2014年6月六级第二套-6真题

PartIWritingDirections:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteanessayexplainingwhyitisunwisetojudgeabytheirappearance.Youcangiveexamplestoillustrateyourpoint.Youshouldwriteatleast150wordsbutnomorethan200words.PartⅡListeningComprehensionSectionADirections:Inthissection,youwillhear8shortconversationsand2long1A)TheymightbesmuggledTheymightbestolenTheymightbefakeTheymightbefaultyA)TheyarepublicTheyarecivilTheyarejobTheyarenewsA)ThemanwenttochangethetimeofhiscomputerThemanhasdecidedtoquithiscomputerThewomanwantstogetadegreeinAcomputerdegreeisamustforadministrativeA)ItwassponsoredbyacarAlotofcontestantsparticipatedintheThefifthcontestantwonthebiggestItwasnotasexcitingashehadA)WaitingforsomeoneattheReadinganewspaperLookingatarailwayDrivingformNewYorktoA)HehadhishaircutHewearsacoatboughtintheHegotanewjobattheHehadafingerhurtlastA)SomedrawingsbykindergartenkidsareHecannotappreciatethePicassoEvenhisnephewcandrawaswellasHeisnotquiteimpressedwithmodernA)HehaslongbeeninvolvedinstudentHeshouldnotputthecartbeforetheHisconductdoesnotsquarewithhisHisattitudetostudenternmenthasQuestions9to11arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustA)Hercarwon’tbebackinaweek’sSheleftherowncarinSomethingwentwrongwithherShewantstogotravelingontheA)A)Third-partyValue-addedQuestions12to15arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustA)HowtoattractHowtoupdatethebasicWhattodotoenhancetheirWheretolocatetheirA)TheirbasicfacilitiesareTheirroadlinktootherEuropeancountriesisTheyarealllocatedinthesouthofTheyareveryclosetoeachA)ConductfieldsurveysTrytoavoidmakingahastyTakeadvantageofthetrainTalkwiththelocalA)SkilledworkforceinthehillyFutureproductLocalemploymentRoadandraillinksforsmallSectionDirections:Inthissection,youwillhear3short1PassageQuestions16to18arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustA)MostofthemhadbrokenwiththeirsistersandOnefifthofthemwereonbadtermswiththeirsistersandAboutoneeighthofthemadmittedtolingeringbitterMorethanhalfofthemwereinvolvedininheritanceA)FreedomfromLessconcernwithmoneyMoreexperienceinworldlyAdvanceinA)TheyfindcloserelativesmoreTheyhavelittletimelefttorenewcontactwiththeirbrothersandTheytendtoforgetpastunhappymemoriesandfocusontheirpresentneedsTheyaremoretolerantofonePassageQuestions19to22arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustA)TheyhavestrongwingscapableofflyinglongTheyhavebrightcolorsandintricateTheycanonlysurviveinpartsoftheTheyaretheonlyinsectthatmigratesalongfixedA)InaMexicanmountainInaMichiganmountainInaLouisianamountainInaKentuckymountainA)OnlythestrongestcanreachtheirdestinationtolayEachflockofbutterflieslayseggsinthesameTheystarttolayeggswhentheyareninemonthsEachgenerationinacyclelayseggsatadifferentA)EnvironmentalimpactsonmonarchbutterflyEvolutionofmonarchLivinghabitsofmonarchMigrationpatternsofmonarchPassageQuestions23to25arebasedonthepassageyouhabejustA)TimeisTime emoreTime emoreTimeisA)MoreandmoreAmericansfeelpressedfortimeAmericamsnowattachmoreimportancetotheeffectiveuseofAmericanstodayhavemorefreetimethanearlierThenumberofhoursAmericansworkhasincreasedA)OurbehaviorisOurinteralrelationshipsOurworkefficiencyincreasesOurlivinghabitsareSectionDirections:Inthissection,youwillhearapassagethreeThefirstcopyrightlawintheUnitedStateswaspassedbyCongressin1790..In1976Congressenactedthelatestcopyrightlaw,(26) thetechnologicaldevelopmentsthathadoccurredsincethepassageoftheCopyrightActof1909.Forexample,in1909,anyonewhowantedtomakeasinglecopyofa(27) workfor