口语及美英音标

International

PhoneticSymbols国际音标WhatisInternationalPhoneticsymbols?由于英语的拼写形式和读音有很大的分歧,所以无法完全根据字母来读音。为了精确地学习和掌握语音,就要借助一种注音手段来弥补这一缺陷,于是便产生了一定数量的精确记录语音的符号，叫做“音符”(Phoneticsymbols)国际音标（旧称万国音符）是国际语音学协会（IPA---InternationalPhoneticAssociation)于1888年拟定的一套为各国语言注音的语音符号。我们这里所说的国际音标是专门为英语注音的那一部分标音符号。目前我国通用的国际音标共有48个,其中,元音音标20个,辅音音标28个。音素和国际音标

1．什么是音素：音素是语音的最小单位。2．音素的分类：元音和辅音。3．音素的个数：共48个，元音音素20个，辅音音素28个。4．什么是音标：记录音素的符号叫做音标。5．什么是国际音标：国际音标是由国际语音协会规定的一套音标，用来

记录世界各主要语言的语音。7.开音节：a)辅音+元音+辅音+e:name,bike,home,due,

plane,shineb)辅音+元音:he,go,hi,do,be,tree,three,hello8.闭音节：a)辅音+元音+辅音:bad,bed,sit,hot,cup,let,mad,mapb)元音+辅音:it,is,of,in,on,up,out,ant9.重读音节：单词中发音特别响亮的音节。[ai][ei][ɔi][iə][ɛə][uə][au][əu][i:][i][u:][u][ɔ:][ɔ][ə:][ə][ɑ:][ʌ][æ][e][l][r][h][w][j][m][n][ŋ][dz][ts][ʤ][ʧ][tr][dr][b][p][d][t][g][k][v][f][z][s][ʒ][ʃ][ð][θ]20元音32320辅音国际音标教学法图示PracticeI/i:/eeaeeeiiieeoeya

eatkeygriefbreezefeatureimmediateconvenientateamleadertheChinesepeoplearealsecretapieceofleanmeatJeanisasbusyasabee?Afriendinneedisafriendindeed.SeeingisbelievingpleasespeakEnglishwithme外号：穿针引线长“衣”音1.例词：feel 关键句：Howareyoufeelingtoday? 今天你觉得怎么样？2.例词：people 关键句：TheChineseareagreatpeople. 中华民族是伟大的民族。疯狂集中操练字母：eChinese中国人extremely极其地字母：eefeeling感情agree同意字母：eaplease请dream梦；梦想字母：ieachieve达到believe相信字母：eireceive接到；接收conceive设想；构思实用操练I'mgladtomeetyou.

我很高兴见到你/见到你很高兴/认识你很高兴十大练嘴精品句：包含两个该元音1.TheChineseareagreatpeople.

中国人民是伟大的人民。2.Seeingisbelieving.

眼见为实。3.SpeakingEnglishisapieceofcake.

说英语是小菜一碟。前元音

美语音标/i/

英语音标[i:]包含三个该元音4.Thefoodheredoesn'tseemtoagreewithme.

看来这里的食物我吃不惯。5.Doyouhappentoseethekeyontheseat?

你有没有看到座位上的钥匙？PracticeI/i/iyeaueyayieai

it,pig,sinkprettydelayremainbegincoffee

explainSundayabigclinicabitchillysixtywomenAlittlelearningisadangerousthing.Hissix-yearoldsisterisasfitasafiddle.WhyisSisterLilysittingthereknittinginsilence?It'snotdifficulttospeakEnglish.经典收小腹减肥短“衣”音1.例词：give 关键句：Shegivesmeabigheadache. 她让我头痛。2.例词：little 关键句：Ifeelalittlesicktoday. 今天感觉有点不舒服。PracticeI

/Z//e/aeeaeoeiie

debtfriendheavenmetalsectionattendconnectwetwithsweatthenextsentenceterribleweatherpressthebellfreshandenergeticAlliswellthatendswell.

Eastorwest,homeisthebest.Good,better,best,/Neverletitrest;/Tillgoodisbetter,/Andbetterbest.小开口“45度”音1.例词：expensive 关键句：EverythingissoexpensiveinJapan. 在日本什么东西都那么昂贵。2.例词：friend关键句：Sheismybestfriend.她是我最好的朋友。PracticeI

[æ]

andbagcatchhappenthankfancyabsentanxiousavenuesalarypracticalAhappyfamilyhandinhandcapsandhatsWhatdaddysaidmademesad.Aratisrunningalonganarrowtrack.Don’tletthecatoutofthebag.Practicemakesperfect!熟能生巧bathroom大开口夸张“90度”音1.例词：family关键句：Ihaveaveryhappyfamily.我有一个幸福的家庭。2.例词：bad关键句：That’stoobad.太遗憾了。“90度”大嘴音1.例词：after 关键句：Howaboutthedayaftertomorrow? 后天怎么样？2.例词：last 关键句：You'vemadethesamemistakeaslasttime. 你犯了和上次一样的错误。PracticeIII[ə:]earerirorur

earnearlyearthearnesturbanearningearthlyworkhurtbirdworldpersondirtypursetermhersirstirreferpreferincuroccurfurwerechurchtheGermanexpertanervousnurseperfectserviceFirstcome,firstserved.It’stheearlybirdthatcatchestheworm.

YouspeakperfectEnglish重读卷舌音1.例词：work 关键句：Diditwork? 这行得通吗？2.例词：perfect 关键句：Nobody'sperfect.没有十全十美的人。PracticeIII[ə]

aoueeaioerorar

abroadapproveattackadvancesoldierlabourtogetherdistanceoceanseldomdoctorsugar

Breadandbuttersaltandpepper

againandagainRemembertocallyourmother.Theteacherwillgettogethertomorrow.AmericaandChinashouldalwaysworktogether.轻读卷舌音1.例词：matter 关键句：What'sthematter? 什么事？2.例词：teacher 关键句：OurEnglishteacherisgreat.我们的英语老师很好。经典收小腹减肥放松“鹅”音1.例词：about 关键句：Forgetaboutit. 忘记它吧。2.例词：together 关键句：ChinaandAmericashouldworktogether. 中美应该携手合作。PracticeII/a:/aaraualear

er

fastglancemarketdemandremarkheartclerkalargeparcelabasketofbananasmasterofartsafterthebathFarmerBarnesisahardmanforabargain,butheisn’thard-hearted.Farfromeye,farfromheart.Youhaveacharmingsmile.“感叹”祖国大好河山超级美国大嘴音1.例词：father 关键句：Myfatherhasnevertraveledabroad. 我父亲从未出国旅行过。2.例词：calm 关键句：Keepcalm,It'snothingserious. 保持冷静，没什么大不了的事。大嘴卷舌音1.例词：charge 关键句：Who'sinchargehere? 这儿谁负责？2.例词：hard 关键句：Whatmakesyouworksohard?什么使你这样卖命？PracticeIII/Q/[ʌ]

uoooouupunderyoungroughenoughfloodstomachdoestoughcousinjustforfunluckyinlovemuchhoneyafunnycouplebloodforbloodWellbegunishalfdonewonderful经典收小腹减肥急促短“啊”音1.例词：love 关键句：Ilovemoney. 我喜欢钱。2.例词：lucky 关键句：I'mjustlucky. 我只是运气好。PracticeII/ɔ://ɔr/aroaroororeouralauawoaouough

allawealways

oar

authorboardforcedaughterportraitforwardquarterAllinallmoreandmoreashortstoryPaul’sfourandcanwalkandtalk.Thestormisdrawingnear–let’sgoindoorsPridegoesbeforeafall.Alwayssaypleaseandthankyou.It'simportanttopracticeEnglisheveryday.

