2002年考研英语一真题纯考场排版菌

★启用2002年招生考英语（一（科目代☆考生注意事项答题前，考生须在试题册指定位置上填写考生编号和考生；在答题卡写部分必须使用2B铅笔填涂。（以下信息考生必须认真填写 年攻读入学考试英语试Section UseofReadthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CORDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)Comparisonsweredrawnbetweenthedevelopmentofevisioninthe20thcentury1.Aswasdiscussedbefore,itwasnot2the19thcenturythatthenewspaperbecamethedominantpre-electronic_3，followinginthewakeofthepamphletandthebookandinthe4oftheperiodical.Itwasduringthesametimethatthecommunicationsrevolution5up,beginningwithtransport,therailway,andleading6throughtheegraph,theephone,radio,andmotionpictures7the20thcenturyworldofthemotorcarandtheairplane.NoteveryoneseesthatProcessin8.Itisimportanttodoso.Itisgenerallyrecognized,9,thattheintroductionofthecomputerintheearly20thcentury,10bytheinventionoftheintegratedcircuitduringthe1960s,radicallychangedtheprocess,11itsimpactonthemediawasnotimmediay12.Astimewentby,computersbecamesmallerandmorepowerful,andtheybecame“al”too,aswellas13,withdisplayingsharperandstorage14increasing.Theywerethoughtof,likepeople,generations,withthedistancebetweengenerationsmuch16Itwaswithinthecomputeragethattheterm“informationsociety”begantobewidelyusedtodescribethe17withinwhichwenowlive.Thecommunicationsrevolutionhas18bothworkandleisureandhowwethinkandfeelbothaboutplaceandtime,buttherehavebeen19viewaboutitseconomic,political,socialandculturalimplications.“Benefits”havebeenweighed20es.Andgeneralizationshaveproved.10.11.12. ［A］bymeans ［B］interms ［C］withregardto［D］inline ［B］controversial Section ReadingPartAReadthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosing[A],[B],[C]or[D].MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)TextIfyouintendusinghumorinyourtalktomakepeoples,youmustknowhowtoidentifysharedexperiencesandproblems.Yourhumormustberelevanttotheaudienceandshouldhelptoshowthemthatyouareoneofthemorthatyouunderstandtheirsituationandareinsympathywiththeirpointofview.Dependingonwhomyouareaddressing,theproblemswillbedifferent.Ifyouaretalkingtoagroupofmanagers,youmayrefertothedisorganizedmethodsoftheirsecretaries;alternativelyifyouareaddressingsecretaries,youmaywanttocommentontheirdisorganizedbosses.Hereisanexample,whichIheardatanurses’convention,ofastorywhichworkswellbecausetheaudienceallsharedthesameviewofdoctors.AmanarrivesinheavenandisbeingshownaroundbySt.Peter.Heseeswonderful beautifulgardens,sunnyweather,andsoon.Everyoneisverypeaceful,politeandfriendlyuntil,waitinginalineforlunch,thenewarrivalissuddenlypushedasidebyamaninawhitecoat,whorushestotheheadoftheline,grabshisfoodandstompsovertoatablebyhimself.“Whoisthat?”thenewarrivalaskedSt.Peter.“Oh,that’sGod,”camethereply,“butsometimeshethinkshe’sadoctor.”Ifyouarepartofthegroupwhichyouareaddressing,youwillbeinatoknowtheexperiencesandproblemswhicharecommontoallofyouandit’llbetocutinwithhumorastheywillresentanoutsidermakingdisparagingremarksabouttheircanteenortheirchairman.YouwillbeonsafergroundifyousticktoscapegoatslikethePostOfficeortheephonesystem.Ifyoufeelawkwardbeinghumorous,youmustpracticesothatitesmorenatural.Includeafewcasualandapparentlyoff-the-cuffremarkswhichyoucanaudiencetos,sospeakslowlyandrememberthataraisedeyebroworanunbelievinglookmayhelptoshowthatyouaremakingalight-heartedremark.Lookforthehumor.Itoftencomesfromtheunexpected.Atwistonafamiliarquote“Ifatfirstyoudon’tsucceed,giveup”oraplayonwordsoronasituation.Searchforexaggerationandunderstatement.Lookatyourtalkandpickoutafewwordsorsentenceswhichyoucanturnaboutandinjectwithhumor.Tomakeyourhumorwork,you