alusehadtodosobyhand.Theveryprocess(28)alimitationonthetyofmaterialscopied.Today,aphotocopiercandotheworkinseconds;thelimitationhasdisappeared.The1909lawdidnotprovidefullprotectionforfiandsoundrecordings,nordidit(29)theneedtoprotectradioandevision.Asaresult,(30)ofthelawandabusesoftheintentofthelawhavelessenedthe(31)rewardsofauthors,artists,andproducers.The1976CopyrightActhasnotpreventedtheseabusesfully,butithasclarifiedthelegalrightsoftheinjuredpartiesandgiventheman(32)forremedy.Since1976theActhasbeen(33) toincludecomputersoftware,andguidelineshavebeenadoptedforfairuseofevisionbroadcasts.Thesechangeshaveclearedupmuchoftheconfusionandthatfollowed(34) the1976legislation.Thefinepointsofthelawaredecidedbythecourtsandbyacceptablecommonpracticeovertime.Asthesedecisionsandagreementsaremade,wemodifyourbehavioraccordingly.Fornow,weneedto(35)thelawanditsguidelinesasaccurayaswecanandtoactinafairmanner.PartIIIReadingComprehension(40minutes)SectionAFearcanbeaneffectivewaytochangebehavior.Onestudycomparedtheeffectsofhigh-fearandlow-fearappealsonchangesinattitudesandbehaviorsrelatedtodentalhygiene(卫生).Onegroupofsubjectswasshownawfulpicturesof teethanddiseasedgums;anothergroupwasshownlessfrighteningmaterialssuchasplasticteeth,charts,andgraphs.Subjectswhosawthefrighteningmaterialsreportedmoreanxietyandagreater tochangethewaytheytookcareoftheirteeththanthelow-feargroupdid.Butwerethesereactionsactually intobetterdentalhygienepractices?Toanswerthisimportantquestion,subjectswerecalledbacktothelaboratoryontwo _(fivedaysandsixweeksaftertheexperiment).Theycheweddisclosingwafers(牙疾诊断片)thatgivearedstaintoanyuncleanedareasoftheteethandthusprovideda ofhowwelltheywerereallytakingcareoftheirteeth.Theresultshowedthatthehigh-fearappealdidactuallyresultingreaterandmore changesindentalhygiene.Thatis,thesubjects tohigh-fearwarningsbrushedtheirteethmore thandidthosewhosawlow-fearwarnings.However,tobeaneffectivepersuasivedeviceitisveryimportantthatthemessageotbetoofrighteningandthatpeoplebegiven guidelinestohelpthemtoreducethecauseofthefear.Ifthisisn’tdone,theymayreducetheiranxietybydenyingmessageorthe ofthecommunicator.Ifthathappens,itisunlikelythateitherattitudeorbehaviorchangewill I) J) K) L) M) N) O)SectionTheStreet-LevelWhenIwasgrowingup,oneofmyfather’sfavoritesayings(borrowedfromthehumoristWillRogers)was:“Itisn’twhatwedon’tknowthatcausesthetrouble:it’swhatwethinkweknowthatjustain’tso.”Oneofthemaininsightstobetakenfromthe100,000Homesnanditsstrategytoendchronichomelessnessisthat,untilrecently,oursocietythoughtitunderstoodthenatureofhomelessness,butitdidn’t.Thatledtoaseriesofmistakenassumptionsaboutwhypeople ehomelessandwhattheyneed.Manyoftheerrorsinourhomelessnesspolicieshavestemmedfromtheconceptionthatthehomelessareahomogeneousgroup.Itsonlyinthepast15yearsthatorganizationslikeCommonGround,andothers,havetakenastreet-levelviewoftheproblem—distinguishingthe“episodicallyhomeless”fromthe“chronicallyhomeless”inordertounderstandtheirneedsatanindividuallevel.Thisiswhywecannowenvisageadifferentapproach—andgetbetterresults.Mostreadersexpressedsupportfortheeffort,althoughanumberwereskeptical,andafewutterlydismissive,aboutthechancesoflong-termhomelesspeopleadaptingwelltohousing.Thisistobeexpected;it’shardtoimaginewhatwehaven’tyetseen.AsNiccolòMachiavelliwroteinThePrince,oneofthemajorobstaclesinanyefforttoadvancesystemicchangeisthe“incredulityofmen,”whichistosaythatpeople“donotreadilybelieveinnewthingsuntiltheyhavehadalongexperienceofthem.”Mostofushavewitnessedhomelesspeopleonthestreetsfordecades.Fewhaveseenformerlyhomelesspeopleaftertheyhavebeenhousedsuccessfully.Wedon’thavereferencepointsforthatstory.Sowegeneralizefromwhatweknow—orthinkweknow.Butthatcanbemisleading,eventoexperts.WhenIaskedRosanneHaggerty,founderofCommonGround,whichcurrentlyoperates2,310unitsofsupportivehousing(with552moreunderconstruction),whathadbeenherbiggestsurpriseinthiswork,shereplied:“Fifteenyearsago,Iwouldnothavebelievedthatpeoplewhohadbeensobrokenandstuckinhomelessnesscouldthrivetothedegreethattheydoinourbuildings.”AndBeckyKanis,then’sdirector,commented:“Thereisthissenseinourmindsthatsomeonewho’sonthestreetsisalmostintheirDNAdifferentfromsomeonewhohasahouse.Theniscreatingafirst-handexperienceformanypeoplethatthatisreallynotthecase.”OneofthestartlingrealizationsthatIhadwhileresearchingthiscolumnisthatanybodycould elikeahomeless—allittakesisatraumatic(的)braininjury.Abicyclefall,acaraccident,aslipontheice,orifyou’reasoldier,aheadwound—andyourlifecould eunrecognizable.JamesO’Connell,adoctorwhohasbeentreatingthemostvulnerablehomelesspeopleonthestreetsofBostonfor25years,estimatesthat40percentofthelong-termhomelesspeoplehe’smethadsuchabraininjury.“Formanyitwasaheadinjurypriortothetimetheybecamehomeless.”hesaid.“Theybecameunpredictable.They’dhavemoodswings,fitsofexplosivebehavior.Theycouldn’tholdontotheirjobs.Drinkingmadethemfeelbetter.They’denduponthestreets.”Oncehomelesspeoplereturntohousing,they’reinamuchbetterpositiontorebuildtheirlives.Butit’simportanttonotethathousingaloneisnotenough.Aswithmanycomplexsocialproblems,whenyougetthroughtheinitialcrisis,youhaveanotherproblemtosolvewhichisnolesschallenging.Butitisabetterproblem.Overthepastdecade,O’Connellhasseenthishappen.“Ispendhalfmytimeonthestreetsorinthehospitalandtheotherhalfmakinghousecallstopeoplewholivedforyearsonthestreets,”hesaid.“Sofromadoctor’spointofviewit’sadelightfulswitch,butit’snotasifputtingsomeoneinhousingistheanswertoaddressingalloftheirproblems.It’sthefirststep.”Onceinhousing,formerlyhomelesspeoplecan eisolatedandlonely.Ifthey’velivedonthestreetsforyears,theymayhaveacquiredacertainstandingaswellasasenseofprideintheirsurvivalskills.Nowindoors,thoseaspectsoftheiridentitymaybestrippedaway.Manyalsoexperienceaprofounddisorientationattheoutset.“Ifyou’rehomelessformorethansixmonths,youkindofloseyourbearings,”saysHaggerty.“Exi esnotabout inghomelessnessbutaboutfindingfood,begging,lookingforajobtosurviveanotherday.ThewholeprocessofhowyoudefinestabilitygetsrManyneedregular,ifnotcontinuous,supportwithmentalhealthproblems,addictionsandillnesses—and,equallyimportant,assistanceintheday-to-daychallengesoflife,reacquaintingwithfamily,buildingrelationshipswithneighbors,findingenjoyableactivitiesorwork,managingfinances,andlearninghowtoeathealthyfood.J)Forsomepeople,thebestsolutionistoliveinacommunal(集体)residence,withspecialservices.Thisisn’tavailableeverywhere,however.InBoston,forexample,homelesspeopletendtobescatteredinapartmentsthroughoutthecity.CommonGround’slargeresidencesinNewYorkofferinsightintothepossibilitiesforchangewhenhomelesspeoplehavearicharrayofsupports.Inadditiontomoretraditionalsocialservices,residentsalsomakeuseofcommunalgardens,classesinthingslikecooking,yoga,theatreandphotography,andjobplacement.Lastyear,188formerlyhomelesstenantsinfourofCommonGround’sresidences,foundjobs.Becausethepropertieshavemanyservicesandarewell-managed,Haggertyhasfoundpost-housingproblemstobesurprisinglyrare.Inthepast10years,therehavebeenonlyahandfulofincidentsofquarrelsbetweentenants.Thereisverylittlegraffiti(涂鸦)orvandalism(破坏).Andtheturnoverisalmostnegligible.InthePrinceGeorgeHoinNewYork,whichishometo208formerlyhomelesspeopleand208 etenants,theaveragelengthoftenancyisclosetosevenyears.(Allresidentspay30percentoftheireforrent;fortheformerlyhomeless,thiscomesoutoftheirernmentbenefits.)Whenpeoplemoveon,itisusuallybecausethey’vefoundapreferable“Tenantsalsowanttoparticipateinshathepublicareasofthebuildings,”saidHaggerty.“Theyformedagardeningcommittee.Theywantaterraceontheroof.ThosearethingsIdidn’tcounton.”Themostcommontenantdemand?“Peoplealwayswantmorestoragespace—butthat’strueofeveryNewYorker,”sheadds.“Inmanyways,we’realotlikeanormalapartmentbuilding.Ourtenantslooklikeanyoneelse.”AsImentioned,homelessnessisacatch-allforavarietyofproblems.Anumberofreadersaskedwhetherthe nwilladdressfamilyhomelessness,whichhasdifferentcausesandrequiresadifferentsolution.I’vebeenfollowingsomeofthepromisingideasemergingtoaddressandpreventfamilyhomelessness.Laterin2011,I’llexploretheseideasinacolumn.Fornow,I’llconcludewithanupdateonthe100,000HomesCampaign.SinceTuesday,NewOrleansandafewothercommunitieshavereportednewresults.Thecurrentcountofpeoplehousedis7,043.TenantsinCommonGround’sresidencesallwantmoreroomforHomesnprovidesfirst-handproofthatthehomelessarenotwhattheywereoncebelievedtobe.CommonGround’sresidencesarewell-managedandbyandlargeHousingthehomelessisonlythefirststeptosolvingalltheirAlargepercentofthechronicallyhomelesshavesufferedfrombrainAfterbeinghousedmanyhomelesspeople econfusedatfirstastohowtodealwithlifeoffthestreet.Somepeoplethinkthebestwaytohelpthehomelessistoprovidethemwithcommunalhousing.ThehomelesswithhealthproblemsshouldbegivenregularsupportintheirdailyUntilrecentlyAmericansocietyhasfailedtoseewhathomelessnessisallManyformerlyhomelesstenantsinNewYork’sCommonGround’sresidencesgotSectionCPassageOneQuestions56to60arebasedonthefollowingTechnologycanmakeussmarterorstupider,andweneedtodevelopasetofprinciplestoguideoureverydaybehaviorandmakesurethattechisimprovingandnothinderingourmentalprocesses.Oneofthebigquestionsbeingdebatedtodayis:Whatkindofinformationdoweneedtohavestoredinourheads,andwhatkindcanweleave“inthecloud,”tobeaccessedasnecessary?Anincreasinglypowerfulgroupwithineducationarechampioning“digitalliteracy”.Intheirview,skillsbeatknowledge,develo“digitalliteracy”ismoreimportantthanlearningmerecontent,andallfactsarenow-ableandthereforeunworthyofcommittingtomemory.Buteventhemostsophisticateddigitalliteracyskillswon’thelpstudentsandworkersnavigatetheworldiftheydon’thaveabroadbaseofknowledgeabouthowtheworldactuallyoperates.Ifyoufocusonthedeliverymechanismandnotthecontent,you’rengkidsadisservice.Indeed,evidencefromcognitivesciencechallengesthenotionthatskillscanexistindependentoffactualknowledge.Datafromthelastthirtyyearsleadstoaconclusionthatisnotscientificallychallengeable:thinkingwellrequiresknowingfacts,andthat’struenotonlybecauseyouneedsomethingtothinkabout.Theveryprocessesthatteacherscareaboutmost—criticalthinkingprocesses—areintimayintertwined(交织)withfactualknowledgethatisstoredinlong-termmemory.Inotherwords,justbecauseyoucanthedateofBlackTuesdaydoesn’tmeanyouunderstandwhytheGreatDepressionhappenedorhowitcomparestoourrecenteconomicslump.Thereisnodoubtthatthestudentsoftoday,andtheworkersoftomorrow,willneedtoinnovate,collaborateandevaluate.Butsuchskillscan’tbeseparatedfromtheknowledgethatgivesrisetothem.Toinnovate,youhavetoknowwhatcamebefore.Tocollaborate,youhavetocontributeknowledgetothejointventure.Andtoevaluate,youhavetocomparenewinformationagainstknowledgeyou’vealreadymastered.Sohere’saprincipleforthinkinginadigitalworld,intwoparts.First,acquireabaseoffactualknowledgeinanyinwhichyouwanttoperformwell.Thisbasesuppliestheessentialfoundationforbuildingskills,anditcan’tbeoutsourced(外包)toasearchengine.Second,takeadvantageofcomputers’invariablememory,butalsothebrain’selaborativememory.Computersaregreatwhenyouwanttostoreinformationthatshouldn’tchange.Butbrainsarethesuperiorchoicewhenyouwantinformationtochange,ininterestingandusefulways:toconnectupwithotherfactsandideas,toacquiresuccessivelayersofmeaning,tosteepforawhileinyouraccumulatedknowledgeandexperienceandsoproducearichermentalbrew.Whatistheauthor’sconcernabouttheuseofItmayhinderthedevelopmentofthinkingItmayleaveknowledge“intheItmaymisguideoureverydayItmaycauseadivideinthecirclesofWhatistheviewofeducatorswhoadvocatedigitalItliberateskidsfromtheburdenofmemorizingIthelpskidstonavigatethevirtualworldatIthelpskidstobroadentheirscopeofItincreaseskids’efficiencyofacquiringWhatdoesevidencefromcognitivescienceCriticalthinkingmeanschallengingexistingKnowledgeisbetterkeptinlong-termCriticalthinkingisbasedonfactualStudyskillsareessentialtoknowledgeWhatdoestheauthorthinkiskeytomakingUnderstandingbothwhathashappenedandwhyithasGatheringenoughevidencebeforedrawingMasteringthebasicrulesandprinciplesforConnectingnewinformationwithone’saccumulatedWhatistheauthor’spurposeinwritingtheTochallengetheprevailingoveremphasisondigitalTowarnagainstlearningthroughmemorizingTopromoteeducationalreformintheinformationToexplainhumanbrains’functioninstoringPassageQuestions61to65arebasedonthefollowingAmerica’srecenthistoryhasbeenapersistenttilttotheWest—ofpeople,ideas,commerceandevenpoliticalpower.CaliforniaandTexasarethetwinpolesoftheWest,butverydifferentones.Formostofthe20thcenturythehomeofSiliconValleyandHollywoodhasbeenthebrainierandtrendierofthetwo.Texashastrailedbehind:itsstereotypehasbeenaconservativeChristianincowboyboots.Buttwinscanchangeplaces.Isthathappeningnow?ItiseasytofindevidencethatCaliforniaisinapanic.AtthestartofthismonththeoncegoldenstatestartedpayingcreditorsinIOUs(欠条).Thegapbetweenprojectedoutgoingsand eforthecurrentfiscal(财政的)yearhasleapttoahorrible$26billion.Withnosignofanewbudgettoclosethisgulf,onecreditagencyhasalreadydowngradedCalifornia’sdebt.Asbudgetsarecut,universitieswillletinfewerstudents,prisonerswillbereleasedearlyandschemestoprotectthevulnerablewillberolledback.Bycontrast,Texashascopedwellwiththerecession,withanunemploymentratetwopointsbelowthenationalaverageandoneofthelowestratesofhousingrepossession.InpartthisisbecauseTexanbanks,hardhitinthelastpropertybust,didnotoverexpandthistime.Texasalsoclearlyoffersadifferentmodel,basedonsmallernment.Ithasnostatecapital-gainsor etax,andabusinessfriendlyandimmigrant-tolerantattitude.ItishometomoreFortune500companiestha