中嘴长元音1.例词：talk 关键句：Ineedtotalktoyou. 我要和你谈谈。2.例词：call 关键句：Iwillcallyoulater.回头我给你电话。中嘴卷舌音1．例词：more 关键句：Ireallycan'tstanditanymore. 我真的无法忍受了！2.例词：for 关键句：I'mlookingforMr.Li. 我要找李先生。PracticeII[ɔ]【ɒ】

oaouow

watchblockhonourcollegeknowledgeswallowoccupypolicycoughwash

qualityandquantitycottonsocksborrowaclockapocketwatchThecoffeeistopquality.Whentheshopwasrobbed,everbodywasshocked.

Losttimeisneverfoundagain.possiblebotherSorrytobotheryou.“感叹”祖国大好河山短“啊”音1.例词：confidence 关键句：Hehasalotofconfidence. 他充满了自信。2.例词：impossible 关键句：Nothingisimpossible. 没有做不成的事。PracticeII

/u//ʊ/oooou(oo常在t,d,k前读/u/）classroomlookgoodfoodwomanwoodcouldpuddingunderstoodshouldfullbutcherbulletwoolenPushandpullgoodbooksSoItookabroomandlefttheroom.Howmuchwoodwouldawoodchuckchuckifawoodchuckcouldchuckwood?He'dchuckasmuchwoodasawoodchuckcouldchuckwood.Youshouldworkharder.经典收小腹减肥圆唇短“呜”音1.例词：good 关键句：Mymotherisagoodcook. 我的妈妈是一位好厨师。2.例词：look 关键句：Youlookgreattoday.你今天看上去棒极了PracticeII

/u:/

oooouuueoeuiewyouthfruitpupilblueflewshoedotoogrewchewbamboocanoegluetombimproveAblueballoon,anafternooninJuneDon’tlosetheopportunity.Thenewsistoogoodtobetrue.Theruleisusefulonceinabluemoon.小圆唇长“呜”音1.例词：improve 关键句：IwanttoimprovemypoorEnglish. 我想改进我的破烂英语。2.例词：truth 关键句：Youmusttellthetruth. 你必须说出真相。Attention!!!发以上12个单元音时要注意以下几点：发音之前要按照发音方法和位置的要求先将口型和发音器官的位置摆好，然后再发音，不可边发音、边摆口型；发音过程中,口型及各发音器官的位置一定不要改变；(c)发/i:/,/i/,/e/,/æ/4个前元音时,唇的扁平度依次缩小,牙床的开合度依次加大；发/i:/音时前舌抬得最高,发/æ/音时,前舌最低；(d)发/ɔ/,/ɔ:/,/u/,/u:/4个圆唇音时,唇形依次缩小；(e)带“:”与不带“:”的同一符号的音素之间绝不单纯是音的长短不同的关系，而是两个不同的音素。双元音是作为一个音节、用一次呼气发出来的两个元音的连缀。这个连缀是以滑流音的形式读出来的，即舌从第一个元音的位置向第二个元音方向以最直接的途径滑过去而成为一个音。双元音既然是滑流音，自然与一般元音连缀不同，如：(a-i)“阿姨”；(a-u)“阿五”。双元音的两个成分中只有第一个读得比较重、长和清晰，第二个则要读得比较轻、短和含糊。DiphthongsPracticeIV/ei/

a

a+eaiayeaeiageateaimeightyailacheaidAprilweightmainbreaksteakgreatsavesay

todaygrayweighpaydaymakewayMayDaygreatchangesNopains,nogains.

