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英美小说要素解析AnApproachtoFictionteacherxuxiaoxia@163.comOffice:9308-2PN:646088Ray徐晓霞
What’sthecourseabout?Whatisfiction?Whatarethevitalelementsinaworkoffiction?Plot?Characters?Setting?Pointofview?Theme?Style?Tone?Symbolism?Allegory?GeneralIntroduction
Tobetteranalyze,understandandappreciatewhatweread.Howtolearntheseelements?Byreadingsamplereadingsprovidedinthetextbook.Let’sturntotheCONTENTStotakealookatthelayoutofthetextbook.Whytheseelements?1.Behere!Attendancewillberecordedanditispartofyourfinalscore.2.Don’tbelate.Ifyouare,sayyou’resorry.3.Don’thaveanykindoffoodhere.4.Nocellphonecanbeusedintheclassroom.Don’tletanyoneseeyourcellphonewhileyouarehere.5.DONOTSLEEP!DONOTFROWN!BasicrequirementsofthecoursePleaseturntothepreface.Afterthat,wewilltakealookattheEditor’sNote.Nowlet’sbegin!Books:fictionandnon-fictionFiction:imaginationFiction:novels,novellas,shortstoriesAnovel:abouthumanexperience,throughaconnectedsequenceofevents,withanumberofpersons,inaspecificsettingAshortstory:brief,asingleeffect
(morefocused)Anovella:betweenashortstoryandanovelinlengthandcomplexityKeywords/wiki/NovelA
novel
isabookoflong
narrative
in
literary
prose.Prose:themosttypicalformof
language,applyingordinary
grammaticalstructure
and
naturalflowofspeech
ratherthan
rhythmicstructure
(asintraditional
poetry).Proseisdifferentfrompoetrybecauseitisnotrhythimic.AnovelFurtherdefinitionofthegenreishistoricallydifficult.Theconstructionofthenarrative,the
plot,theway
reality
iscreatedintheworksof
fiction,thefascinationofthe
character
study,andtheuseoflanguageareusuallydiscussedtoshowanovel'sartisticmerits.Theaboverequirementsmakeanoveldifferentfromfactualhistory.Soanovelisimaginary.Fictionality
andthepresentationina
narrative
arethetwofeaturesmostcommonlyinvokedtodistinguishnovelsfromhistories.Novelscan,ontheotherhand,depictthesocial,political,andpersonalrealitiesofaplaceandperiodwithaclarityanddetailhistorianswouldnotdaretoexplore.DifferencesbetweennovelsandhistoriesNovelsaresupposedtoshowqualitiesof
literature
and
art.Anovelwillbeanalyzedwithalookatthealmosttimelessvalueitissupposedtoshowinthehandsofprivatereadersasaworkofart.Aspecificnovelcanhavethese"eternalqualities"ofart,this"deeper
meaning"an
interpretation
triestoreveal.Differencesbetweennovelsandhistories/techniques/media/forster.htmlE.M.Forsterwasasuccessfulnovelistandlateranacademic.Threeofhisnovels,
ARoomwithaView(看得见风景的房间)
(1908),
Howard’sEnd
(霍华德庄园)(1910)and
APassagetoIndia
(印度之行)(1924)havebeenmadeintofilms.
<<霍华德庄园>>围绕家产继承权和女主人公的婚姻铺叙了一个传统的“故事”。但是,在更重要的层面上,这是一部有关英国以及人类文明的寓言。Hemakesacleardistinctionbetweenstoryandplot,andemphasestherelationshipbetweencharacterandincident.Andhisdiscussionoffantasy,prophecyandrhythmencouragesusthattrulygreatwritinggoesbeyondstorytelling.E.M.Forster’s
AspectsoftheNovelA
storyis
anarrativeofeventsarrangedintheirtimesequence
—itsimplytellsuswhathappenedandinwhatorder.Thisemphasisonchronologicalsequenceisadifferencefromreallife.Ourreallivesalsounfoldthroughtimebuthavetheaddedfeaturethatsomeexperienceshavegreatervalueandmeaningthanothers.Valuehasnoroleinastory,whichisconcernedwith
thelifeintime
ratherthan
thelifebyvalues.storyandplotAnovelistcanonlybegintoexplorethevalueofhumanexperiencesbydevelopingthecharactersofthestory.ButForsteremphasizesthatcharactersarenotrealpeople;rathertheyare
like
realpeople.Sometimescharacterscanseemtobemorerealthanthepeoplearoundus,andthisisbecauseanovelistisabletorevealthecharacter’s
hiddenlife.charactersDOYOUHAVEAHIDDENLIFE?SometimescharacterscanseemtobemorerealthanthepeoplearoundusForsterdistinguishesbetweenflatcharactersandroundcharacters.
Thereallyflatcharactercanbeexpressedinonesentence.Thesecharactersareeasilyrecognizedwhenfirstintroducedandeasilyrememberedafterwards.flatcharactersandroundcharactersAroundcharacterbycontrasthasfurtherdimensionstotheirpersonality,whicharerevealedaseventsdemandthem.Aflatcharacterneversurprisesuswiththeirbehaviour,butaroundcharactermaywellsurpriseuswiththeseunsuspectedaspectsoftheirnature;and
thetestofaroundcharacteriswhetheritiscapableofsurprisinginaconvincingway.
AroundcharacterDickenswroteflatcharacterssuperblywell.
Nearlyeveryonecanbesummedupinasentence,andyetthereisthiswonderfulfeelingofhumandepth.ProbablytheimmensevitalityofDickenscauseshischaracterstovibratealittle,sothattheyborrowhislifeandappeartoleadoneoftheirown.Soareroundcharactersnecessarilybetterthanflatcharacters?Aplotisalsoanarrativeofevents,theemphasisfallingoncausality.“Thekingdiedandthenthequeendied,”isastory.“Thekingdied,andthenthequeendiedofgrief,”isaplot.Thetimesequenceispreserved,butthesenseofcausalityovershadowsit.
Considerthedeathofthequeen.Ifitisinastorywesay“andthen?”Ifitisinaplotweask“why?”plot“Thekingdiedandthenthequeendied,”“Thekingdied,andthenthequeendiedofgrief,”What’sthedifference?We’vediscussedthedefinition,keyfeaturesandkeyelementsofandinfiction.Source:WikipediaandForster’sAspectsoftheNovelSummary1.Whatisfiction?2.Howisfictiondifferentfromhistory?3.Whatkindoflanguageisusedinfiction?4.Whatarethethreegenresoffiction?Howaretheydifferentfromeachother?5.HowmuchdoyouknowaboutE.M.ForsterandAspectsoftheNovel?TopicsfordiscussionAplotisasequenceofinterrelatedactionsorevents.Aplotistheplanofdevelopmentoftheactions.Aplotisaplanorgroundworkforastory,basedonconflictinghumanmotivations,withtheactionsresultingfrombelievableandrealistichumanresponse.Chapter1PlotInawell-plottedstory,nothingisirrelevant;everythingisrelated.牵一发而动全身P1inthetextbookConflict:oppositionTypesofconflict:Externalconflict:betweenManandnature;Manandsociety;ManandmanInternalconflict:Withinonecharacter:one’sinnerstruggleConflictinPlotExposition:beginning,background,introductionComplication:therisingaction,development,intensificationCrisis:theclimax,greatestintensity,theturningpointFallingaction:subsidesResolution:final,equilibrium,conclusion,denouementFivestagesofplot:p3subsideEquilibrium
1.相称;平衡;均衡2.均势3.(心情的)平静equilibriumThecustomaryway:chronologicalplottingNon-chronologicalplotting:e.g.flashback闪回Theorderingofplot1.Whatisplot?2.Whatisconflict?3.Whatarethetypesofconflict?4.Whatarethefivestagesofplot?5.Whatisthecustomarywayoforderingtheplot?6.Whatisflashback?TopicsfordiscussionReadingassignments:ChristmasDayintheMorningARo
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