPaulGold．“A70-year-oldblamesher25．”Infact，the70-year-oldmayhavebeen26thingsfordecades．Inhealthypeople，memorydoesn’tworsenas27asmanyofusthink．“Aswe28，thememorymechanismisn’t29，”sayspsychologistFergusCraik．”It’sjustinefficient．”Thebrain’sprocessing30slowsdownovertheyears，thoughnooneknowsexactly31.Recentresearchsuggeststhatnervecellsloseefficiencyand32there’slessactivityinthebrain．But，cautionsBarryGordon，”It'snotclearthatlessactivityis33．Abeginningathleteiswinded（气喘吁吁）moreeasilythana34athlete．Inthesameway,35thebraingetsmoreskilledatatask，itexpendslessenergyonit.”Thereare36youcantaketocompensatefornormalslippageinyourmemorygears，thoughit37effort．MargaretSewellsays：”We’reaquick-fixculture,butyouhaveto38tokeepyourbrain.39shape．It’slikehavingagoodbody．YouCan’tgotothegymonceayear40expecttostayintopform.”21．A.almostB.seldomC.alreadyD.never22．A.jokeB.laughC.blameD.criticize23．A.muchB.littleC.moreD.less24．A.sinceB.forC.byD.because25．A.memoryB.mindC.troubleD.health26．A.disorganizingB.misplacingC.puttingD.finding27．A.swiftlyB.frequentlyC.timelyD.quickly28．A．matureB.advanceC.ageD.grow29．A.brokenB.poorC.perfectD.working30．A.patternB.timeC.spaceD.information31．A.whyB.howC.whatD.when32．A.sinceB.henceC.thatD.although33．A.irregularB.betterC.normalD.worse34．A.famousB.seniorC.popularD.trained35．A.asB.tillC.thoughD.yet36．A.stagesB.stepsC.advantagesD.purposes37．A.makesB.takesC.doesD.spends38．A.restB.comeC.workD.study39．A.toB.forC.onD.in40．A.soB.orC.andD.ifSectionIIIReadingcomprehension(40points)Directions:Readthefollowingfourpassages.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachpassagebychoosingA,B,CandD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.PassageOnePriortothe20thcentury,manylanguageswithsmallnumbersofspeakerssurvivedforcenturies.Theincreasinglyinterconnectedmodernworldmakesitmuchmoredifficultforsmalllanguagecommunitiestoliveinrelativeisolation,akeyfactorinlanguagemaintenanceandpreservation.Itremainstobeseenwhethertheworldcanmaintainitslinguisticandculturaldiversityinthecenturiesahead.Manypowerfulforcesappeartoworkagainstit:populationgrowth,whichpushesmigrantpopulationsintotheworld’slastisolatedlocations;masstourism;globaltelecommunicationsandmassmedia;andthespreadofgiganticglobalcorporations.Alloftheseforcesappeartosignifyafutureinwhichthelanguageofadvertising,popularculture,andconsumerproductsbecomesimilar.AlreadyEnglishandafewothermajortongueshaveemergedasgloballanguagesofcommerceandcommunication.Formanyoftheworld’speoples,learningoneoftheselanguagesisviewedasthekeytoeducation,economicopportunity,andabetterwayoflife.Onlyabout3,000languagesnowinuseareexpectedtosurvivethecomingcentury.Aremostoftherestdoomedinthecenturyafterthat?Whethermostoftheselanguagessurvivewillprobablydependonhowstronglyculturalgroupswishtokeeptheiridentityalivethroughanativelanguage.Todosowillrequireanemphasisonbilingualism（masteryoftwolanguages）.Bilingualspeakerscouldusetheirownlanguageinsmallerspheresathome,amongfriends,incommunitysettingsandagloballanguageatwork,indealingswithgovernment,andincommercialspheres.Inthisway,manysmalllanguagescouldsustaintheirculturalandlinguisticintegrityalongsidegloballanguages,ratherthanyieldtothehomogenizing（同化旳）forcesofglobalization.Ironically,thetrendoftechnologicalinnovationthathasthreatenedminoritylanguagescouldalsohelpsavethem.Forexample,someexpertspredictthatcomputersoftwaretranslationtoolswillonedaypermitminoritylanguagespeakerstobrowsetheInternetusingtheirnativetongues.Linguistsarecurrentlyusingcomputer—aidedlearningtoolstoteachavarietyofthreatenedlanguages.Formanyendangeredlanguages,thelinebetweenrevivalanddeathisextremelythin.Languageisremarkablyresilient（有活力旳）,however.Itisnotjustatoolforcommunicating,butalsoapowerfulwayofseparatingdifferentgroups,orofdemonstratinggroupidentity.Manyindigenous（原生旳，土著旳）communitieshaveshownthatitispossibletoliveinthemodernworldwhilereclaimingtheiruniqueidentitiesthroughlanguage.41.Minoritylanguagescanbebestpreservedin__________.A．