宏观经济学MBA教程

二、宏观经济计量与核算

MEASURINGANATION’SINCOME

TheCircularFlow

Households

GovernmentFirms

MarketsforFactorofProduction

FinancialMarketsMarketsforGoodsandServices

ForeignCountryFirmRevenueIncomeFactorPaymentsPrivateSavingTaxesGovernmentDeficitConsumptionGovernmentPurchasesInvestmentImportExportInternationalCapitalFlowRichardStone(理查德·斯通)1984年获诺贝尔经济学奖。二战期间，完成《战争财源分析及1938和1940国民收入和支出估计》白皮书。时任英国财政部顾问的凯恩斯感动地说：“我们在一个通过统计的快乐时代中”。1945年任剑桥大学新成立的应用经济学系的第一任主任。1950年，受联合国统计委员会委托，出版《国民帐户体系》（SNA），1968年修订后正式出版。1975年出版《社会和人口统计系统》（SSDS,Towardsasystemofsocialanddemographicstatistics）。WassilyLeontief(沃西里·里昂惕夫)1973年获诺贝尔经济学奖。1906年出生在圣彼得堡，1929年任中国铁道部顾问，1931年进入美国国民经济研究局（NBER），1946年哈佛大学经济学教授。1941年出版《美国经济结构：1919-1929》，第一次用投入产出法进行经济结构分析。1966年出版《投入产出经济学》。

●国民收入帐户●投入产出表●资金循环表●国际收支表●国民资产负债表国民帐户体系ASYSTEMOFNATIONALACCOUNTSGrossdomesticproduct(GDP)isameasureoftheincomeandexpendituresofaneconomy.Itisthetotalmarketvalueofallfinalgoodsandservicesproducedwithinacountryinagiventimeperiod.GrossDomesticProductImportantFeaturesofGDPOutputisvaluedatmarketprices.Itrecordsonlythevalueoffinalgoods,notintermediategoods(thevalueiscountedonlyonce).Itincludesbothtangiblegoods(food,clothing,cars)andintangibleservices(haircuts,housecleaning,doctorvisits).ImportantFeaturesofGDPItincludesgoodsandservicescurrentlyproduced,nottransactionsinvolvinggoodsproducedinthepast.Itmeasuresthevalueofproductionwithinthegeographicconfinesofacountry.

