Abstract writing 英文摘要写作方法

会计学1Abstractwriting英文摘要写作方法"Awell-preparedabstractenablesreaderstoidentifythebasiccontentofadocumentquicklyandaccurately,todetermineitsrelevancetotheirinterests,andthustodecidewhethertheyneedtoreadthedocumentinitsentirety"(AmericanNationalStandardsInstitute,1979b).第2页/共27页第1页/共27页TheAbstractshouldnotexceed250wordsandshouldbedesignedtodefineclearlywhatisdealtwithinthepaper.TheAbstractshouldbetypedasasingleparagraph.第3页/共27页第2页/共27页TheAbstractshould

(1)statetheprincipalobjectivesandscopeoftheinvestigation；

(2)describethemethodsemployed；

(3)summarizetheresults；

(4)statetheprincipalconclusions.第4页/共27页第3页/共27页WhenwritingtheAbstract,examineeverywordcarefully.Ifyoucantellyourstoryin100words,donotuse200.MostoftheAbstractshouldbewritteninthepasttense,becauseitreferstoworkdone.TheAbstractshouldnevergiveanyinformationorconclusionthatisnotstatedinthepaper.ReferencestotheliteraturemustnotbecitedintheAbstract(exceptinrareinstances,suchasmodificationofapreviouslypublishedmethod).Likewise,theAbstractshouldnot

includeorrefertotablesandfigures.第5页/共27页第4页/共27页TypesofAbstractsInformativeabstract(moredetailed,andmayincludequantitativedetails)

信息性/报道性/资料性摘要Indicative/descriptiveabstract(briefandqualitative,indicatingwhatkindofresearchhasbeendone)

指示性/说明性/描述性摘要Informative-indicativeabstract

报道-指示性摘要第6页/共27页第5页/共27页2.1Informativeabstract

Aninformativeabstractisdesignedtocondensethepaper.Itcanandshouldbrieflystatetheproblem,themethodusedtostudytheproblem,andtheprincipaldataandconclusions.Often,theabstractsupplantstheneedforreadingthefullpaper;withoutsuchabstracts,scientistswouldnotbeabletokeepupinactiveareasofresearch.Thisisthetypeofabstractthatisusedasa“heading”inmostjournalstoday.第7页/共27页第6页/共27页

2.2Indicativeabstract(1) Anothercommontypeofabstractistheindicativeabstract(sometimescalledadescriptiveabstract).Thistypeofabstractisdesignedtoindicate

thesubjectsdealtwithinapaper,makingiteasyforpotentialreaderstodecidewhethertoreadthepaper.However,becauseofitsdescriptiveratherthansubstantivenature,itcanseldomserveasasubstitute

forthefullpaper.第8页/共27页第7页/共27页

2.2Indicativeabstract(2)

Thus,indicativeabstractsshouldnotbeusedas“heading”abstractsinresearchpapers,buttheymaybeusedinothertypesofpublications(reviewpapers,conferencereports,thegovernmentreportliterature,etc.);suchindicativeabstractsareoftenofgreatvaluetoreferencelibrarians.第9页/共27页第8页/共27页

2.3Informative-indicativeabstract

Aninformative-indicativeabstractisacombinedformthatbearsaspecificinformationabouttheprincipalfindingsandresultsandgeneralinformationabouttherestofthedocument.Thistypeofabstractoffersfewerdetails,instead,givingemphasistotheauthor’schiefcontribution.第10页/共27页第9页/共27页TheFormalizedStructureofAbstractAnabstractusuallyconsistsofthefollowingthreemajorparts:topicsentence,supportingsentencesandconcludingsentences.第11页/共27页第10页/共27页3.1.TopicSentenceThefirstsentenceinanabstractisusuallycalledthe“topicsentence”.Byansweringthequestionof“what”,thetopicsentencealwaysgoesstraightforwardlytothesubject

ortheproblemandindicatetheprimaryobjectivesofthepaper.第12页/共27页第11页/共27页3.1Examples(1)Thepurposeofthispaperis…Theprimarygoalofthisresearchis…Theintentionofthispaperistosurvey…Theoverallobjectiveofthisstudyis…Inthispaper,weaimat…Ourgoalhasbeentoprovide…Thechiefaimofthepresentworkistoinvestigatethefeaturesof…第13页/共27页第12页/共27页3.1.Examples(2)Theauthorsarenowinitiatingsomeexperimentalinvestigationtoestablish…Theworkpresentedinthispaperfocusesonseveralaspectsofthefollowing…Theproblemwehaveoutlineddealslargelywiththestudyof…Withhismanyyears’research,theauthor’sendeavoristoexplainwhy…第14页/共27页第13页/共27页3.1.Examples(3)Theprimaryobjectofthisfundamentalresearchwillbetorevealthecauseof…Themainobjectiveofourinvestigationhasbeentoobtainsomeknowledgeof…Withrecentresearch,theauthorintendstooutlinetheframeworkof…Theauthorattemptedthesetofexperimentswithaviewtodemonstratingcertainphenomena…第15页/共27页第14页/共27页3.1.Examples(4)Theexperimentbeingmadebyourresearchgroupisaimedatobtainingtheresultof…

Themainobjectiveofourinvestigationhasbeentoobtainsomeknowledgeof…Experimentson…weremadeinordertomeasuretheamountof…Theemphasisofthisstudyliesin…第16页/共27页第15页/共27页3.2SupportingsentencesThetopicsentenceisusuallyfollowedbymorethanonesupportingsentenceswhichfurtherspecifythesubjecttobepresented.Researchmethods,experiments,procedures,investigations,calculations,analyses,results,andothersignificantinformationitemwillbeprovidedinthispart.第17页/共27页第16页/共27页3.2Examples(1)Themethodusedinourstudyisknownas…Thetechniqueweappliedisreferredto…Theproceduretheyfollowedcanbebrieflydescribedas…Theapproachadoptedextensivelyiscalled…Detailedinformationhasbeenacquiredbytheauthorsusing…第18页/共27页第17页/共27页3.2Examples(2)Theresearchhasrecordedvaluabledatausingthenewly-developedmethod…Thisisaworkingtheorywhichisbasedontheideathat…Thefundamentalfeatureofthistheoryisasfollows…Thetheoryischaracterizedby…Theexperimentconsistedofthreesteps,whicharedescribedin…第19页/共27页第18页/共27页3.3ConcludingsentencesAstheendingpartofanabstract,concludingsentencesusuallyanalyzetheresults,explaintheapplication,andpointoutthesignificanceoftheresearch.第20页/共27页第19页/共27页3.3Examples(1)Inconclusion,westatethat…Tosumupitmaybestatedthat…Itisconcludedthat…Theresultsoftheexperimentindicatethat…Thestudieswehaveperformedshowed

that…Thepioneerstudiesthattheauthorsattemptedhaveindicatedin…Wecarriedoutseveralstudieswhichhavedemonstratedthat….第21页/共27页第20页/共27页3.3Examples(2)Theresearchwehavedonesuggeststhat…Theinvestigationcarriedoutby…hasrevealedthat…Laboratorystudiesof…didnotfurnishanyinformationabout…Allourpreliminaryresultsthrowlightonthenatureof…第22页/共27页第21页/共27页ExpressionsforAbstractWritingreport,show,demonstrate,model,indicate,suggest,propose,imply,reveal,present,discuss,describe,examine,measure,identify,infer,dealwith,copewith,beconcernedwith,repre