takeadvantageofdifferentkindsofmakefunofthedisorganizedaddressdifferentproblemstodifferentshowsympathyforyourThejokeaboutdoctorsimpliesthat,intheeyesofnurses,they impolitetonewveryconsciousoftheirgodlikeentitledtosomeverybusyevenduringlunchItcanbeinferredfromthetextthatpublic havebenefitedmanyarethefocusofpublicareaninappropriatesubjectforhaveoftenbeenthelaughingToachievethedesiredresult,humorousstoriesshouldbe inwell-wordedasawkwardlyasinexaggeratedascasuallyasThebesttitleforthetextmay UseHumorVariousKindsofAddHumortoDifferentHumorTextSincethedawnofhumaningenuity,peoplehavedevisedevermorecunningtoolstocopewithworkthatisdangerous,boring,burdensome,orjustplainnasty.Thatcompulsionhasresultedinrobotics—thescienceofconferringvarioushumancapabilitiesonmachines.Andifscientistshaveyettocreatethemechanicalversionofsciencefiction,theyhavebeguntocomeclose.Asaresult,themodernworldisincreasinglypopulatedbyinligentgizmoswhosepresencewebarelynoticebutwhoseuniversalexistencehasremovedmuchhumanlabor.Ourfactorieshumtotherhythmofrobotassemblyarms.Ourbankingisdoneatautomatedlerterminalsthatthankuswithmechanicalpolitenessforthetransaction.Oursubwaytrainsarecontrolledbytirelessrobot-drivers.Andthankstothecontinualminiaturizationofelectronicsandmicro-mechanics,therearealreadyrobotsystemsthatcanperformsomekindsofbrainandbonesurgerywithsubmillimeteraccuracy—fargreaterprecisionthanhighlyskilledphysicianscanachievewiththeirhandsalone.Butifrobotsaretoreachthenextstageoflaborsavingutility,theywillhaveforthemselves—goalsthatposearealchallenge.“Whileweknowhowtolarobottohandleaspecificerror,"saysDaveLavery,managerofaroboticsprogramatNASA,“wecan'tyetgivearobotenough‘commonsense’toreliablyinteractwithadynamicworld.”Indeedthequestfortrueartificialinligencehasproducedverymixedresults.Despiteaspellofinitialoptimisminthe1960sand1970swhenitappearedthattransistorcircuitsandmicroprocessorsmightbeabletocopytheactionofthehumanbrainbytheyear2010,researcherslayhavebeguntoextendthatforecastbydecadesifnotcenturies.Whattheyfound,inattemptingtomodelthought,isthatthehumanbrain'sroughlyonehundredbillionnervecellsaremuchmoretalented—andhumanperceptionfarmorecomplicated—thanpreviouslyimagined.Theyhavebuiltrobotsthatcanrecognizetheerrorofamachinepanelbyafractionofamillimeterinacontrolledfactoryenvironment.Butthehumanmindcanglimpsearapidlychangingsceneandimmediaydisregardthe98percentthatisirrelevant,instantaneouslyfocusingonthemonkeyatthesideofawindingforestroadorthesinglesuspiciousfaceinabigcrowd.ThemostadvancedcomputersystemsonEarthcan'tapproachthatkindofability,andneuroscientistsstilldon’tknowquitehowwedoit.Humaningenuitywasinitiallydemonstrated theuseofmachinestoproducesciencethewideuseofmachinesinmanufacturingtheinventionoftoolsfordifficultanddangeroustheelite’scunningtacklingofdangerousandboringTheword“gizmos”(line1,paragraph2)mostprobably