北师大版必修四unit10不定式讲解及练习

一、不定式的句法功能作主语：Toseeistobelieve.Itisquiterightforyoutogiveupsmokingrightaway.作宾语：Hewantedtogo.IfinditinterestingtostudyspokenEnglishbywatchingmovies.作表语：Tobekindtotheenemyistobecrueltothepeople.WhatIwouldsuggestistoputoffthemeeting.作宾语补足语：Heaskedmetodotheworkwithhimtogether.作定语：Heislookingforaroomtolivein.作状语：Wewereveryexcitedtoseeyou.（原因）Hehurriedtotheschoolonlytofindnobodythere.（结果）Tostaywithherforawhile,youwouldfindheraverykindlady.条件）Icameheretoseeyou.（目的）Inordertopasstheexam,heworkedveryhard.（目的）Wouldyoubesokindastotellmethetime?（结果）Weranallthewaysoasnottobelatefortheconcert.（目的）作主语补足语：Byronissaidtohavelivedonvinegarandpotatoes.Thebankisreportedinthelocalnewspapertohavebeenrobbedinbroaddaylightyesterday.二、不定式的时态和语态主动被动一般todotobedone进行tobedoing/完成tohavedonetohavebeendone完成进行tohavebeendoing/.一般式表示不定式的动作与谓语动词的动作同时或在谓语动词动作之后发生。主动：Isawhimentertheroom.Hewasseentoentertheroom.被动：Iwasinvitedtothepartytobeheldintheroofgarden..进行式表示不定式的动作在谓语动词的动作发生时正在进行。主动：Theyseemedtobeeatingsomething.Iamverygladtobeworkingwithyou..完成式表示不定式的动作在谓语动词的动作之前发生。主动：I'msorrytohavekeptyouwaitingsolong.Iheardyouhavefinishedyourwork.Tomwasheardtohavefinishedhiswork.被动：Thesongseemstohavebeensungformanytimes..完成进行式表示其动词所代表的动作，在谓语动词所代表的动作之前一直在进行主动：Thestudentsaresaidtohavebeenstudyingforalmosttwohourswithoutabreak.Theyarequitehappytohavebeenstayingwithustillnow.三、三点注意.不定式用在介词but,except,besides后面时，如果这些介词之前有行为动词do的各种形式，那么这些介词后的不定式不带to,否则要带to。如：Hewantstodonothingbutgoout.Hewantstobelieveanythingbuttotakethemedicine..不定式用在下面动词后作宾语补足语时，不定式不带to,如：Ioftenhearhimsingthesong.但是这些句子如果为被动语态，则to不可省，如：Heisoftenheardtosingthesong.（get）五看--see/watch/notice/observe/100kat；三使一have/make/let；两听--hear/listento；一感觉--feel.不定式做表语时，一般要带to,但若主语部分中含有do的各种形式时，to可省。如：We’vemissedthelastbus.Allwecoulddonowiswalkhome.四、疑问词who,what,which,when,where,whether,how后可接不定式构成不定式短语，在句中作主语、宾语、表语等。如：WhentoleaveforLondonhasnotbeendecidedyet.（主语）Mr.Smithdidn,tknowwhethertoleaveorstaythere.（宾语）IaskedProfessorXuhowtolearnEnglishwell.（宾语）Thequestionwaswheretogetthemedicineneeded.（表语）五、不定式、动名词和分词作表语的比较。（一）、不定式作表语.不定式作表语一般表示具体的、一次性的或将来的动作。WhatIwouldsuggestistostartworkatonce..如果主语是不定式（表示条件），表语也是不定式（表示结果）。Toseeistobelieve.Toworkmeanstoearnaliving..如果主语是以aim,duty,hope,idea,happiness,job,plan,problem,purpose,thing,wish等为中心的名词，或以what引导的名词性从句，不定式作表语是对主语起补充说明作用。Hiswishistobuyaluxuriouscarinthenearfuture.ThefunctionofLouisSullivan'sarchitecturewastoprovidelargeuninterruptedfloorareasandtoallowamplelightintotheinterior.Themostimportantthingistonegotiatewiththemaboutthefutureoftheplant.（二）、动名词作表语，表示习惯性的、一般的、抽象的或泛指的行为。Ourworkisservingthepeople.Hishobbyiscollectingstamps.（注）动名词作表语时与进行时态中的现在分词形式相同，但其所属结构迥异，进行时态说明动作是由主语完成的。动名词做表语，说明主语的性质或情况。（三）、分词作表语分词做表语有两种情况，一种是现在分词做表语，一种是过去分词做表语。一般来说，表示心理状态的动词如excite,interest等都是及物动词，汉语意思不是“激动”“高兴”，而是“使激动”、“使高兴”，因而现在分词应该是“令人激动的二“令人高兴的”，过去分词则是“感到激动的”和“感到高兴的"。