Hastemakeswaste.ThegreatGreekgrapegrowersgrowgreatGreekgrapes.Don'tbeafraidofmakingmistakes.A:Youhavetoworklonghourstomakemoney.（要想挣钱，你得长时间工作。）B:You'reright.Nopain,nogain.（你说得对。不劳无获。）关键词：mistake关键句：Imadeamistake.A:Imadeamistake.（我犯了一个错误。）B:Everyonemakesmistakes.（人人都犯错误。）PracticeIV/ai/

ii+eyeiighieuy

idlewineiconicemightyislandspytiebuytryhighdrycry

irontirehighlightdescribeskysupplyOutofsight,outofmind.Strikewhiletheironishot.Greatmindsthinkalike.IsthisyourfirsttimeinChina?A:I'msoafraidtospeakEnglish.（我真害怕说英语。）B:Don'tbeshy,justtry.（不要害羞，尝试一下。）No.36关键词：mind关键句：DoyoumindifIsmoke?如果我吸烟你介意吗？A:DoyoumindifIsmoke?（如果我吸烟你介意吗？）B1:No,notatall.Goahead.（不，我不介意。你尽管抽。）B2:Yes,Ido.Thanksforasking.（是啊，我介意。谢谢你问我。）PracticeIV[ɔi]oioy

soilboilcoinjointoiletpoisonvoyagechoiceJoycespoilloyalroyaljoytoyenjoyannoycoyemploy

Anoiseannoysanoyster,butanoisynoiseannoysanoystermoreSparetherod,spoilthechild.

Ireallyenjoyedtalkingtoyou.A:Thatboylookssolonelysittingtherebyhimself.（那男孩一个人坐在那儿，看起来很孤独。）B:Askhimtojoinusforlunch.（请他来和我们一起吃午饭。）关键词：enjoy关键句：Enjoyyourstayhere.祝你在这里过得愉快。A:Enjoyyourstayhere.（祝你在这里过得愉快。）B:Thanks,I'msureIwill.（谢谢，我相信我一定会的。）PracticeIV/əu/oo+eowoauooeougholdown

openoveroceanodorwrotequoteloafmoanpolarfloatphoneboldmotionmomenthoteltoerowflowechosowdoughbowtomatowindowgoldtoholdone’sbreathacolddrinkNosmoking!Theoldmanlivesalonebuthedoesn’tfeellonely.Arollingstonegathersnomoss(滚石不生苔）Ihopetoseeyouagain.A:IhopeIcanseeyouagain.（我希望我能再次见到你。）B:Thenlet'sgettogetheragainsoon.（那让我们找个时间再聚吧。）关键词：know关键句：Idon'tknowwhattodo?我不知道做什么?A:Idon'tknowwhattodo?（我不知道做什么?）B:Don'tworry.Everythingwillworkout.（别担心。一切都会解决的。）PracticeIV/au/ouowdoubtamountaccounttowercrowndowntowncowaroundmouselookoutsidereadaloudhowaboutgotothesouthfallonthegroundOpenyourmouthandroundyourlipsShefoundouthowtopronouncethesound.Howareyoudoing,Jane?Youareoutstanding!b.集中双元音(Risingdiphthongs)

/iә/，/εә

/，/uә/

集中双元音的特点是：发音时口也是从开到合（但发/iә/时,口从合到开)。与合口双元音最大的不同点是：虽然也是从开到合,但最后不能滑动成为一个音,而只是从前面的元音向后面的元音集中。PracticeV/iә/eaeireareerereeuioiouear

earringrealizeweirdcuriousexperiencemuseumidiotclearlyherehearmerepierbeerclearappearcarrier

Cheerfultearsfromeartoearamysteriousidea.IfearIcan’thearhimclearlyIt'sveryimportanttohaveclearproniciation.A:Doyoulivenearhere?（你住在附近吗？）B:Yes,Iliveverynear.（是的，我住得很近。）关键词：year关键句：We'vebeenfriendsforyears.PracticeV/εә/

a

airaraeareearereair

aeroplaneareafairwaryrarelyparentchairmancarefulvarycarefarewheresharecomparepairchairsquareprepare

