Higher-education-in-British英国高等教育简介

HighereducationinBritainHigherEducationintheUKDevelopmentFundingStudents&TeachersTheOpenUniversityOxfordUniversityHighereducationBritishhighereducationhasbecomeamasssystem,enrollingaboutathirdoftheagegroup.Approximately1.8millionstudentscurrentlyareinthehighereducationsystem.Thereare114universityinstitutions(and60highereducationcolleges)intheUK,countingseparatelytheconstituentcollegesofthefederaluniversitiesofWalesandLondon.Inaddition,highereducationprogramsareofferedinmanyfurthereducationcolleges.1.DevelopmentHighereducationhasalonghistoryintheUK,e.g.OxfordandCambridgedatefromthe12thand13thcenturies,whiletheScottishuniversitiesofStAndrews,Glasgow,Edinburghdatefrom14thand15thcenturies.Attheturnofthe20thcenturybeforeWorldWarI,“RedBrickuniversities”-thesixlargecivicuniversitieswerefounded.In1960s,therewasalargeexpansioninthenumbersofuniversitiesandmanynewuniversitieswerebuilt.Thesenewlybuiltuniversitiesarecalledas“Plateglassuniversities”fortheirmodernarchitecturaldesignwhichoftencontainswideexpansesofplateglassinsteelorconcreteframes.2.FundingThevastmajorityofUnitedKingdomuniversitiesaregovernmentfinanced,withonlyoneprivateuniversity--theUniversityofBuckingham,wherethegovernmentdoesnotsubsidizethetuitionfees.Students&TeachersApproximately1.8millionstudentsarecurrentlyenrolledintheUKhighereducationsystem;aboutonethirdofyoungpeoplegoontohighereducationatage18andanincreasingnumberof"mature"studentsarestudyingeitherfull-timeorpart-timeforuniversitydegrees.Thereareabout40,000fulltimeuniversityteacherspaidwhollyfromuniversityfunds.About1in6ofalluniversityteachersareprofessors.DegreeTitlesInBritaindegreetitlesarebasedoncoursesandcredits.ThemostcommontitlesforafirstdegreeareBachelorofArts(BA)andBachelorofScience(BSC),grantedtostudentswhohavepassedexaminationsattheendofthreeorfouryears’study.TheseconddegreeisthatofMaster,includingMasterofArts(MA)andMasterofScience(MSC).ThehighestdegreetitleisDoctorofPhilosophy(PhD)Highereducation

—undergraduatestudyAbachelordegree(BA,BSc,etc)canbeobtainedbyaminimumofthreeyear’sstudyatoneofthemorethan200universitiesorinstitutionsofhighereducationintheUKofferingdegreecourses.Somedegreecourseslastfouryears,theextrayearbeingspentinpracticaltraining,asinmany‘sandwich’degreessuchasengineering,orasayearabroadifstudyingamodernlanguage.Onlyaboutthetop7%oftheagecohortintheUKstudiesforadegree;consequentlyentrytouniversitiesorsimilarinstitutionsishighlycompetitive.Typicalentryrequirementswouldbeatleast3CgradesatALevelforuniversitycoursesandperhaps3gradeDsforentrytootherinstitutionsofhighereducation.HigherEducation

--post-graduatedegreeStudentswhohavecompletedafirstdegreeareeligibletoundertakeapostgraduatedegree,whichincludes:Master’sdegree(oneyear)Doctoratedegree(threeyears)Britishcollegesanduniversitiesmorethan40universities1)Oxford:about30separatecolleges,datingfromthe12thcenturyCambridge:about20separatecolleges,datingfromthe13thcenturyOxbridgeOxbridgeBoatRace2)4Scottishuniversities:datingfromthe15thand16thcenturiesSt.Andrews,Glasgow,Aberdeen,Edinburgh3)post-waruniversities:Keele,Lancaster,York,NewcastleTheuniversitiesofthe19thand20thcenturiesarecalled“redbrick”,usedtocontrastwiththemoredignifiedandsolid-lookingancientstonearchitectureof“Oxbridge”.4)OpenUniversitiesthefreedomofuniversities:reflectedinthedifferentcoursesanddegreesawardedbydifferentuniversitiesB.A.(BachelorofArts)M.A.(MasterofArts)Ph.D.(DoctorofPhilosophy)CollegegradesrunA,B,C,D,E,F.Amaster’sdegreecanbeearnedbyoneortwoacademicyearsofstudybeyondthebachelor’sdegree.ToearnPh.D.takesatleastthreeyearsbeyondthemaster’s.TheOpenUniversityTheOpenUniversityorOU,isadistancelearningandresearchuniversityfoundedin1969.Itisnotableforhavinganopenentrypolicy,i.e.students'previousacademicachievementsarenottakenintoaccountforentrytomostundergraduatecourses.Withmorethan180,000studentsenrolled,includingmorethan25,000studentsstudyingoverseas,theOpenUniversityisthelargestacademicinstitutionintheUnitedKingdomandEuropebystudentnumber,andqualifiesasoneoftheworld'slargestuniversities.

Advantages

A.StudyintheOpenUniversityismuchcheaper.

B.Studentscanworkatthesametimeasgettingthedegree.C.Formostcoursestherearenoentryrequirements.Thisfundamentalopenadmissionspolicymakesundergraduateuniversitystudyaccessibletoall.WorldUniversityRankings2008-Top16(fromgoogle)1.HARVARDUniversityUnitedStates2.YALEUniversityUnitedStates3.UniversityofCAMBRIDGEUnitedKingdom4.UniversityofOXFORDUnitedKingdom5.CALIFORNIAInstituteofTechnologyUnitedStates6.IMPERIALCollegeLondonUnitedKingdom7.UCL(UniversityCollegeLondon)UnitedKingdom8.UniversityofCHICAGOUnitedStates2010年泰晤士报(TIMES)英国大学综合排名

1牛津大学OxfordUniversity

2剑桥大学CambridgeUniversity

3伦敦大学帝国理工学院ImperialCollegeofScience,Technology&Medicine

4圣安德鲁斯大学UniversityofStAndrews

5伦敦大学学院UniversityCollegeLondon

6华威大学UniversityofWarwick

7伦敦政治经济学院LondonSchoolofEconomicsandPoliticalScience

8杜伦大学TheUniversityofDurham

9艾克斯特大学ExeterUniversity

10布里斯托大学UniversityofBristol

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