2023年英语考研真题及解析

２０２3年考研英语真题和答案SecｔionIUseｏfEnglishＤirｅctionｓ:Ｒeadtｈefollowingtexｔ.Ｃhｏoseｔhebesｔｗord（s）foreachnumberedblａｎｋandmarｋ[A]，[B],[C]or[D］oｎANＳWERSHEET1．(10poiｎｔs)Ｂy1830ｔheｆormｅrＳｐanishandPortugueseｃolｏnｉeshaｄbecｏｍeindependｅntｎaｔioｎs.Theroｕｇhly２0ｍilｌioｎｏfthesenatioｎsｌｏｏkｅdtｏｔhefuture.BoｒninthecrｉsisofthｅoldregimｅanｄIberianColｏniａlisｍ,ｍanyｏfthｅleadersofｉndepｅndencetheiｄeａｌsofreｐreseｎtativｅｇｏｖernｍent，cａreerstｏtalｅnt，frｅedｏmoｆcomｍeｒceaｎdtrade，theｔoprivatepropeｒty，aｎｄabｅlieｆｉnthｅinｄividualaｓｔhebasisofｓoｃiｅtｙ.therewasａbelieｆthatｔhｅnewnａtｉonsshｏuｌdｂeｓoveｒeignandiｎdependeｎtstaｔes，ｌaｒgｅeｎouｇhtobeecoｎｏｍｉｃａllyviableegrａｔedbyａsｅｔoｆlａws.Onｔｈeｉssuｅｏfofｒｅlｉgionandthepositionoftｈｅchuｒch,,thereｗaslｅssagreementtheleａdeｒship.RｏmaｎCatholicisｍhadbeentｈesｔatｅrelｉgiｏnaｎdｔheoｎlyonebytｈｅSｐanｉshcrｏｗn.ｍｏstleａdeｒssougｈｔｔomaintaiｎCatholicisｍtheoｆｆiciaｌreｌigionofthenewｓtatｅｓ,soｍｅsoｕｇhttoｅndtheofotheｒｆaithｓ．ThedｅfeｎseofｔｈeChurｃhbecａmearallyinｇｆoｒthｅconsｅｒvativｅfoｒces.Tｈeidealsｏftｈｅearlyｌeａdｅrsofｉnｄeｐendencewereoｆtenegalitarian,valuingequalityoｆeverｙthing.BｏlivarｈａｄｒeceivｅｄaiｄfromHaｉtiａnｄｈａdｉnreｔuｒntoabolishslａveryｉntheaｒeaｓheliｂｅraｔed.Bｙ1８54slaｖerｙｈadbeenabｏｌｉsｈedeveryｗhereexｃeptＳｐａiｎ’ｓｃolｏｎieｓ．EａmｉｓesｔoendInｄiantribｕｔｅandtaxesonpｅoplｅｏfmiｘeｄorigｉncaｍeｍuchbecausethenewnａtｉｏnsｓtiｌlnｅededtherevenuesuchpoliｃies.Eｇalitarｉaｎsentｉmenｔsｗereofｔｅntemperｅdbyfｅarｓthatｔhemassofｔhｅpopulatioｎｗaｓself-ruｌｅanｄdeｍｏcracｙ.1.［Ａ]natiｖｅs[Ｂ]inhａｂitaｎts［C]peoples［Ｄ]indivｉｄuals2．[A］ｃonｆｕｓedｌy[B]chｅerfuｌlｙ[Ｃ]wｏrｒiedｌy[D]hoｐｅfulｌy３．[Ａ]shareｄ［Ｂ]forgoｔ[C]atｔaｉned［D］ｒeｊeｃteｄ4.[A]reｌatｅｄ[Ｂ]close[C]oｐen[D］dｅvｏteｄ5.[Ａ]aｃcess[B］sｕccessiｏn[C]ｒight［D]return６．[A]Presumaｂly［B]Incidentally［C]Oｂｖiｏuｓｌy[D]Gｅｎeｒａlly7.[A]unique[B]ｃｏmmon[C]pａｒtｉculaｒ[D]ｔyｐical８.[Ａ]fｒeedoｍ[Ｂ]origiｎ[Ｃ]iｍpａcｔ［Ｄ］reｆｏrｍ９．[A]therefore[B]howｅvｅｒ[C]ｉndｅed[Ｄ]moreover10.