新标准大学英语综合教程4(unit1-6)课后答案及课文翻译

--PAGE44-Keytobook4unit1-6Unit1Activereading(2)8Lookatthesentencesfromthepassageandidentifythestylefeatures.Twelveyearsatschoolandthreeyearsatuniversity,teachersbangingonaboutopportunitiesinthebigwideworldbeyondourshelteredlifeasstudents,andwhatdoIfind?Thisshowstheinformalityofanincompletesentenceinthefirstpart,theuseofaninformalexpression(bangingon)andarhetoricalquestiontothereader(WhatdoIfind?)TryasImighttostaycheerful,allIevergetishassle,sometimeswithpeople(especiallyboys,god,whenwilltheygrowup?)…Thishastheuseofaninformalword(hassle),aninformalexclamation(god)andaquestiontothereader(Whenwilltheygrowup?)Actually,IhadmyeyeonthecourseattheLondonSchoolofEconomics(LSE).Herethereisadiscoursemarkertypicalofspeech(Actually)andaninformalphrase(hadmyeyeon).4Ikindofunderstandit,andnotjustbecausemydegreeisineconomics.Here“kindof”isasortofdiscoursemarkerofinformalspeech(showingsomethingisgeneral,vagueornotdefinite).Iwantedsomethinginfinanceandinvestments,becauseyouknow,maybewithajoblikethat,Icouldusemydegree.Thishasadiscoursemarkerofinformalspeech(youknow)it’strue,hereallydidseemtohavethreehands.Againhereisadiscoursemarkerofinformalspeech(it’strue).7Italkedtohimabout...well,aboutprettywelleverything…Thishasanotherdiscoursemarkerofinformalspeech(well)andaninformalphrase(prettywell).Languageinusetryas…might3Rewritethesentencesusingtryas…might.I’mtryingtofillthislastpage,butIjustcan’tthinkofanything.TryasImighttofillthislastpage,Ijustcan’tthinkofanything.ItrytobefriendlywithMarta,butshedoesn’tseemtorespond.TryasImighttobefriendlywithMarta,shedoesn’tseemtorespond.3Itryhardtogettosleep,butIcan’thelpthinkingaboutmyfamily.TryasImighttogettosleep,Ican’thelpthinkingaboutmyfamily.Hejustdoesn’tseemtogetthepromotionhedeserves,eventhoughhekeepstrying.Tryashemight,hejustdoesn’tseemtogetthepromotionhedeserves./Tryashemighttogetthepromotionhedeserves,hejustdoesn’tseemtogetit.Ikeeptryingtorememberhername,butmymindisablank.TryasImighttorememberhername,mymindisablank.giventhat…4Rewritethesentencesusinggiventhat…1SinceIknowseverallanguages,IthoughtIwouldlookforworkabroad.GiventhatIknowseverallanguages,IthoughtIwouldlookforworkabroad.2XiaoLihasthebestqualifications,sosheshouldgetthejob.GiventhatXiaoLihasthebestqualifications,sheshouldgetthejob.3Sincewe’reallhere,Ithinkitwouldbeagoodideatogetdowntosomework.Giventhatwe’reallhere,Ithinkitwouldbeagoodideatogetdowntosomework.4Sinceit’sratherlate,Ithinkweshouldleavethislasttaskuntiltomorrow.Giventhatit’sratherlate,Iweshouldleavethislasttaskuntiltomorrow.clausesintroducedbythan5Rewritethesentencesusingclausesintroducedbythan.She’sexperiencedatgivingadvice.I’mmoreexperienced.She’slessexperiencedatgivingadvicethanIam./I’mmoreexperiencedatgivingadvicethansheis.Youeattoomuchchocolate.Itisn’tgoodforyou.Youeattoomuchchocolatethanisgoodforyou.Sheworkedveryhard.Mostdon’tworksohard.Sheworkedharderthanmostpart-timersdo.Youhavearrivedlatetoomanytimes.Thatisn’tacceptable.Youhavearrivedlatemoretimesthanisacceptable.Idon’tthinkyoushouldhavegivensomuchpersonalinformation.Itisn’twise.Ithinkyouhavegivenmorepersonalinformationthaniswise.collocationsReadtheexplanationsofthewords.Answerthequestions.1highlightAhighlightisthemostexciting