人体正常结构-消化系统

Splanchnology内脏学夏青人体解剖学教研室天津医学高等专科学校Composition:Digestivesystem消化系统Respiratorysystem呼吸系统Urinarysystem泌尿系统Reproductivesystem生殖系统DigestiveSystem

消化系统Composition消化系统组成Digestivetract消化管

Mouth口腔

Pharynx咽

Esophagus食管

Stomach胃

Smallintestine小肠

Largeintestine大肠

Duodenum十二指肠Jejunum空肠Ileum回肠Digestivegland消化腺：大消化腺，小消化腺Superiordigestivetube

上消化道Inferiordigestivetube

下消化道Majorsalivaryglands大唾液腺Liver肝Pancreas胰

Function:ingestion,digestion,absorption,egesting

Mouth

Pharynx

Esophagus

StomachDuodenumJejunumIleumLargeintestine

Liver

PancreasMajorsalivaryglandsReferencelinesofthorax胸部标志线Anteriormedianline前正中线Midclavicularline锁骨中线Midaxillaryline腋中线Scapularline肩胛线Posteriormedianline后正中线腋中线肩胛线后正中线Theabdominalregions腹部分区

Nineregions九区法Fourquadrants

四区法

Fourquadrants

四区法TheEsophagus食管

Generalfeatures位置及形态

amusculartuberabout25cmlong,connectingthepharynxatlevelofC6vertebra,atlevelofT11vertebraentersthestomach.Division:Cervicalpart颈部Thoracicpart胸部Abdominalpart腹部Threeconstrictions食管3个狭窄第一狭窄：起始部Atitsbeginning,15cmfromincisors,liesatlevelofC6,isthenarrowestpartoftheesophagus第二狭窄：

与左主支气管交叉处Whereitiscrossedbyleftmainbronchus,25cmfromincisors,liesatlevelofintervertebraldiscbetweenT4andT5.第三狭窄：穿膈处

Whereitpassesthroughtheesophagealhiatusofdiaphragm,40cmfromincisors,atlevelofT10TheStomach胃

Shape形态、分部

Twosurface两壁:

anterior前壁andposterior后壁.Twocurvatures两缘Lessercurvature胃小弯

:short,concaveanddirectedtotherightandupward,Greatercurvature

胃大弯:long,convexanddirectedtotheleftanddownward.Twoopenings两口Cardia

贲门Pylorus幽门Fourparts四部Cardiacpart贲门部Fundusofstomach胃底Bodyofstomach胃体Pyloricpart幽门部Pyloricantrum

幽门窦

Pyloriccanal幽门管Cardiacpart贲门部Fundusofstomach胃底

Bodyofstomach胃体Pyloricantrum

幽门窦Pyloriccanal幽门管Pyloricpart幽门部Position胃的位置－Mainlypartsissituatedinthelefthypochondriacregion左季肋区,smallintheepigastricregion腹上区;TheSmallIntestine小肠About5-7mlong,DividedintoDuodenum十二指肠

Jejunum空肠Ileum回肠DuodenumJejunumIleum

Duodenum十二指肠Fourparts

Superiorpart上部Duodenalcap十二指肠球Superiorduodednalflexure十二指肠上曲Descendingpart降部Majorduodenalpapilla

十二指肠大乳头Minorduodenalpapilla十二指肠小乳头Inferiorduodenalflexure十二指肠下曲Horizontalpart

水平部Ascendingpart

升部duodenojejunalflexure十二指肠空肠曲十二指肠悬韧带

(ligamentofTreitz),asurgicallandmark,descendsfromtherightcrusofdiaphragmtoduodenaltermination.Jejunum空肠

andileum回肠

Jejunumandileum空肠，回肠区别Characteristic特点Jejunum空肠Ileum回肠Position位置Upper2/5Lower3/5Diameter管径GreaterLessWall管壁ThickerThinCircularfolds环状襞Larger,numerousFewer，smallerVascularity血管分部GreaterLess