[Ａ]witｈ[B]about[C]amoｎg[D]by11.[Ａ]aｌｌowed[Ｂ]preaｃhed[C]gｒanｔed[D]fｕnｄｅd12．［A］Sｉnｃe[B]If［C]Unｌeｓs［D］Whｉｌｅ13.[A]as[Ｂ]for[C]undeｒ［D]againｓt１4.[A]spｒead[B]iｎteｒferencｅ[Ｃ]eｘclusion［D]infｌuence１5．[A］supｐｏrｔ[Ｂ]cry[C]plｅa［D]wish１6．［Ａ]urged[Ｂ]inteｎdｅd［C]exｐecｔed[D]promiseｄ17.[A]cｏntrolling[Ｂ］forｍer[C]rｅｍainｉｎg[D]original１8．［A]sｌower[Ｂ]fａster[C]ｅasiｅr[D]toｕgher19.[A]ｃｒeatｅｄ[B]prｏｄucｅｄ[Ｃ］contribｕｔed［D]pｒeferrｅd20.［A]puzｚlｅｄbｙ[B]ｈostilｅto[C]ｐesｓｉmiｓtｉｃａbｏuｔ[D]ｕｎpｒepaｒｅdｆｏrＳecｔioｎIIReaｄingＣｏmｐrｅｈenｓionPaｒtＡＤiｒeｃtions:Readtheｆoｌｌｏｗingfｏurteｘｔs．Answerthequeｓtionsbeloweａchtextbyｃhooｓinｇ[A］,[Ｂ]，[Ｃ］，or[D].MarkyｏｕｒanswｅrsonANSWEＲＳHＥET1.(40points）Tｅxt1Ifyoｕwereｔｏexａmineｔhｅbirｔhｃｅｒtificatesofeveryｓoccerplayeｒｉｎ２０23’sWorlｄCuptｏurnaｍent，youwouｌdmostliｋeｌyｆinｄａnoｔeworｔhyquｉｒk:elitｅsｏcｃerplayersarｅｍｏｒelikelytohaｖebeenｂornintheeａrliｅrmonthsｏfthｅyｅartｈａninthｅlatｅrmoｎtｈｓ.IfｙouthenexaｍinedｔheEurｏpｅａnnationａｌｙouｔhteamsthaｔfeedｔhｅWorldＣuｐandproｆessioｎaｌraｎｋs,yｏｕｗoｕldｆindthissｔrangepｈeｎoｍenontobeｅvｅnmｏrｅpronounceｄ.Ｗｈａtmiｇhtaccｏunｔforｔhiｓｓtrａngephenomeｎon?Hｅreａｒeafｅwguesses:a)ｃｅrtaｉnastrologicalｓignｓconfersｕperiｏrsoccersｋills;b)winter-borｎbabｉｅｓtenｄtohavehigｈeｒoxyｇencａpaｃｉtｙ，ｗhiｃhincｒeasessｏccｅrstａmina；ｃ)socｃer-madpareｎｔsareｍｏreｌikeｌyｔｏconcｅivechildrenｉnsｐrｉngtｉｍe，ａttheanｎｕalｐｅakofsoccermania；d）nonｅoｆtheabove.AｎdersEricsｓｏn，ａ58－yｅar-oｌdｐsyｃhｏlｏgyprｏfessｏｒａｔFｌoｒｉｄaStａteＵniverｓity,ｓａｙshｅbｅlievesstrｏnglyin“noneofｔｈeaｂove．”EricssongrewupinＳwedeｎ，andstｕｄiedｎuｃｌearengineeringuｎtilherealizedｈewｏｕｌdhａvｅmoreopportｕnityｔoconducthisｏwｎresｅaｒcｈｉｆｈｅsｗiｔchedtopｓychology.Ｈｉｓfirｓtexｐerｉmｅｎｔ,ｎearlｙ30yｅarsago，iｎvolvｅｄmｅｍory:trainingapeｒsonｔohｅａｒaｎdｔheｎｒeｐeatａrandoｍsｅrｉｅｓofnumbers.“Ｗiththefｉrstsubｊect,ａｆterabout20ｈoursoftｒａｉning,hisｄｉｇitspａnhadｒisｅnfrom7to２0,”Ericssonrｅｃaｌls.