,impressive,orinterestingpartofanevent.Whatwouldyouliketobethehighlightofyourcareer?Iwouldlikethehighlightofmystudentcareertobetoreceiveanationalawardforthebeststudentresearchproject.Howcanyouhighlightanimportantsentenceinatext?Youcanunderlineitinpencilorpenoryoucanusecolouredpensorhighlighters.Whataretheeditedhighlightsofafootballmatch?Thehighlightsarewhensomeonescoresagoalorpreventsonefrombeingscored.2loanAloanisanamountofmoneysomeoneborrowsfromsomeoneelse.Haveyouevertakenoutaloan?No,Ihaven’t.Butmyparentshavetakenoutseveralloanstobuykitchenequipment.Whatisthebestwaytopayoffaloan?Itisbesttopayaloanoffquickly,althoughyouwillstillhavetopaysomeinterest.Ifyouhavealibrarybookonloan,whatdoyouhavetodowithit?Youhavetoreturnitbeforethedateitisdue,otherwiseyoumayhavetopayafine.3thriveTothrivemeanstobeverysuccessful,happyorhealthy.Whatsortofbusinessthrivesbestinyourpartofthecountry?Inmypartofthecountry,lightindustriesandelectronicscompaniesthrive.Whichsortofplantsthriveinahotclimate?Inahotclimateyoucanseetropicalfruitandvegetablesthriveandalsotropicalplantsandtrees.WhydoyouthinksomecouplesthriveonItisdifficulttounderstandwhysomecouplesthriveonconflict.Maybeeachonewantstocompetewiththeotherormaybetheyenjoy“kissingandmakingup”aftertheconflict.TranslatetheparagraphsintoChinese.Ifyouaskme,reallifeisnotallit’scrackeduptobe.Twelveyearsatschoolandthreeyearsatuniversity,teachersbangingonaboutopportunitiesinthebigwideworldbeyondourshelteredlifeasstudents,andwhatdoIfind?TryasImighttostaycheerful,allIevergetishassle,sometimeswithpeople(especiallyboys,god,whenwilltheygrowup?),butmostlywithmoney.It’sjustsoexpensiveouthere!Everyonewantsasliceoffyou.TheInlandRevenuewantstodeductincometax,thebankmanagerwantsrepaymentsonmystudentloan,thelandlordwantstherent,gas,water,electricityandmymobilebillskeepcomingin,andallthat’sbeforeI’vehadanythingtoeat.Andthensomebrightsparkcallsmeoutoftheblue,askingifI’minterestedinbuyingapension.Atthisrate,Iwon’tevenlasttilltheendoftheyear,letalonetillI’m60.（ 翻译时可以根据上下文增译，即增加原文暗含了但没有直接表达出来的意思。如最后一句译文加了“领养老金”，点出了与上一句的关联。）12到的又是什么呢？无论我怎么想保持心情愉快，麻烦事总是接踵而来：有时是跟人争吵（哪！他们什么时候才能长大？），60岁领养老金了。TranslatetheparagraphsintoEnglish.略了英语学习。第二学期,《英国文学》及《宏观经济学》两门课不及格给我敲响了警钟，这可是我一生中第一次考试不及格，这大大打击了我的自信心。虽然我不是一个容易向命运低头的人，在暑假结束的时候，我还是决定放弃经济学，以免两个专业都难以完成。当我只需修一个专业的时候，一切似乎又回到了正轨。(ifyouaskme;odds;tryas…might;sapone’sconfidence;giventhat;bowtofate;cometoaclose;forfearthat;nowthat)Ifyouaskme,takingasecondmajorisn’tgoodforeveryundergraduate.InmyfreshmanyearasanEnglishmajor,Itookeconomicsasmyminor.Byallodds,Iwasthemosthardworkingstudentinmyclass.ButtryasImighttomeettherequirementsofthetwodifferentsubjects,Istillcouldn’tdowellenoughtopassalltheexams.Giventhatthestudyofeconomicsrequiredagoodcommandofmathematics,IhadtospendsomuchtimeonmaththatIneglectedmyEnglishmajor.FailingEnglishLiteratureandMacroeconomicsinthesecondsemestersoundedthealarmforme.ThiswasthefirsttimeIdidnotpassacourseinmylife,whichhadgreatlysappedmyconfidence.AlthoughIwasnotamanwhowouldeasilybowtofate,asthesummerbreakcametoaclose,IdecidedtogiveupeconomicsforfearthatIwouldfailinbothsubjects.NowthatIhadonlyonesubjecttoattendto,everythingseemedtobeontherighttrackagain.Unit2Activereading(2)Readingandinterpreting7Answerthequestions.Whatisthefirststrugglethathehaswithbooks?Miller’sfirststruggleistoobtainbooksandgethishandsonthem.Whyisitdifficulttolayhandsonthem?ThebooksarenotinthepubliclibrarybecausesomeonehasalreadyborrowedthemandMillerdoesn’thavethemoneytobuythem.Whatsortofbooksareprohibitedforayoungman?Bookswhichareconsideredtobeimmoralforayoungpersontoread.4Whatisthebestwaytobeintroducedtoabook?Throughthepassionaterecommendationofsomeonewhohasreadthebook.5Whatisanunusedbooklyingonashelfcomparedwith?Itiscomparedwithwastedammunition.Thismeansthatitisuseless.Itisalsocomparedtomoneybecauseitshouldbeincirculation.6WhydoesMillersuggestresistingyourimpulsesandnotopeningabookassoonasyougetit?Hesaysyoushouldthinkintenselyaboutthetitle,author,andlikelycontents,imaginingwhatyouwouldhavewrittenyourselfaboutit.Thenyoumayyoudon’tneedtoreadit,or,ifyoudoreadit,youwillreaditwithmoreinterestandacumen.Languageinusewordformation:-ous1Writetheadjectiveswhichdescribe:1awriterwhohasachievedfame(famous)2readerswhoshowcuriosity(curious)someonewhofeelsenvy(envious)aregionwhichisfullofmountains(mountainous)aparcelwhichhasaverylargevolume(voluminous)infinitive/gerundasthesubjectofasentence2Completethesentencesusinginfinitiveorgerundasthesubject.Usuallybothformsarepossible,butyoushouldbeabletojustifyyourchoice.Gettingupearlyinthemorninggivesmemoretimetoorganizetheday.(Toexpressaneverydayactivity)Towriteabest-sellerhasalwaysbeenmydream.(Thisisabitmoreabstractorafar-awaygrandidea)Forgettingtotakebackalibrarybookmaynotseemserious,butitcausesproblemsforotherstudents.(Toexpressanormalactivityformanypeople)Tospendalotoftimereadinginone’schildhoodcanrewardslaterinlife.(Usethemoreabstractformforanimportantidea)Tobeornottothatisthequestion.(InShakespearethiscanbeinterpretedasagrandidea,soheusestheformalway;ifyousay,‘Beingornotbeing…’ismaybemoreimmediateandseemsnormal–butinHamletthesituationisnotnormal)suchis/are…3Rewritethesentencesusingsuchis/are…1Goodwritingissopowerfulthatthereaderthinksthewriterisspeakingdirectlytothem.Thereaderthinksthewriterisspeakingdirectlytothem.Suchisthepowerofgoodwriting.2ThenovelSalmonFishingintheYemenissocharmingthatyoucan’tputitdownevenforamoment.Youcan’tputSalmonFishingintheYemendownevenforamoment.Suchisthecharmofnovel.3Travelissuchapleasurethatyoumayenduplivinginanothercountry.Youmayenduplivinginanothercountry.Suchisthepleasureoftravel.Thesenseofconfusioninthisfilmissogreatthatyoumayfeelyouwanttoleavebeforetheend.Youmayfeelyouwanttoleavebeforetheend.Suchisthesenseofconfusioninthisfilm.Thedifficultiesoftranslationaresoenormousthatmuchofthemeaningislost.Muchofthemeaningislost.Suchistheenormityofthedifficultiesoftranslation.if/whetheritbe…4Rewritethesentencesusingif/whetheritbe…1Isittherighttimetostartthiskindofproject?Askyourselfcarefully.Askyourselfcarefullywhetheritbetherighttimetostartthiskindofproject.2IsittheeditionofDrJohnson’sDictionary?Iverymuchdoubtit.IverymuchdoubtifthisbethefirsteditionofDrJohnson’sDictionary.IsitcommonknowledgethatArthurMillerthoughtlikethis?I’mnotsure.IamnotsureifitbecommonknowledgethatArthurMillerthoughtlikethis.Isitnecessarytoproduceanydocumentswhenmakinganapplication?Perhapsweshouldinquire.Perhapsweshouldinquirewhetheritbenecessarytoproduceanydocumentswhenmakinganapplication.Isittherightwaytotackletheproblem?Idoubtit.Idoubtifitbetherightwaytotackletheproblem.collocations5Readtheexplanationsofthewords.Answerthequestions.confrontThiswordusuallymeanstodealwithadifficultsituation.Whicharethemostimportantproblemswehavetoconfrontintoday’sworld?Thiscouldbealonglist!I’dsay:globalwarming,pollution,watershortages,extremeweatherconditions,localmilitaryconflicts,poverty,famineandhunger,unemployment,tonameonlyafew.Wereyouconfrontedbyanyoneaskingforsomethingonyourwaytoclasstoday?Nottoday,butafewdaysagoIwasconfrontedbysomeoneaskingformoney–whichIdidn’tlikeatall.What’sthebiggestcrisisyou’veeverbeenconfrontedwith?TheproblemthatmygrandfatheriselderlyandhasAlzheimer’sdisease:Heneedsconstantcarebecauseheforgetsordinarythings.Itisdifficultformyparentsandformebecausewealltaketurnstolookafterhim.IrealizedwhatthiswasreallylikewhenIhadtolookafterhimforaweekendwhenmyparentswereaway,butIdiscoveredIhavealotmorepatiencenow.Soperhapsthiscrisishashelpedustodevelopsomegoodqualities,althoughitisactuallyaverydifficulttimeforallofus.idleThiswordusuallymeansnotbeingused,lazy,orwithoutanyrealreasonorpurpose.Ifsomeoneisidlebynature,whatdon’ttheylikedoing?Theydon’tlikedoingworkorotherthingsthattheyshoulddobutwhichtheydon’tlikedoing.Ifmachineryisidle,whatisn’titdoing?Themachineryisnotbeingused.Ifsomeonepicksupabookoutofidlecuriosity,dotheyhaveastrongmotivationtoreadit?Notreally,theyjusthaveaslightcuriositytoseewhatthebookis,buttheyhavenorealinterest.Ifsomeonemakesyouanidlethreat,doyoutakeitseriously?No,youdon’tbecauseyouknowthatthethreathasnorealpurpose.tackleThiswordusuallymeanstochallengesomeoneorsomething,ortomakeanattempttodealwithaproblem.Whatarethemainissuesthegovernmentneedstotackleinthenearfuture?Well.Isupposethereareseveralissueswhichneedtobetackled,includingrisingpricesandemploymentinsomeplaces,orsomesocialproblemsinafewareas.Howdoyoutacklesomeoneabouttheirideasandopinions?Iaminclinedtobedirectandsimplyaskthemabouttheiropinionsandideas.IthinktheywilltellmehonestlyiftheybelieveIamreallyinterestedinwhattheythink.Ifyoutacklesomeoneinagameoffootball,whathaveyoumanagedtodo?Youhavemanagedtogettheballawayfromthemsothatyourteamcankeeptheballforamoment.withstandThiswordusuallymeanstobestrongenoughnottobeharmedordestroyedbysomething,ortobeabletodealwithadifficultsituation.WhatsortofdefencescanwithstandadirectTowithstandadirectattackyouneedstrongdefenceswhicharewellplaced.Whatsortofclothesallowyoutowithstandthecoldinwinter?Towithstandthecoldinwinter,youneedthick,warmclothes.Canyouwithstandthepressureofhavingtoproduceregularassignmentsonyourcourse?Yes,Ican.Actually,ourteachersgenerallygiveusourassignmentsatintervalsandweusuallyknowwellinadvancewhatweshould.Soaslongasyougetonwiththework(anddon’tleaveituntilthelastminute!)thepressureisnottoobadandwecanmanage.6TranslatetheparagraphintoChinese.Indubitablythevastmajorityofbooksoverlaponeanother.Fewindeedarethosewhichgivetheimpressionoforiginality,eitherinstyleorincontent.Rarearetheuniquebooks–lessthan50,perhaps,outofthewholestorehouseofliterature.Inoneofhisrecentautobiographicalnovels,BlaiseCendrarspointsoutthatdeGourmont,becauseofhisknowledgeandawarenessofthisrepetitivequalityinbooks,wasabletoselectandreadallthatisworthwhileintheentirerealmofliterature.Cendrarshimself–whowouldsuspectit?