anincreasinglyinterconnectedworldB．maintainingsmallnumbersofspeakersC．relativelyisolatedlanguagecommunitiesD．followingthetraditionofthe20thcentury42.AccordingtoParagraph2,thattheworldcanmaintainitslinguisticdiversityinthefutureis_______.A．uncertainB．unrealisticC．foreseeableD．definite43.Accordingtotheauthor,bilingualismcanhelp_________.A．smalllanguagesbecomeacceptableinworkplacesB．homogenizetheworld’slanguagesandculturesC．globallanguagesreachhomeandcommunitysettingsD．speakersmaintaintheirlinguisticandculturalidentity44.Computertechnologyishelpfulforpreservingminoritylanguagesinthatit_________.A．makeslearningagloballanguageunnecessaryB．facilitatesthelearningandusingofthoselanguagesC．raisespublicawarenessofsavingthoselanguagesD．makesiteasierforlinguiststostudythoselanguages45.Intheauthor’sview,manyendangeredlanguagesare________.A．remarkablywell-keptinthismodernworldB．exceptionallypowerfultoolsofcommunicationC．quitepossibletoberevivedinsteadofdyingoutD．auniquewayofbringingdifferentgroupstogetherPassageTwoEveryone，itseems，hasahealthproblem。AfterpouringbillionsintotheNationalHealthService，Britishpeoplemoanaboutdirtyhospitals，longwaitsandwastedmoney.InGermanythenewchancellor,AngelaMerkel,isunderfireforsuggestingchangingthefinancingofitshealthsystem.Canada’snewConservativePrimeMinister,StephenHarper,madeabigfussduringtheelectionaboutreducingthecountry’slengthymedicalqueues.Acrosstherichworld,affluence,ageingandadvancingtechnologyaredrivinguphealthspendingfasterthanincome.ButnowherehasabiggerhealthproblemthanAmerica.Soaringmedicalbillsaresqueezingwages,swellingtheranksoftheuninsuredandpushinghugefirmsandperhapseventhegovernmenttowardsbankruptcy.Ford’sannouncementthisweekthatitwouldcutupto30.000jobsby2023wasasmuchasignofit’s“legacy”health–carecostsasoftheillsofthecarindustry.Pushedbypollsthatshowhealthcareisoneofhismaindomesticproblemsandbyforecastsshowingthattheretiringbaby-boomers(生育高峰期出生旳人)willcrushthegovernment’sfinances,GeorgeBushistounveilareform;planinnextweek’sstate-of–the–unionaddress.America’shealthsystemisunlikeanyother.TheUniteStatesspends16%ofitsGDPonhealth,aroundtwicetherich-countryaverage,equivalentto$6,280foreveryAmericaneachyear.Yetitistheonlyrichcountrythatdoesnotguaranteeuniversalhealthcoverage.Thankstoanaccidentofhistory,mostAmericansreceivehealthinsurancethroughtheiremployer,withthegovernmentpickingupthebillforthepoorandtheelderly.Thiscurioushybrid（混合物）certainlyhasitsstrengths.Americanshavemorechoicethananybodyelse,andtheirhealth-caresystemismuchmoreinnovative.Europeans’billscouldbemuchhigherifAmericanmedicinewerenotdoingmuchoftheirResearchandDevelopment（R&D）forthem.Buttherearealsohugeweaknesses.Theonemostoftencited—especiallybyforeigners—isthearmyofuninsured.Some46millionAmericansdonothavecover.Inmanycasesthatisoutofchoiceand,iftheyfallseriouslyill,hospitalshavetotreatthem.Butitisstilldeeplyunequal.Andtherearealsoshockinginefficiencies:bysomemeasures,30%ofAmericanhealthspendingiswasted.Thenthereisthequestionofstatesupport.ManyAmericansdisapproveofthe“socializedmedicine”ofCanadaandEurope.Infact,evenifmuchoftheadministrationisdoneprivately,around60%ofAmerica’sheath-carebillendsupbeingmetbythegovernment.Proportionately,theAmericanstatealreadyspendsasmuchonhealthastheOECD（OrganizationofEconomicCooperationandDevelopment）average,andthatshareissettogrowasthebaby-boomersrunuptheirMedicarebillsandevermoreemployersavoidprovidinghealth-carecoverage.Americais,ineffect,headingtowardsaversionofsocializedmedicinebydefault.46.HealthproblemsmentionedinthepassageincludeallthefollowingEXCEPT_________.A.poorhospitalconditionsinU.K.B.AngelaMerkelunderattackC.healthfinancinginGermanyD.longwaitinglinesinCanada47.Ford’sannouncementofcuttingupto30,000jobsby2023indicatesthatFord_________.A.hasthebiggesthealthproblemofthecarindustryB.hasmadeprofitsfromitshealth-carelegacyC.hasaccumulatedtooheavyahealth-careburdenD.owesagreatdealofdebttoitsemployees48.Intheauthor’sopinion,America’shealthsystemis_________.A.inefficientB.feasibleC.unpopularD.successful49.Itisimpliedinthepassagethat_________.A.America’shealthsystemhasitsstrengthsandweaknessesB.theUSgovernmentpaysmedicalbillsforthepoorandtheelderlyC.some46millionAmericansdonothavemedicalinsuranceD.EuropeansbenefitalotfromAmerica’smedicalresearch50.fromthelastparagraphwemaylearnthatthe“socializedmedicine”is____________.A.apracticeofCanadaandEuropeB.apolicyadoptedbytheUSgovernmentC.intendedfortheretiringbaby-boomersD.administeredbyprivateenterprisesPassageThreeWhenThomasKeller,oneofAmerica’sforemostchefs,announcedthatonSept.IhewouldabolishthepracticeoftippingatPerSe.hisluxuryrestaurantinNewYorkCity,andreplaceitwithEuropean-styleservicecharge,Iknewthreegroupswouldbeopposed:customers,serversandrestaurantowners.Thesethreegroupsareallcommittedtotipping——astheyquicklymadeclearonWebsites.Toopposetipping,itseems,istobeanticapitalist,andmaybeevenalittleFrench..ButMr.Kellerisrighttomoveawayfromtipping—andit’sworthexploringwhyjustabouteveryoneelseintherestaurantworldiswrongtostickwiththepractice.Customersbelieveintippingbecausetheythinkitmakeseconomicsense.“Waitersknowthattheywon’tgetpaidiftheydon’tdoagoodjob”ishowmostadvocatesofthesystemwouldputit.Tobesure,thisisatempting,apparentlyrationalstatementabouteconomictheory,butitappearstohavelittleapplicabilitytotherealworldofrestaurants.MichaelLynn,anassociateprofessorofconsumerbehaviorandmarketingatCornell’sSchoolofHotelAdministration,hasconducteddozensofstudentsoftippingandhasconcludedthatconsumersassessmentsofthequalityofservicecorrelateweaklytotheamounttheytip.Rather,customersarelikelytotipmoreinresponsetoserverstouchingthemlightlyandleaningforwardnexttothetabletomakeconversationthantohowoftentheirwaterglassisrefilled——inotherwords,customerstipmorewhentheyliketheserver,notwhentheserviceisgood.Mr.Lynn’sstudiesalsoindicatethatmalecustomersincreasetheirtipsforfemaleserverswhilefemalecustomersincreasetheirtipsformaleservers,.What’smore,.consumersseemtoforgetthatthetipincreasesasthebillincreases.Thus,thetippingsystemisanopeninvitationtowhatrestaurantprofessionalscall“upwelling”:everybottleofimportedwater,everyespressoandeverycocktailisextramoneyintheserver’spocket.Aggressiveupwellingfortipsisoftenrewardedwhilelow-key,qualityserviceoftengoesunrecognized.Inaddition,thepracticeoftippooling,whichisthenorminfine-diningrestaurantsandisbecomingmoreineverykindofrestaurantabovethelevelofagreasyspoon,hasruinedwhatevereffectvotingwithyourtipmighthavehadonanindividualwaiter.Inanunreasonableoutcome,youarepunishingthegoodwaitersintherestaurantbynottippingthebadone.Indeed,thereappeartobelittleconnectionbetweentippingandgoodservice.Questions41to45arebasedonthefollowingpassage:Priortothe20thcentury,manylanguageswithsmallnumbersofspeakerssurvivedforcenturies.Theincreasinglyinterconnectedmodernworldmakesitmuchmoredifficultforsmalllanguagecommunitiestoliveinrelativeisolation,akeyfactorinlanguagemaintenanceandpreservation.Itremainstobeseenwhethertheworldcanmaintainitslinguisticandculturaldiversityinthecenturiesahead.Manypowerfulforcesappeartoworkagainstit:populationgrowth,whichpushesmigrantpopulationsintotheworld’slastisolatedlocations;masstourism;globaltelecommunicationsandmassmedia;andthespreadofgiganticglobalcorporations.Alloftheseforcesappeartosignifyafutureinwhichthelanguageofadvertising,popularculture,andconsumerproductsbecomesimilar.AlreadyEnglishandafewothermajortongueshaveemergedasgloballanguagesofcommerceandcommunication.Formanyoftheworld’speoples,learningoneoftheselanguagesisviewedasthekeytoeducation,economicopportunity,andabetterwayoflife.Onlyabout3,000languagesnowinuseareexpectedtosurvivethecomingcentury.Aremostoftherestdoomedinthecenturyafterthat?Whethermostoftheselanguagessurvivewillprobablydependonhowstronglyculturalgroupswishtokeeptheiridentityalivethroughanativelanguage.Todosowillrequireanemphasisonbilingualism（masteryoftwolanguages）.Bilingualspeakerscouldusetheirownlanguageinsmallerspheresathome,amongfriends,incommunitysettingsandagloballanguageatwork,indealingswithgovernment,andincommercialspheres.Inthisway,manysmalllanguagescouldsustaintheirculturalandlinguisticintegrityalongsidegloballanguages,ratherthanyieldtothehomogenizing（同化旳）forcesofglobalization.Ironically,thetrendoftechnologicalinnovationthathasthreatenedminoritylanguagescouldalsohelpsavethem.Forexample,someexpertspredictthatcomputersoftwaretranslationtoolswillonedaypermitminoritylanguagespeakerstobrowsetheInternetusingtheirnativetongues.Linguistsarecurrentlyusingcomputer—aidedlearningtoolstoteachavarietyofthreatenedlanguages.Formanyendangeredlanguages,thelinebetweenrevivalanddeathisextremelythin.Languageisremarkablyresilient（有活力旳）,however.Itisnotjustatoolforcommunicating,butalsoapowerfulwayofseparatingdifferentgroups,orofdemonstratinggroupidentity.Manyindigenous（原生旳，土著旳）communitieshaveshownthatitispossibletoliveinthemodernworldwhilereclaimingtheiruniqueidentitiesthroughlanguage.51.ItmaybeinferredthataEuropean-styleservice______.A.istipping-freeB.chargeslittletipC.istheauthor’sinitiativeD.isofferedatPer-se52.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueaccordingtotheauthor.A.Tippingisacommonpracticeintherestaurantworld.B.Waitersdon’tcareabouttippingC.Customersgenerallybelieveintipping.D.Tippinghaslittleconnectionwiththequalityofservice.53.AccordingtoMichaelLynn’sstudies,waiterswilllikelygetmoretipsifthey______A.haveperformedgoodserviceB.frequentlyrefillcustomers’waterglassC.wincustomers’favorD.servecustomersofthesamesex54.Wemayinferfromthecontextthat“upwelling”(Line2,Para6)probablymeans________A.sellingsomethingupB.sellingsomethingfancyC.sellingsomethingunnecessaryD.sellingsomethingmoreexpensive55.Thispassageismainlyabout__________A.reasonstoabolishthepracticeoftippingB.economicsenseoftippingC.consumers’attitudestowardstippingD.tippingforgoodservicePassageFour“Ipromise.”“Isweartoyouit’llneverhappenagain.”“Igiveyoumyword.”