所以，凡表示“令人…的”都是-ing形式；表示“感到…”都用-ed形式。这类词常见的有：delighting-delighteddisappointing-disappointedencouraging-encouragedpleasing-pleasedpuzzling-puzzledsatisfying-satisfiedworrying-worriedshocking-shockedconvincing—convincedboring-boredconfusing—confusedamazing-amazed（四）、要把动名词的复合结构看成一个整体。它有四种形式：①形容词性物主代词+动名词；②名词's十动名词；③代词宾格十动名词；④名词十动名词。动名词的复合结构可在句中作主语或宾语。作主语时，不能用③、④两种形式；无生命名词不能用第②种形式，无论是作主语还是作宾语。动名词的复合结构，实际上是给动名词加了一个逻辑主语。如：His/Jack'snotgettingtothestationontimemadeallofusworried.Doyoumindmy/me/Jack's/Jackleavingnow?六、不定式的特殊句型“too…to…”too前有否定词，则意为“不太…”如：It'snevertoolatetomend.too前面有only,all,but,rather时，意为“非常…”，等于very。如：I'monlytoopleasedtobeabletohelpyou. Hewasbuttooeagertogethome.七、不定式在easy、difficult等形容词后作状语，用主动形式表被动。如：Oneofthebenefitsofthenewmodelisthatitiseasiertooperatthantheoldone.八、不定式主动表被动的情况.在“主语+be+形容词+不定式”句型中，且主语是不定式结构的逻辑宾语。这时，可以看成是省略了不定式的逻辑主语forus,forone,foryou,forme等。例如：①Thatquestionisdifficulttoanswer.②Theproblemisdifficulttoworkout.③Theseapplesaregoodtoeat.当上述形容词在句中作宾语补足语，后接不定式时，不定式也用主动表被动。如：①Ifoundhimeasytogetalongwith.②Theydon,tthinkthegameinterestingtoplay.③Ifindthelecturedifficulttounderstand.但若要强调句中的受事者，也可用不定式的被动式：Thehandwritingisdifficulttoberead.适合此结构的形容词：hard,amusing,interesting,cheap,difficult,dangerous,easy,nice,important,good,pleasant,comfortable,heavy,light等.在too…to…和enoughto结构中。如：①Thepassageistoohardtotranslate.②Theboxistooheavytomove.③Thisbookischeapenoughtobuy.但若要强调句中的受事者，也可用不定式的被动式：Thisboxistooheavytobelifted..不定式短语作后置定语，且与其逻辑主语间为主动关系时。如：①Ihaveameetingtoattendtoday.②Doyouhaveanythingtosay?③Hegavemesomebookstoread.但如果主语不是不定式的逻辑主语，则需要用不定式的被动形式。如：I,mgoingtoBeijingnextweek.Doyouhaveanythingtobetakentoyourparents?.Therebe句型中，用来修饰主语的不定式多用主动式。如：There,snothingtodonow.(=Wehavenothingtodonow)There,snothingtosee.(Nothingworthseeing)注意：若用不定式的被动式，则表示不同的含义。比较：There,snothingtobedone.(=Wecandonothingnow)There7snothingtobeseen.(Nothingthereatall).在下列句型中，tolet,toblame,toseek等用不定式的主动形式表示被动含义。如：Thehouseistolet.这栋房子要出租。Whoistoblameforit?这得怪谁？Thereasonisnotfartoseek.理由不难找到。Alotremainstodo.还剩下许多事情要做。不同的人采用不同的说法：房屋的主人会说：Thehouseistolet.而经纪人可能会说：Thehouseistobelet.以下句子表达不同的概念：Youaretoblame你应该负责/这是你的过错。Youaretobeblamed你该受至U责备。blameM.责备；归咎于儿责备；责任；过失blamesb.指责，责备某人。如：Youdon'thavetoblameyourself.Aliceshouldn'tbeblamedbyus.blamesb.forsth./doingsth.为某事责备某人。如：Heblamedhisfatherforhisfailure.ManychildrenareafraidofbeingblamedformakingmistakesinspeakingEnglish.Hiscompanion,blamedfortheaccident,hadnotbeendrivingcarefully.blamesth.onsb.把某事归咎于某人。如：Sheblamedthefailureoftheirmarriageonhim.It'snouseblamingourdefeatonhim.ThepoliceblamedthetrafficaccidentonJack'scarelessdriving.betoblame(for)应(为…)承担责任；该(为…)受责备。［注意］此处不能用被动语态。如：Thechildrenwerenottoblamefortheaccident.Iaminnowaytoblame.Whoistoblameforstartingthefire?Heismoretoblamethanyou.练： forthebreakdownoftheschoolcomputernetwork,Alicewasinlowspirit.