Colour颜色DeeperredPalerpink

Lymphaticfollicles淋巴滤泡SolitaryAggregatedLargeIntestine大肠

Approximately1.5mlong,Fiveparts:Cecum

盲肠Vermiformappendix阑尾Colon结肠Rectum直肠

Canal肛管LargeIntestine大肠FeaturesColicbands结肠带Haustraofcolon结肠袋Epiploicappendices

肠脂垂Cecum

盲肠Blindsac,firstpartoflargeintestine,withlargestdiameterandthinnestwallLiesinrightiliacfossaTheiliumentersthececumobliquely,andpartiallyinvaginatesintoit,formingtheileocecalvalve－consistsoftwofolds,probablydelaysflowofilealcontentsintolargeintestineVermiformappendix阑尾位于右髂窝，长约6-8cm。阑尾根部体表投影（MacBurney麦氏点)右髂前上棘与脐连线的中、外1/3交点处。Surfacemarkingofthebaseisattheso-calledMcBurney’spointwhichisatjunctionoflateralandmiddlethirdsoflinejoiningrightanteriorsuperioriliacspineandumbilicusColon

结肠Ascendingcolon

升结肠rightcolicflexure

结肠右曲Transversecolon横结肠leftcolicflexure

Descendingcolon降结肠descendsalmostverticallyfromleftcolicflexuretosigmoidcolonatleftiliaccrest.Sigmoidcolon乙状结肠－extendsfromdescendingcolontorectumatlevelofS3.Rectum直肠Position:withinpelviccavity,extendsfromS3topelvicdiaphragm.Curves两个弯曲：SagittalplaneSacralflexure直肠骶曲

convexbackward

Perinealflexure直肠会阴曲

convexforward.骶曲会阴曲肝Liver

概述Introduction肝的功能:合成分泌胆汁；参与物质代谢,蛋白质、脂肪和糖；代谢解毒，药物、激素转化分解；吞噬及免疫防御；

一、肝的形态肝呈不规则的楔形，分膈面、脏面和上下缘。（一）膈面DiaphragmaticSurfaceRightLobeofLiver肝右叶LeftLobeofLiver肝左叶镰状韧带肝圆韧带

肝圆韧带裂

左侧纵沟静脉韧带裂“H”沟

横沟：肝门、肝蒂

胆囊窝

右侧纵沟

腔静脉沟分叶:左叶、右叶、方叶、尾状叶肝的位置和毗邻（二）脏面VisceralSurface右叶肝门肝固有动脉肝左、右管肝门静脉肝圆韧带裂静脉韧带胆囊下腔静脉左叶方叶尾状叶下缘三、肝的体表投影肝的上界与膈的穹窿一致，肝最高点。在右侧相当于右锁骨中线与第五肋的交点处。在左侧相当于左锁骨中线与第五肋间隙的交点处，肝的下界，右侧大致与右肋弓一致，在腹上区可达剑突下３－５ｃｍ。

胆囊

gallbladder形态

位置分部底、体、颈、管胆囊底体表投影胆囊三角(Calot三角)

输胆管道

BileDuct包括肝左管、肝右管、肝总管、胆囊Gallbladder与胆总管。肝左管肝右管CommonHepaticDuct肝总管Gallbladder胆囊Cysticduct胆囊管CommonBileDuct胆总管FundusofGallbladder胆囊底BodyofGallbladder胆囊体NeckofGallbladder胆囊颈HepatopancreaticAmpulla肝胰壶腹胆汁排泄途径平时

肝肝左管、肝右管肝总管胆囊管胆囊进食

胆囊胆囊管胆总管肝胰壶腹肝肝左管、肝右管肝总管十二指肠大乳头十二指肠小结肝的形态肝的位置肝的体表投影肝外管道第八节胰Pancreas2.胰分胰头、胰体、胰尾BodyofPancreas胰头Bodyofpancreas胰体Tail