“Honestly.Believeme.”Sure,Itrust.Whynot?IteachEnglishcompositionataprivatecollege.Withacertainexcitementandintensity.Ireadmystudents’essays,hopingtofindthepersonbehindthepen.Aseachsemesterprogresses,plagiarism（抄袭）appears.NotonlyismyintelligenceinsultedasoneassumesIwon’tdetectapolishedpieceofprosefromanotherwise-averagewriter,butIfeelasadnessthatastudenthasresortedtobuyingapaperfromapeer.Writershavestyleslikefingerprintsandafterseveralassignments,Icanmatchastudent’sworkwithhisorhernameevenifit’smissingfromtheupperleft-handcorner.Whyislearninglessimportantthanahighergrade-pointaverage（GPA）?Whenwe’rethreatenedorsick,wemakeconditionalpromises.“IfyouletmepassmathIwill….”“Lord,ifyougetmeoverthisbeforethebighomecominggameI’ll….”Oncethesituationisbehindus,soarethepromises.Humannature?Perhaps,butwedousethatcliché（陈词滥调）togetusoutofuncomfortablebargains.Divineinterferenceduringdistressisasked;gratitudeisunpaid.Afterall,fewfulfillthecontract,sowhyshouldanyonebetheexception.Whynot?Sixyearsago,Itookastudentbeforethedean.HehadturnedinanessaywiththevocabularyandsentencestructureofPhDthesis.Upuntilthattime,bothhisout-of-classandin-classworkwereborderlinepassing.IquestionedthepersonregardinghisessayandhesworeitI’dunderstandthiscopywouldnothavethetimeandattentionanout-of-classpaperisgiven,buthehadalreadyafinishedpiecesoheunderstoodwhatwasasked.Hesatonehour,thenturnedinpartofapageofunskilledwritingandfaultylogic.Iconfrontedhimwithbothessays.“Ipromise….,I’mnotlying.IsweartoyouthatIwrotetheessay.I’mjustnervoustoday.”TheheadoftheEnglishdepartmentagreedwithmyfinding,andthemeetingwiththedeanhadtheboy’sparentspresent.Afteranhourofdiscussion,touchingoneightoftheboy’spreviousessaysandhisgrade-pointaverage,whichindicatedhewasalreadyonacademicprobation（留校察看）,thedeanagreedthatthestudenthadplagiarized.Hisparentsprotested,“He’sonlyachild”andweinstructorsarewiserandshouldbecompassionate.Collegepeoplearenotreallychildrenandmosttimeswouldresentbeinglabeledassuch….Exceptinthisuncomfortablecircumstance.56.Accordingtotheauthor,studentscommitplagiarismmainlyfor_____.A．moneyB．degreeC．higherGPAD．reputation57.thesentence“Oncethesituationisbehindus,soarethepromises’impliesthat_________.A．studentsusuallykeeptheirpromisesB．somestudentstendtobreaktheirpromisesC．thepromisesarealwaysbehindthesituationD．wecannotjudgethesituationinadvance,aswedotothepromises58.The“borderlinepassing”（Line3,Para.3）probablymeans____________.A．fairlygoodB．extremelypoorC．aboveaverageD．belowaverage59.Theboy’sparentsthoughttheirsonshouldbeexcusedmainlybecause_______________.A．teachersshouldbecompassionateB．hewasonlyachildC．instructorswerewiserD．hewasthreatened60.Whichofthefollowingmightserveasthetitleofthispassage?A．HumanNatureB．ConditionalPromisesC．HowtoDetectCheatingD．TheSadnessofPlagiarismSectionIVTranslation(20points)Directions:InthissectionthereisapassageinEnglish.TranslatethefivesentencesunderlinedintoChineseandwriteyourtranslationonANSWERSHEET2.Poweringthegreatongoingchangesofourtimeistheriseofhumancreativityasthedefiningfeatureofeconomiclife.Creativityhascometobevalued,becausenewtechnologies,newindustriesandnewwealthflowfromit.Andasaresult,ourlivesandsocietyhavebeguntoechowithcreativeideas.Itisourcommitmenttocreativityinitsvarieddimensionsthatformstheunderlyingspiritofourage.Creativityisessentialtothewayweliveandworktoday,andinmanysensesalwayshasbeen.Thebigadvancesinstandardofliving–-nottomentionthebigcompetitiveadvantagesinthemarketplace--alwayshavecomefrom”betterrecipes,notjustmorecooking.”Onemightarguethat’snotstrictlytrue.Onemightpointout,forinstance,thatduringthelongperiodfromtheea