ImportantFeaturesofGDPItmeasuresthevalueofproductionthattakesplacewithinaspecificintervaloftime,usuallyayearoraquarter(threemonths).WhatIsCountedinGDP?GDPincludesallitemsproducedintheeconomyandsoldlegallyinmarkets.WhatIsNotCountedinGDP?GDPexcludesmostitemsthatareproducedandconsumedathomeandthatneverenterthemarketplace.Itexcludesitemsproducedandsoldillicitly,suchasillegaldrugs.GrossNationalProductGrossnationalproduct(GNP)isthetotalmarketvalueofallfinalgoodsandservicesproducedwithinagivenperiodoftimebyanation’spermanentresidents,regardlessofwheretheyare.ThreeOtherMeasuresofIncomeNetNationalProduct(NNP)PersonalIncomeDisposablePersonalIncomeNetNationalProduct(NNP)Thetotalincomeoftheresidentsofanationaftersubtractinglossesfromdepreciation.PersonalIncomeTheincomethathouseholdsandnoncorporatebusinessesreceive.DisposablePersonalIncomeTheincomethathouseholdandnoncorporatebusinesseshaveleftaftersatisfyingtheirobligationstothegovernment.GrossNationalProductFromStatisticalAbstractoftheUnitedStatesGNP——NationalandPerCapitaIncomeFromStatisticalAbstractoftheUnitedStatesNationalIncomeFromStatisticalAbstractoftheUnitedStatesTheFourComponentsofGDPGDP(Y)isthesumofthefollowing:äConsumption(C)äInvestment(I)äGovernmentPurchases(G)äNetExports(NX)Y=C+I+G+NXTheFourComponentsofGDPConsumption(C):äThespendingbyhouseholdsongoodsandservices,withtheexceptionofpurchasesofnewhousing.Investment(I):äThespendingoncapitalequipment,inventories,andstructures,includingnewhousing.TheFourComponentsofGDPGovernmentPurchases(G):äThespendingongoodsandservicesbylocal,state,andfederalgovernments.äDoesnotincludetransferpaymentsbecausetheyarenotmadeinexchangeforcurrentlyproducedgoodsorservices.NetExports(NX):äExportsminusimports.BreakdownofU.S.GDP:2000BreakdownofU.S.GDP:2000Consumption69%Investment15%BreakdownofU.S.GDP:2000Consumption68%Consumption68%GovernmentPurchases19%BreakdownofU.S.GDP:2000Investment15%NetExports-1%BreakdownofU.S.GDP:2000Consumption68%Investment15%GovernmentPurchases19%RealversusNominalGDPNominalGDPvaluestheproductionofgoodsandservicesatcurrentprices.RealGDPvaluestheproductionofgoodsandservicesatconstantprices.RealversusNominalGDPAnaccurateviewoftheeconomyrequiresadjustingnominaltorealGDPbyusingtheGDPdeflator.价格格指指数数(PriceIndex)拉斯斯佩佩雷雷斯斯(Laspeyres)指指数数：：帕斯卡卡(Pascke)指数数：GDPDeflatorTheGDPdeflatormeasuresthecurrentlevelofpricesrelativetothelevelofpricesinthebaseyear.IttellsustheriseinnominalGDPthatisattributabletoariseinpricesratherthanariseinthequantitiesproduced.GDPDeflatorTheGDPdeflatoriscalculatedasfollows:GDPDeflatorTheGDPdeflatoriscalculatedasfollows:ConvertingNominalGDPtoRealGDPNominalGDPisconvertedtorealGDPasfollows:ConvertingNominalGDPtoRealGDPNominalGDPisconvertedtorealGDPasfollows:ConsumerPriceIndexTheconsumerpriceindex(CPI)isameasureoftheoverallcostofthegoodsandservicesboughtbyatypicalconsumer.Itisusedtomonitorchangesinthecostoflivingovertime.Itreportsthemovementofpricesusinganindexnumber.ConsumerPriceIndexWhentheCPIrises,thetypicalfamilyhastospendmoredollarstomaintainthesamestandardofliving.TheConsumerPriceIndexversustheGDPDeflatorEconomistsandpolicymakersuseboththeGDPdeflatorandtheconsumerpriceindextogaugehowquicklypricesarerising.Thereareimportantdifferencesbetweenthetwo.TheConsumerPriceIndexversustheGDPDeflatorTheCPI......includesonlyconsumergoods....includesimports....ismeasuredusingafixedbasketofgoodsandservices.TheConsumerPriceIndexversustheGDPDeflatorTheGDPPriceDeflator......includesallgoodsandservicesproduceddomestically....excludesimports....ismeasuredusingcurrentlyproducedgoodsandservices.GDPandEconomicWell-BeingGDPisthebestsinglemeasureoftheeconomicwell-beingofasociety.GDPperpersontellsustheincomeandexpenditureoftheaveragepersonintheeconomy.GDPandEconomicWell-BeingHigherGDPperpersonindicatesahigherstandardofliving.GDPisnotaperfectmeasureofthehappinessorqualityoflife,however.GDPandEconomicWell-BeingSomethingsthatcontributetowell-beingarenotincludedinGDP.äThevalueofleisure.äThevalueofacleanenvironment.äThevalueofalmostallactivitythattakesplaceoutsideofmarkets,suchasthevalueofthetimeparentsspendwiththeirchildren.习题下表描述的的是作为最最终产品出出售给消费费者的面包包的生产过过程。在生生产过程的的第一阶段段，农民生生产小麦2000千千克并以每每千克1.5元价格格卖给面粉粉厂（假设设每千克小小麦做一个个面包，生生产过程没没有损耗））。面粉厂厂把小麦加加工成面粉粉以每千克克2.5元元的价格卖卖给面包厂厂。面包厂厂制成面包包以每个5元的价格格卖给零售售商。最后后，零售商商以每个面面包7元的的价格卖给给消费者。。请回答下下列问题：：（1）填充充下表。（（2）面包包的增值总总量为多少少？消费者者对面包的的支出为多多少？生产过程经经济济活动价价格格（元）增增值额1农农民民出售小麦麦1.52面面粉厂厂出售面粉粉2.53面面包厂厂出售面包包5.04零零售商商出售面包包7.09、静夜夜四无无邻，，荒居居旧业业贫。。。1月-231月-23Saturday,January7,202310、雨雨中中黄黄叶叶树树，，灯灯下下白白头头人人。。。。21:39:0421:39:0421:391/7/20239:39:04PM11、以我独独沈久，，愧君相相见频。。。1月-2321:39:0421:39Jan-2307-Jan-2312、故人人江海海别，，几度度隔山山川。。。21:39:0421:39:0421:39Saturday,January7,202313、乍见翻翻疑梦，，相悲各各问年。。。1月-231月-2321:39:0421:39:04January7,202314、他他乡乡生生白白发发，，旧旧国国见见青青山山。。。。07一一月月20239:39:04下下午午21:39:041月月-2315、比不了得就就不比，得不不到的就不要要。。。一月239:39下下午1月-2321:39January7,202316、行动动出成成果，，工作作出财财富。。。2023/1/721:39:0521:39:0507January202317、做前前，能能够环环视四四周；；做时时，你你只能能或者者最好好沿着着以脚脚为起起点的的射线线向前前。。。9:39:05下下午9:39下下午午21:39:051月-239、没有失败，，只有暂时停停止成功！。。1月-231月-23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