–isaprodigiousreader.Hereadsmostauthorsintheiroriginaltongue.Notonlythat,butwhenhelikesanauthorhereadseverylastbookthemanhaswritten,aswellashislettersandallthebooksthathavebeenwrittenabouthim.Inourdayhiscaseisalmostunparalleled,Iimagine.For,notonlyhashereadwidelyanddeeply,buthehashimselfwrittenagreatmanybooks.Allontheside,asitwere.For,ifheisanything,Cendrars,heisamanofaction,anadventurerandexplorer,amanwhohasknownhowto“waste”histimeroyally.Heis,inasense,theJuliusCaesarofliterature.（everylastbookthemanhaswritten等于allthebookshehaswritten。注意这段话的逻辑关系。Ifheisanything,heisamanof…一句中的if从句起强调作用，说明他不是一个书生或思想家，而是一个行动家。此处需灵活翻译。）不容置疑的是，大多数书都互相重复，在文体或内容上让人感到具有独创性的书实在是少之又——不到50本——是独具一格的。在最近出版的···古尔蒙之所以能够选择并通读文学领域中一切值得读的书籍，就是因为他知识渊博，了解书的这种重复性。没有人会怀疑桑德拉尔本人就是一个博览群书的人，他阅读了大部分独具个性的作家的作品。不仅如此，一旦他喜欢上一个作家，就会阅读这个人写的每一本书，包括他的书信以及所有有关他的书籍。我猜想，在当今世上，像他这样的情况是绝无仅有的，他不仅读得广，读得深，而且本人还著述颇丰。这一切似乎都是在业余时间完成的。因为从本质上讲，他是一个十足的行动家，一个四处跋涉的冒浪费7TranslatetheparagraphsintoEnglish.世界的特权。ItwasnotuntilafterhehadgraduatedfromuniversityandstartedtoworkthatZhangLeibecameawareofthepleasureofreading.Reflectingonhisundergraduatestudies,helamentedthathe,unlikehisclassmateswhohadimmersedthemselvesinvariousinterestingbookstheywereabletolayhandsonfromthelibraryorbookshop,hadonlyreadtextbooks,noneofwhichwasreallyworthwhile,orcouldbereadinonesitting.Hewasdeprivedoftheprivilegeofgainingaccesstothewriters’fantasticworldsthroughthewindowstheirbookshaveopened,sotospeak.如今，他嗜书如命，废寝忘食，好像要把大学期间没机会读的好书全都读一遍。到目前为止(reflecton;inonesitting;layhandson;immersein;worthwhile;privilege;withstand;vista)Nowhehasbecomeanavidandomnivorousreader.Itisasifhewantstomakeupforthosemarvelousbookshehadn’thadachancetoreadinhisuniversitydays.Bynow,inhissparetime,hehasreadseveralhundredsofbooks,includingnovels,biographiesandtravelnotes.Herealizesthatbookscannotonlyrevealtohimthevistaofahopefulfutureandhelphimwithstandstressesandstrains,theycanalsohelphimclearupsomemisconceptionsanddiscoverthetruemeaningoflife.Unit3Activereading(1)BackgroundinformationFashionisgenerallydividedintosubsectors:menswear,womenswear,sportswearandstreetwear,hosiery(socks,tights,stockings),formalwearandcasualwear.Fashionandthechoiceofwhatclotheswebuyandwearisinfluencedbyourbeliefs,attitudesandpersonality.Butthispassageshowsthatthestockmarketcanalsobeaninfluence.CulturepointsTheCaliforniangoldrush(1848–1855)wasaperiodofrapidmigrationofminersandotherworkersintoCaliforniafollowingthedramaticdiscoveryofgoldintheSierraNevada.ItledtothesettlementofCalifornia.SwingingLondonisatermthatdescribesfashionandculturaltrendsinmusicandthemediainmid-1960sBritain,especiallyLondon.Iconsofthetimeincludedtheminiskirt,theminicar,thefirstsupermodelslikeTwiggy(whowasfamousforbeingverythin)andfashionableshoppingstreetsforclothes(likeCarnabyStreetandKingsRoadinLondon).Thehippiemovementbeganintheearly1960sinCaliforniaandspreadinternationally.Hippieshadareputationforsocialrebellion(egwithdrugsandsexualbehaviour)andalternativelifestyles(egincommunes).Theytriedtofindanewwayoflifewhichvaluedpeace,individuality,andreligiousandculturaldiversity.Themovementinfluencedpopularmusic,TVandfilm,literatureandthearts.Hippiefashionsincludedlongfullskirts,bell-bottomedjeans,home-madeandtie-dyedgarments,theuseofflowerdesigns(whichrepresentedpeaceandlove),andinfluencesfromnon-Westernculturesinheadscarves,headbands,braceletsandlongbeadednecklaces.Thepunkperiodfeaturesfashionsthatexpressedangeragainstsocietyandincludedbrightlycolouredhair,rippedclothesandstuddedbelts.TheNewRomanticswasayouthfashionmovement,developedin1960sinLondon.Itisstronglyassociatedwithmusic,whichwasinspiredbyhistoricalperiods,especiallytheEnglishRomanticMovement.Fashionshadadramatic,flamboyantlookwithlusciousfabrics,looseshirtswithfrillsandshortshirtcollars,unfolded,withtopbuttonsunfastenedandusingmonotonecolours.Powerdressingisastylishandperhapsexpensivewayofdressing(usuallyforbusiness,theprofessionsorpolitics)whichisintendedtogivetheimpressionthatthepersonwearingtheclothesisassertiveandcompetent,throughtheuseofstructuredshapes,shoulderpads,smartfabrics,highheelsandcleancutstylingintheformofworkuniform.Whetherwearingparticularstylesofclothingempowersthewearerorwhethernewly-empoweredpeoplesimplywearclothesthatreflecttheirachievementsisanopenquestion.MiamiVicewasaclassic1980sTVcrimedramaabouttwodetectiveswhogoundercovertofightdrugtraffickers.Theseries–andthe2006film–wasnotedforitsstronguseofmusicandvisualeffects;ithasbeenrebroadcastaroundtheworld.DuringthefiveyearsofmakingthisTVseriestheproducersexplicitlysoughttheadviceofdesigners(egGianniVersace,HugoBoss)inordertodisplaythelatestEuropeanfashiontrends,withtheresultthatMiamiasignificantinfluenceon1980smen’sfashionintheUSAandelsewhere,andevenonthe2000srevival(itwascalled“retro”or“retrospectivestyle”).TheclothingstyleoftheTVdetectives,SonnyCrockettandRicoTubbs,hadpastelcolouredT-shirtsandsuits,nosocks,sunglasses,andanunshavenappearanceofasmallamountofbeardstubble.HeavymetalmusicisakindofrockmusicthatdevelopedintheUKandUSAinthelate1960sandearly1970s,characterizedbyloudness,speed,distortedamplifiedsoundsandextendedguitarsolos.Converseisacompanywhichhasproducedbasketballshoessince1917,especiallytheChuckTaylorAllStarstrainers(oftenabbreviatedto“Chucks”or“Cons”),namedafterthebasketballplayerwhocontributedtothedesignandwasthecompany’sbestsalesman.Nikeisaleadingsupplierofsportswearandequipment.ThisAmericancompanystartedmakingNikeshoesin1971.TheyarenamedaftertheGreekwingedgoddessofvictory.Thestockmarketindexesshowtheperformanceofthestockmarket,typicallyreflectingtheriseandfallofthesharesoflargecompanies,egtheFTSE(also“footsie”)isanindexofthetop100companieslistedontheLondonstockexchangeandtheNikkei225isanindexofthestockmarketinTokyo.LanguagepointsNohistoryoffashionintheyears1960to2010canoverlookorunderestimatetwoconstantfactors:theubiquitousjeansand...(para1)Thewordubiquitousmeanspresenteverywhere.Thustheubiquitousjeansmeansthatjeanscanbefoundeverywhere.Exactlywhywomenshouldwanttoexposemoreorlessoftheirlegsduringperiodsofeconomicboomandbustremainsamystery.Aneconomicboomisasuddenincreaseintrade,businessactivityanddevelopmentinaparticularareaorregion;aneconomicbustisabusinessfailureorbankruptcybecauseoflackofmoney.Theexpressioneconomicboomandbustdescribescyclesinwhichaboomperiodofgrowth,highproductionandrisingpricesisfollowedbyeconomicdecline,contractionandunemploymentbeforeanewcycle.Whenevertheeconomicoutlookisunsettled...