Thiscompanywasthefirst_portableradiosaswellascassettetaperecordersintheworld.A.producing B.toproduce C.havingproduced D.producedThepurposeofnewtechnologyistomakelifeeasier,—itmoredifficult.A.notmaking B.notmake C.nottomake D.nortomakeHelenhadtoshout_abovethesoundofthemusic.A.makingherselfhearC.makingherselfheardA.makingherselfhearC.makingherselfheardB.tomakeherselfhearD.tomakeherselfheardIdon,tknowwhetheryouhappen—,butIamgoingtostudyintheU.S.AthisSeptember.A.tobeheard.B.tobebearingC.tohearD.tohaveheardA.tobeheard.B.tobebearingC.tohearD.tohaveheardThenewsreportershurriedtotheairport,only_thefilmstarshadleft.A.totellYouweresillynot一A.tolockTheteacheraskedus,A.don,tmakeB.tobetoldC.tellingD.toldyourcar.tohavelocked_somuchnoise.B.notmakeC.lockingnotmakingA.totellYouweresillynot一A.tolockTheteacheraskedus,A.don,tmakeB.tobetoldC.tellingD.toldyourcar.tohavelocked_somuchnoise.B.notmakeC.lockingnotmaking8.Anarmyspokesmanstressedthatallthesoldiershadbeenorderedfiringanyshots.toissuebeingissuedC.tohaveissuedD.havinglockedD.nottomake—clearwarningsbeforeD.tobeissuedI’drathhavearoomofmyown,howeversmallitis,than_aroomwithsomeoneelse.A.toshareB.tohavesharedC.shareD.sharingA.toshareB.tohavesharedC.shareD.sharingThebankisreportedinthelocalnewspaper_inbroaddaylightyesterday.A.robbedB.tohavebeenrobbedC.beingrobbedD.havingbeenrobbedA.robbedB.tohavebeenrobbedC.beingrobbedD.havingbeenrobbedA.beingdestroyedC.tobedestroyedA.totakeplaceB.tobetakenplaceC.tohavetakenplaceA.beingdestroyedC.tobedestroyedA.totakeplaceB.tobetakenplaceC.tohavetakenplaceD.beingtakenplaceAnumberofpaintingsinthecastlearebelieved_inafire.B.havingbeendestroyedD.tohavebeendestroyedThemeeting-nextweekissuretobeagreatsuccess.Asaresultofmylaziness,Ifailed_myworkintime.A.andfinishedB.tofinishC.andfinishingD.tofinishedA.andfinishedB.tofinishC.andfinishingD.tofinishedIamsorry_writtenyoualetteratthetime.A.tohavenotB.tonothaveC.nottohaveD.nothavingA.tohavenotB.tonothaveC.nottohaveD.nothavingWillyoulendhimamagazine—?A.tobereadB.forreadingC.toreadD.hereadA.tobereadB.forreadingC.toreadD.hereadHecoulddonothingbut_forthebusA.wait,tocomeB.wait;comeC.waiting;comingD.waited;cameA.wait,tocomeB.wait;comeC.waiting;comingD.waited;cameItisaproblemthatdoesn,tneed-rightnow.A.tosolveB.solvingC.beingsolvedD.tobesolvingA.tosolveB.solvingC.beingsolvedD.tobesolvingC.tohavemadeD.havingmadeThere,samanatthereceptiondeskwhoseemsveryangryandIthinkhemeans_trouble.C.tohavemadeD.havingmadeA.making B.tomakeIrememberhimthebikeneededA.hearing,saying,torepair B.tohear,say,torepairC.hearing,say,repairing D.tohear,saying,toberepairedRobertissaidto_abroad,butIdon,tknowwhatcountryhestudiedin.A.tohavestudiedB.tostudyC.tobestudyingD.tohavebeenstudying