rarebeartearaholewearanewdressshareapearJohnlikestowearhishairlong.Wherethereiswill,thereisaway有志者事竟成Weshouldallcareabouttheenvironment.A:I'mgoingtoquitmyjob.（我准备辞掉我的工作。）B:Idon'tcarewhatyoudo.（你做什么我才不在乎呢。）关键词：where关键句：Whereareyoufrom?PracticeV/uә/uoorourueureewepoortourmatureendureasurecurefueldueltouristjewelEuropecuriousSurelythepoorpatientwillbecuredThejuryweresurethepoormanwasinnocentofstealingthejewels.I'msureyouwillenjoyit\youaregoingtospeakgoodEnglish\wewillhaveagoodtime.A:Heisfromaverypoorfamily.（他出身于一个非常贫困的家庭。）B:I'msosurprisedtohearthat.（这真让我惊讶。）A:Areyousureyoucandoit?（你肯定你能做好这件事吗？）B:Sure.It'sapieceofcake.（当然，小菜一碟。）Contrastpractice/I/－/i:/

ship-sheep

list-leastlive-leavepitch-peachslip-sleepchick-cheek/e/－//pet-pitfell-fillwhen-winhell-hill/A/－/e/

bad-bedgas-guesssad-saidland-lend/e/-/ei/

edge-agefell-failwet-waitlet-late/Q/－/A/

truck-trackmud-madbun-ban/R/－/Q/lock-luckgone-gunfund-fond/:/－/Q/cart-cutheart-hutcalm-comemarch-much/əu/－/u:/

chose-chooseblow-blewsoap-soup/e--------/fair-fire-fearhare-hire-here/hearwear-wire-wierConsonants辅音的特点：辅音是气流从肺中压出后受唇、齿、舌、咽喉等发音器官阻碍的结果。辅音有清浊之分,发音时声带震动的是浊音，不震动的是清音。辅音的分类：清辅音:/p/,/t/,/k/,/f/,

/θ/,

/s/,

/∫/浊辅音:/b/,/d/,/g/,/v/,/ð/,

/z/,/ӡ/鼻音:/m/,/n/,/ŋ/似拼音:/r/,/h/,/l/半元音:/w/;/j/PlosiveConsonants爆破音：/p/－/b//t/－/d//k/－/g//p/－/b/对比:park-barktap-tabmop-mobBetterbeatabitofbuttertomakebetterbatter.Abigblackbugbitabigblackbear.Where'sthebigblackbearthebigblackbugbit?PracticeVI/t/－/d/对比：heart-hardsight-sidefeet-feedThecartgotstuckinthemud.Toomanyteenagerstendtowastetheirtimewatchingtelevision./k/－/g/对比:

pig-picklog-lockdug-duckMr.Cooksaidtoacook,"Lookatthiscook-book.It'sverygood."SothecooktooktheadviceofMr.Cookandboughtthecook-bookAgoodbeginningmakesagoodending.关键词：problem关键句：Noproblem.没问题。A:Doyouthinkyoucanhelpme?（你想你能帮我吗？）B:Noproblem.（没问题。）No.50关键词：popular关键句：He'sapopularpresident.他是一位受欢迎的总统。A:WhatdoyouthinkofBillClinton?（你认为比尔?克林顿怎么样？）B:He'sapopularpresident.（他是一位受欢迎的总统。）关键词：busy关键句：I'mverybusynow.我现在很忙。关键词：trouble关键句：Heisinalotoftrouble.他有许多麻烦。关键词：today关键句：Todayisagreatday.今天棒极了。Let'sgettogethersometime.Whatkindofjobdoyouhave?I'mdifferentfrommysister.FricativeConsonants摩擦音/f/－/v//f/－/v/对比:leaf-leaveproof-provecalf-carvefast-vastfail-veilcovertheleavesalovelyfiguresavethesafeAFinnishfishernamedFisherfailedtofishanyfishoneFridayafternoonandfinallyhefoundoutabigfissureinhisfishing-net.Lifeisbeautiful.Whatisyourfavoritefood?It'saveryniceview.Haveanicevacation!PracticeVI/s/－/z/对比:

cease-seizeloose-loserace-raiseThesunrisesintheeastandsetsinthewest.Howmanysawscouldasee-sawsawifasee-sawcouldsawsaws?W/－/T/对比:

breath-breatheworth-worthybath-batheFatherandmotherwentthroughthickandthin.Thesixthsheik'ssixthsheep'ssick.Areyouserious?（你是认真的吗？）Serviceisgoodinthatrestaurant.Myfatherwaspleasedwithmysuccess.Businessisbusiness.公事公办。Ifeelalittleweaktoday.MayIaskyouaquestion?I'vegottogonow.PracticeVI[ʃ][ʒ]对比:pressure-pleasuregosh–garagesocial-usualshellsharpharshcrushShesellsseashellsbytheseashore.Theshellsshesellsaresurelyseashells.Soifshesellsshellsontheseashore,I'msureshesellsseashoreshells.Iwishtowishthewishyouwishtowish,butifyouwishthewishthewitchwishes,Iwon'twishthewishyouwishtowish.PracticeVI[h]hugeholdithighahighhillbehidethehouseHeisholdingahatinhishandHelenhitthenailontheheadwithahammer.[r]

rarerudeprincecrazybrokenfreshthroughbrownbreadaredribbonapressconferenceThoseredrosesarereallyverypretty3.破擦音：[ʤ][ʧ]

[ʧ]

cheapchestchoiceeachtouchcoachHatches,catches,matchesanddispatches.Whichwatchdidwhichwitchwearandwhichwitchworewhichwatch?[ʤ]judgejoinjamedgedangerbridgeJanehadchickenandFrenchfriesforlunch.JohnurgedJudytobuyadigitalwatch.FricativeConsonantsThatwatchlookscheap.Choosewhichyoulikebest.She'slookingforaparttimejob.Here'syourchange.FricativeConsonants/tr/treetricktruetreattrythetrainThedrummersdrummedandthestrummersstrummed./dr/drydrinkdropdrowndrainMr.Trenchtreatedmetosomestrongdrinks./ts/lotsgetsbootscatssheetsbitsofsheets/dz/readslidsbedsbirdshidesoddsandendsIsawlotsandlotsofbirdsandkites.Nasalconsonants4.鼻音/m/,/n/,/ŋ//m/,memorymouthdimfirmharmSammakesmanymistakesinhishomework.Tomiscomingwithsomehamandmarmalade./n/,nastynounnaillearncoinpainanicetuneThereisnoneedtolightanightlightonalightnightliketonight;foranightlight'sjustaslightlight./ŋ/wingkingbringsingasongalongstringLateralconsonant5.舌边音/l/(有两种发音)A.如果在元音字母前面,发音“clearl”（“清晰的l”）。舌端抵上齿槽,舌前部向硬颚抬起,让气流从舌两旁的空隙处流过,所以叫舌侧音,也叫旁流音或边音。longleavelionlockcolorfollowLikefather,likesonLetsleepingdogslieHewholaughslastlaughsbest.B.如果/l/在辅音前面或词尾,发“darkl”（“模糊的l”）音.applegirlballmealbellsailruleNomill,nomealSemi-vowels6.半元音/w//j/

/w/与/j/是两个半元音，因为它们的发音位置都与有关元音的发音位置有关系。/w/是个双唇音。它的发音位置与发单元音/u:/的相同,但是没有长度,它只能向元音过渡,起辅音作用,相当于汉语拼音字母(w)在“窝”中所起的声母作用。/w/是个浊辅音。weekwhetherwirewoundlanguagepersuadeWillWallStreet'srewardswaneifworkerswieldpower?/j/是个舌面音。它的发音位置与发单元音/i/的相同,也是没有长度而只向元音过渡,相当于汉语拼音字母(y)在“衣”中所起的声母作用。/j/也是个浊辅音。/j/