programs［B］ ［C］ ［D］Accordingtothetext,whatisman'sabilitynowistodesignarobotthatcan fulfilldelicatetaskslikeperformingbraininteractwithhumanbeingshavealittlecommonrespondindependentlytoachangingBesidesreducinghumanlabor,robotscan makeafewdecisionsfordealwithsomeerrorswithhumanimprovefactorycultivatehumanTheauthorusestheexampleofamonkeytoarguethatrobots expectedtocopyhumanbrainininternalabletoperceiveabnormalitiesimmediafarlessablethanhumanbraininfocusingonrelevantbestusedinacontrolledTextCouldthebadolddaysofeconomicdeclinebeabouttoreturn?SinceOPECagreedtosupply-cutsinMarch,thepriceofcrudeoilhasjumpedtoalmost$26abarrel,upfromlessthan$10lastDecember.Thisnear-triplingofoilpricescallsupscarymemoriesofthe1973oilshock,whenpricesquadrupled,and1979-1980,whentheyalsoalmosttripled.Bothpreviousshocksresultedindouble-digitinflationandglobaleconomicdecline.SowherearetheheadlineswarningofgloomanddoomthisTheoilpricewasgivenanotherpushupthisweekwhenIraqsuspendedoilexports.Strengtheningeconomicgrowth,atthesametimeaswintergripsthenorthernhemisphere,couldpushthepricehigherstillintheshortterm.Yettherearegoodreasonstoexpecttheeconomicconsequencesnowtobelessseverethaninthe1970s.Inmostcountriesthecostofcrudeoilnowaccountsforasmallershareofthepriceofpetrolthanitdidinthe1970s.InEurope,taxesaccountforuptofour-fifthsoftheretailprice,soevenquitebigchangesinthepriceofcrudehaveamoremutedeffectonpumppricesthaninthepast.Richeconomiesarealsolessdependentonoilthantheywere,andsolesssensitivetoswingsintheoilprice.Energyconservation,ashifttootherfuelsoilconsumption.Software,consultancyandmobileephonesusefarlessoilthansteelorcarproduction.ForeachdollarofGDP(inconstantprices)richeconomiesOutlookthat,ifoilpricesaveraged$22abarrelforafullyear,comparedwith$13in1998,thiswouldincreasetheoilimportbillinricheconomiesbyonly0.25-0.5%ofGDP.Thatislessthanone-quarterofthe elossin1974or1980.Ontheotherhand,oil-importingemergingeconomies—towhichheavyindustryhas Onemorereasonnottolosesleepovertheriseinoilpricesisthat,unliketherisesinthe1970s,ithasnotoccurredagainstthebackgroundofgeneralisonlyjustemergingfromeconomicdecline.TheEconomist’scommoditypriceindexisbroadlyunchangingfromayearago.In1973commoditypricesjumpedby70%,andin1979byalmost30%.Themainreasonforthelatestriseofoilpriceglobal [B]reductionin[C]fastgrowthin [D]Iraq’ssuspensionofItcanbeinferredfromthetextthattheretailpriceofpetrolwillgodramatically priceofcrude [B]commodityprices[C]consumption [D]oiltaxesTheestimatesinEconomicOutlookshowthatinrich ［A］heavy esmoreenergy-［ elossmainlyresultsfromfluctuatingcrudeoil［C］manufacturingindustryhasbeenseriously［D］oilpricechangeshavenosignificantimpactonWecandrawaconclusionfromthetext ［A］oil-priceshocksarelessshocking［B］inflationseemsirrelevanttooil-price［C］energyconservationcankeepdowntheoil［D］thepriceriseofcrudeleadstotheshrinkingofheavyFromthetextwecanseethatthewriter ［C］gloomy.TextTheSupremeCourt’sdecisionsonphysician-assistedsuicidecarryimportantimplicationsforhowmedicineseekstorelievedyingpatientsofpainandsuffering.Althoughitruledthatthereisnoconstitutionalrighttophysician-assistedsuicide,theCourtineffectsupportedthemedicalprincipleof“doubleeffect”,acenturies-oldmoralprincipleholdingthatanactionhavingtwoeffects—agoodintendsonlythegoodDoctorshaveusedthatprincipleinrecentyearstojustifyusinghighdosesofmorphinetocontrolterminallyillpatients’pain,eventhoughincreasingdosageswilleventuallykillthepatient.NancyDubler,directorofMontefioreMedicalCenter,contendsthattheprinciplewillshielddoctorswho“untilnowhavevery,verystronglyinsistedthattheycouldnotgivepatientssufficientmedicationtocontroltheirpainifthatmighthastenGeorgeAnnas,chairofthehealthlawdepartmentatBostonUniversity,maintainsthat,aslongasadoctorprescribesadrugforalegitimatemedicalpurpose,thedoctorhasdonenothingillegalevenifthepatientusesthedrugtohastendeath.“It’slikesurgery,”hesays.“Wedon’tcallthosedeathshomicidesbecausethedoctorsdidn’tintendtokilltheirpatients,althoughtheyriskedtheirdeath.Ifyou’reaphysician,youcanriskyourpatient’ssuicideaslongasyoudon’tintendtheirsuicide.”Onanotherlevel,manyinthemedicalcommunityacknowledgethattheassisted-suicidedebatehasbeenfueledinpartbythedespairofpatientsforwhommodernmedicinehasprolongedthephysicalagonyofdying.NationalAcademyofScience(NAS)releasedatwo-volumereport,ApproachingDeath:ImprovingCareattheEndofLife.Itidentifiestheundertreatmentofpainandtheaggressiveuseof“ineffectualandforcedmedicalproceduresthatmayprolongandevendishonortheperiodofdying”asthetwinproblemsofend-of-lifeTheprofessionistakingstepstorequireyoungdoctorstotraininhospices,totestknowledgeofaggressivepainmanagementtherapies,todevelopaMedicarebillingcodeforhospital-basedcare,andtodevelopnewstandardsforassessingandtreatingpainattheendoflife.Annassayslawyerscanplayakeyroleininsistingthatthesewell-meaningmedicalinitiativestranslateintobettercare.“Largenumbersofphysiciansseemunconcernedwiththepaintheirpatientsareneedlesslyandpredictablysuffering”,totheextentthatitconstitutes“systematicpatientabuse”.Hesaysmedicalthatarepetentlymanagedandshouldresultinlicensesuspension”.Fromthefirstthreeparagraphs,welearn doctorsusedtoincreasedrugdosagestocontroltheiritisstillillegalfordoctorstohelpthedyingendtheirtheSupremeCourtstronglyopposesphysician-assistedpatientshavenoconstitutionalrighttocommitWhichofthefollowingstatementsitstrueaccordingtotheDoctorswillbeheldguiltyiftheyrisktheir TheCourtruledthathigh-dosagepain-relievingmedicationcanbeAdoctor’smedicationisnolongerjustifiedbyhis prolongedmedical [B]inadequatetreatmentof[C]systematicdrug [D]insufficienthospitalWhichofthefollowingbestdefinestheword“aggressive”(line4,paragraph [B] [C] [D] managetheir givepatientsmoremedicinethanreducedrugdosagesfortheirprolongtheneedlesssufferingofthePartReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.(10Almostallourmajorproblemsinvolvehumanbehavior,andtheycannotbesolvedbyphysicalandbiologicaltechnologyalone.Whatisneededisatechnologyofmightbedrawn.（41）Onedifficultyisthatalmostallofwhatiscalledbehavioralsciencecontinuestotracebehaviortostatesofmind,feelings,traitsofcharacter,humannature,andsoon.Physicsandbiologyoncefollowedsimilarpracticesandadvancedonlywhentheydiscardedthem.（42）Thebehavioralscienceshavebeenslowtochangepartlybecausetheexplanatoryitemsoftensee