--Youshouldhavethankedherbeforeyouleft.--Imeant—,butwhenIwasleavingIcouldn,tfindheranywhere.A.todo B.to C.doing D.doingsoI,mgoingtoXi,annextweek.Haveyouanything_toyourparents?A.totake B.tobetaken C.tobeboughtto D.tobuyWhenarethey-intheirplan?A.hand B.handed C.tohand D.handingInsuchdryweather,theflowerswillhavetobewateredifthey—.A.havesurvived B.aretosurvive C.wouldsurvived D.willsurviveWhenwehurriedtothestation,therehappened_nobusatthattime.A.tohave B.tobe C.having D.beingIlostmywayincompletedarknessand,—mattersworse,itbegantorain.A.made B.havingmadeC.making D.tomakeAt_timedoesthesalesgirlgetuplateinthemorning,thoughsheisalwaystoobusy—agoodrest.A.no,totake B.no,takingC.any,totakeD.one,taking--Areyouastudent?--No,butIused—.A.tobeB.towasC.todoD.tobeaIstoppedtolisten,andmysonseemed_himself_inthelivingroom.A.toenjoy,toshut B.tobeenjoying,shuttingC.tobeenjoying,shut D.tohaveenjoyed,havingshutWithalotofdifficultproblems—,thenewly-electedpresidentishavingahardtime.A.settled B.settling C.tosettle D.beingsettledWe,releavingatsixo,clock,andhope_mostofthejourneybylunchtime.A.todo B.tohavedoneC.tomake D.tohavemadeThestudyofthewildworldmayhelptomaketheworldeasier_.A.understood B.tobeunderstood C. tounderstand D.understandWhowillyouget-theprojectforus?A.design B.todesign C. designed D. designingItissaidinAustraliathereismorelandthan the governmentknow—.A.itwhattodowith B.whattodoitwith C. whattodowith it D.todowhatwithitWearenotallowed_outdoorswithsomeotherchildren.A.playing B.tobeplayingC.toplay D.beplayingAllenhadtocallataxibecausetheboxwas_tocarryallthewayhome.A.muchtooheavyB.toomuchheavyC.heavytoomuchD.tooheavymuchShefeelssostronglythateachofusshouldhavearole_inmakingtheearthabetterplacetolivein.A.tohaveplayedB.toplay C.tobeplayedD.tobeplayingWhenIhandedthereporttoJohn,hesaidthatGeorgewastheperson—.A.tosend B.forsendingitC.tosenditto D.forsendingittoDoletyourmotherknowallthetruth,sheappears_everything.A.totell B.tobetold C.tobetelling D.tohavebeentoldTherearefivepairs—,butI'matalosswhichtobuy.A.tobechosenB.tochoosefrom41.Theproblemis_A.tobechosenB.tochoosefrom41.Theproblemis_difficultforus—so;workoutC.rathertoo,toworkoutC.tochoose D.forchoosingverytoo;tobeworkedoutD.quitetoo,toworkitoutA.send;tosendit---WhereshouldI_myapplication?---Thepersonnelofficeistheplace—.A.send;tosenditB.sendfor;tosendittoC.sendfor;forsendingit D.send;tosendittoI,veworkedwithchildrenbefore,soIknowwhat_inmynewjob.D.tobeexpectingA.expected B.toexpect C.expectsD.tobeexpectingIfeelitisyourhusbandwho-forthespoiledchild.A.istoblame B.isgoingtoblameC.istobeblamed D.shouldblame—thiscake,you,llneed2eggs,175gsugar,and175gflour.A.Havingmade B.Make C.Tomake D.MakingIfeelitanhonor_tospeakhere.C.havingaskedD.askedA.tobeaskedB.toaskC.havingaskedD.asked---What,sthematterwithJohn? ---Hedidn,tpassthetestbuthestill—.A.hopesso B.hopesto C.hopeit D.hopethatMuchattentionshouldbepaid_people,slivingconditions.A.inimproving B.toimprove C.improving D.toimproving—thateveningwasduetohisillness.A.Hefailedtocome B.ThathefailedtocomingC.Hisfailuretocome D.HisfailureincomingIwouldlove_tothepartylast