yesyouthuseunionEuropenewfewContrastPractice/l/－/n/lock-knockloan-knownslow-snowslip-snip/l/－/r/lent-rentlong-wronglight-rightloyal-royal/w/－/v/wet-vetwire-viawine-vineverywell/j/－/ʤ/jyet-jetyour-jawyear-jeer/tr/－/ʧ/ treat-cheattrees-cheesetrip-chiptrain-chaintrace-chase/dr/－/ʤ/dressed-jestdrug-jugdrudge-judge/ŋ/singingbringingringing/ŋg/longerfingerangryhungerangleEnglandsingular/kw/queenquestionquietquarrelqualityandquantityRulesofreading读音规则(Rulesofreading)：字母的名称音和它的发音是两回事。至于某个字母在某个单词中究竟发什么音，则取决于这个字母在这个词中前后和什么字母结合,根据这个字母在词中所处的不同位置而发出不同的音来。究竟应该如何发音是有一些规律可循的,将这些规律归纳起来,就成为读音规则。Syllables音节(Syllables):音节是包含一个元音或一个元音跟别的辅音结合而成的发音单位。在英语中元音特别响亮,一个元音可以构成一个音节,一般来说,元音可以构成音节,辅音不响亮,不能构成音节。但英语辅音字母中有4个辅音[m]，[n]，[ng]，[l]是响音，它们和辅音音素结合，也可构成音节。它们构成的音节往往出现在词尾，一般是非重读音节。英语的词有一个音节的，两个音节的，多个音节的，一个音节叫单音节，两个音节叫双音节，三个音节以上叫多音节。确定音节时,一不能只看字母的数,二不能只看有没有元音字母,而是要看有没有元音。Typesofsyllables(A)开音节(Opensyllables):分绝对开音节和相对开音节两种。a.绝对开音节：就是在元音字母后面没有辅音字母的音节,如:no,she,me等（无声的e除外）。b.相对开音节：就是在元音字母后面有辅音字母（r除外）,还有一个无声的字母e,如:take,bike,note,mute等(have例外)。不论是绝对开音节还是相对开音节,读音的规则就是发其中元音字母的名称音。Typesofsyllables(B)闭音节(Closesyllables):元音字母后面有辅音字母（r除外）时,这个元音字母构成的音节叫做闭音节。它的读音规则是:

元音字母a读作/æ/;e读作/e/;i读作/i/;o读作/ɔ/;u读作/Λ/,

如:at,cat,shall;desk,best;sit,pig,pick;hot,knock;up,cut,duck等。Typesofsyllables(C)-r音节：元音字母与辅音字母–r结合，构成ar,er,ir,or,ur音节。在-r音节中,ar读作/ɑ:/,

如：car,far,park,star,large,farmer,target,carpet,carpenter,carbon

(例外：war,warm,warp,Mary);

or读作/ɔ:/,

如:short,horse,north,sport,normal,forward

(例外:word,work,worm,world);er,ir,ur都读作/ә:/,

如：her,verb,term,serve,stern,certain

girl,bird,first,shirt,skirt,firm;fur,hurt,burn,turn,nurse,further,curtain(例外：clerk,very,Derby);有一点要注意：在双音节或多音节的词中,r如果是双写,r前的元音字母在重读音节中按闭音节的读音规则发音,例如：marry/æ/,merry/e/,mirror/i/,sorry/ɔ/,hurry/Λ/。

Typesofsyllables(D)-re音节：元音字母与辅音字母组合-re结合，构成are,ere,ire,ore,ure音节。在-re音节中,are读作/εə/,如：care,dare,hare,rarestare,square;ere读作/iә/或/εə/,如：mere,here;there,where(例外：were)；ire读作/aiә/,如：fire,tire,hire;ore读作/ɔ:/,如：more,sore,wore,store;ure读作/juә/或/uә/,如：pure,cure,manure;sure。1、重读音节任何双音节或多音节单词的音标中，有重读音节和非重读音节，哪一个音节重读，该音节的左上方或该音节的元音上方标有重读符号“'”。2、浊化音以sp__,st___,sk___开头的单词清辅音/p//t//k/分别要发浊辅音/b//d//g/。3、定冠词the的读音在以辅音音素开头的单词之前读作/ðə/，如：theday,thekey),thehouse在以元音音素开头的单词前要发/ði:/的音，如：theend,t