(para2)Theeconomicoutlookisunsettledmeanstheeconomyisunstable,thatis,theeconomyhasproblemsandislikelytochangesuddenly,makingpeopleuncertainaboutwhatmayhappeninthefuture.ItwasgivengreaterrespectabilitywhenthegreatFrenchdesigner,developeditintoanitemofhighfashion.(para4)Forawhiletheminiskirtwascontroversialandnotrespectablebecauseitshowedalargeextentofthewearer’slegs,butwhenCourrègesdevelopeditinParisfashionshows,thisgaveapprovalandsupport,becausetheminiskirtcouldbeconsideredanitemofhighfashion(havinghighstatusfromaParisfashionhouse)butthepredominantcoloursbecameolivegreenandoatmeal.(para10)Predominantcoloursrefertothemostcommoncoloursorthosewhichseemmoreimportantorpowerfulwhichweredescribedbyonecommentatoras“theprimandproperlookisin…”(para11)Afashionisinwhenitisaneworcurrentstyle,oroutwhenitisout-of-date.Duringthewholeperiod,fashionstyleshaverangedwidely,andhaveusuallybeensparkedoffbyadesiretoidentifypeopleasbelongingtoaparticularsub-culture.(para14)Duringthewholeperiod,therehasbeenawiderangeofdifferentfashionstyles,whichwereusuallystartedbypeople’swishtoshowtheiridentityinawaythatwouldmakethemdistinctfromtheresetofsociety.VocabularysupportThefollowingaresometermsrelatedtoclothingthatappearinthepassage.Understandingofthesetermsmayhelpwithreadingcomprehensionofthepassage.Hemlinereferstothebottomedgeofadressorskirt.Itshowsthelengthofwomen’sskirtsanddresses–thislengthchangesaccordingtofashion.Denimisathickcottoncloththatisusuallyblueandisusedespeciallytomakejeans.ThenamecomesfromFrenchDeNîmes(“fromNimes”,acityinthesouthFrance).SuchclothwasmadebothinFranceandEnglandinthe17thcentury.ThewordjeanscomesfromGenoa.Sailorsfromthe17th-centuryrepublicofGenoaworkedinFranceandworetrousersmadeofamixofcotton,linenand/orwoolwhichwasmadenearTurininItaly.Bleachedjeanswerealsofashionable.Theyhadbeenthefashionofthe17th-centurysailors,whosetrouserslosttheircolourwhentheywerewashedinseawaterandwereexposedtothesun.Therearevariousdifferentfitstojeanswhichincludebaggy,boot-cut,flares,wideleg,twistedandskinnyjeans.Miniskirtisaveryshortskirtofmid-thighlength.Amicrominiskirtisshorter,uptotheupperthigh;amidiisaskirtwithamoderatelengthbelowtheknee,perhapsmid-calflength;amaxiisanankle-lengthskirt.Apairsoftightsisapieceofwomen’sclothingthattightlycoversthefeetandlegsuptothewaist;stockingsonlycoverthefeetandlegs,andareheldupwithsuspenders.Flareisashapethatbecomeswideratoneend.Aflared“bell-bottom”stylereferstotrouserswithflaredlegs–theygetwidertowardsthefootandtheendisevenwider,likeabell.Apreppystylemeanswearingclassicdesignerclotheswithgoodfabricstopresentaneat,smart,well-balancedappearancewithbrightcoloursandacleanlook.Apreppylifestyleishappy,friendlyandsociable,withgoodmanners.Thewordpreppyisanabbreviationofpreparatory,whichreferstoprivateorboardingschoolswhicharepreparationforcollege,whichreflectsthestyleofapreppylook.Chinosaretrouserswhichareatypeoflight-weightcottonclothmadeofchinoclothortwill,atypicalformofsmartbutcasualdress.Ahoodispartofacoatorjacketthatcoversyourhead;ahoodie(orhoody)isajacketorsweatshirtwithahood.Primclothesareneat,sensibleandproper,showingverylittleofyourbody.Primandproperfashionsarecareful,modest,formalanddemure,arespe