“Hｅｋeptｉmproｖing,andafｔｅraｂｏut200ｈouｒsoｆtｒaininghehadrisenｔｏoveｒ８0ｎumbｅrｓ.”Ｔhisｓucceｓs，coupｌedwithlaterresｅarchshowiｎgｔｈａｔmemorｙitsｅlfisｎoｔgｅnｅticａllyｄetermineｄ,leｄErｉcsｓontoｃoncｌudeｔｈａttheａｃｔofmemｏrizingｉsmoreofaｃogｎitｉvｅeｘｅrｃｉsethananintuitiveｏnｅ.Inoｔhｅrworｄs，wｈaｔevｅrinｂornｄiｆfｅｒｅnｃeｓtwopｅoplemayexhｉｂiｔｉｎthｅｉrａｂｉlｉtiｅsｔｏmｅmｏriｚe,ｔhoｓediffｅrencesaｒesｗampedbyhowwelleachpeｒsｏn“encodｅs”rmatiｏn.Andthebｅｓtwayｔoleaｒｎhｏwtoencoｄｅｉnformaｔｉonmeanｉngfｕlly，Ericssｏndｅterminｅｄ,ｗasaｐrocｅssknｏwnａsdeliberaｔepractｉcｅ.Ｄｅliberatepracticeentailsmorethansｉmplｙｒｅpeatｉngａtａｓk.Rathｅr,iｔｉnvolｖｅssettingspｅcifｉcｇoaｌs,obtaｉninｇiｍmediａｔeｆeeｄbaｃkandconｃeｎｔratiｎgａsmｕｃhｏnｔechｎｉｑueasonoutｃome.Erｉcｓsoｎandｈiscollｅaguｅshaｖethｕｓtakentoｓtudyingeｘpeｒtｐerformeｒsｉnawｉｄerangeofpursｕits,ｉｎcｌudingｓocｃer．Theygａthｅrallthedatatｈeyｃａｎ,notjustpeｒformａｎcｅsｔatiｓticsａndbｉogｒaｐhiｃaｌdｅtaｉlsbuｔalsotheresｕｌtsofｔheirownｌaｂorａtｏryeｘperiｍentswithｈighacｈieｖｅｒs.Theirworkmakesaｒatherｓtarｔlingａsｓertｉｏn：thetｒaitｗecommonlycalltalentishighlyoｖerｒated.Oｒ,ｐutanoｔｈeｒway，expertperｆormers–whetheｒinmemoｒyoｒｓuｒgｅry,ｂalletoｒcomputerprogrammiｎｇ–arenearlｙａlwａｙsmade,notborn．2１．Ｔheｂirthdayｐheｎomｅnoｎfoundamongsｏｃcerｐｌayeｒｓisｍeｎtｉｏneｄｔo[A]stresstｈｅimportａnｃeｏｆｐroｆessionaｌtraｉｎiｎg.[B］spotlightthesoccｅrsupｅrstａrsiｎtheWoｒldCｕp．[C］ｉnｔｒoducethetｏpicofｗhａtmakeｓｅｘpｅｒtｐｅrforｍance.[D]eｘｐｌainwhysｏｍesocｃeｒｔeamｓpｌaybetｔeｒthａnｏｔherｓ.22.Theword“mａnｉa”（Liｎｅ4,Ｐaｒagｒａpｈ2)ｍｏstｐrobablymeans[A]ｆun.[B］craｚe.[C]hyｓteｒia.[D］ｅｘcitement.23.AｃｃｏrdｉngｔoＥｒｉcsson,goｏdｍemory［A]dependsonｍeａningfulpｒoｃessiｎｇofinfoｒmatioｎ．［B］resultsｆｒomｉntuitiveratherthaｎcｏgｎｉtｉvｅexerciｓes．[C］isdeｔｅrminedｂygｅneｔicｒatheｒｔhａnpsychologｉcａｌｆａctorｓ.[D]requiresimmｅｄiatefｅｅｄbackaｎdａhighdegreｅofcoｎcentrａtiｏn.２4.Ericssonaｎdｈiscolｌeａｇuesbelｉeｖｅthａｔ[Ａ]ｔaleｎtisadominatｉngfaｃtorfoｒｐrofｅssiｏｎalsucｃess．[B]bｉoｇｒapｈicａldataｐrovｉdetｈｅkeｙtoexcellenｔperｆormance.[C]thｅroleoftａｌenttendstobeｏｖeｒlookeｄ.[D]highachｉeversoweｔｈｅirsuｃcｅssmoｓｔlytｏnｕrture.25.Ｗhichofthefollowingprｏｖerbsiscloｓesttotheｍessagetheteｘttriｅstｏconvｅｙ?[A]“Fａithwｉlｌmoｖemｏunｔａiｎｓ.”[B］“Ｏnereapswhatｏnesows.”[C]“Prａcticemakｅｓpｅrｆeｃｔ.”[D]“Ｌikeｆatheｒ，likeson．”Text2Fortheｐastsevｅralyeａrs，ｔheＳｕndaｙnewspapｅrsuｐplementＰaradeｈａsfｅatｕreｄａcoluｍnｃallｅd“AskMaｒilyn．”ＰeopleareinvitedtoqueryMariｌynvｏsSavaｎt,ｗhoaｔａge10hａdｔeｓｔeｄatameｎtaｌlevelofsoｍeonｅaboｕｔ2３yeaｒsoｌｄ;thaｔgaveheranIQof2２8–ｔheｈｉｇhｅsｔscorｅeｖｅｒrecｏｒdｅd.ＩQtestsａskyoutｏcompｌｅｔeverｂａlandvisｕａlａｎaｌoｇｉes,toenvisｉonpapeｒafｔｅｒithasbｅenfoｌdeｄanｄｃｕt,aｎdtodｅducenumｅricalseｑuenceｓ,ａmonｇoｔｈersｉｍilarｔａsｋs.SｏitｉsaｂitｃonfuｓingwｈenvosSaｖaｎtfieldsｓuｃhｑueriesfrｏmtheａｖerageJoe（whosｅIQis1０0)as,What’sthｅdiｆfereｎcebetweｅnｌoveandfonｄｎｅｓs?Ｏrｗhａｔｉstｈenaｔuｒｅofluckaｎdcoiｎｃiｄeｎcｅ？Iｔ’snoｔobvｉoｕｓｈowtｈecaｐaciｔｙｔoｖiｓualｉzeobjectsａｎdtofigｕreouｔnuｍeｒicaｌｐａtternｓｓuitｓonｅtoａnsｗｅrｑuestｉonsthathaveeludｅdｓoｍeoｆtheｂｅstpoeｔsaｎｄｐｈiｌoｓoｐｈers.Clｅaｒｌｙ,inｔelliｇｅｎceeｎcomｐassesmoｒｅtｈanａscoｒeｏnａtｅｓt.Jｕｓtｗhａｔdoesitmeaｎｔobesｍａrt?Ｈowmuｃhofinｔelｌｉgeｎceｃanbespecｉfieｄ,aｎdhowmuchcanwｅlearｎａbｏuｔｉｔｆｒoｍneurologｙ,geｎｅtics，compuｔersｃienceanｄｏtｈｅrfieldｓ?TｈedeｆiｎiｎｇｔｅrmelｌigeｎceiｎhumａnｓstillsｅemｓtobｅtｈeIQｓcｏre,eｖｅnthoｕghIQtestsaｒenotgｉｖenasoftenastheyｕsedtｏｂe.Thｅｔeｓprｉｍａrilyintｗofoｒms：theＳtanford-ＢiｎetIntellｉgencｅSｃaｌeanｄtheWｅcｈslerIntｅｌligenceScaｌｅs(bｏtｈcomeinａdulｔandchｉlｄｒen’sversion）.Geｎerallycosｔｉngsevｅralhundredｄｏllａrs，theyaｒｅusuallygivenoｎlybｙpsycholｏgｉsts,aｌtｈoughｖａriａtiｏnｓofｔhｅmpopulａｔeｂookstoresandthｅWorlｄWiｄeＷeb．SuｐeｒｈighsｃｏｒｅslikeｖosSavａｎt’sarenolｏngerpoｓｓibｌe,becausｅscoringｉｓｎoｗbaｓedonaｓtatiｓtiｃalpopｕlatｉｏnｄiｓｔｒibutionaｍongagｅｐeers,ratｈerｔｈａnsiｍｐlydividｉnｇtｈementalagｅbythｅｃｈronologicalａgeaｎdmultｉplyｉngbｙ1００．Ｏtｈｅrｓｔandardizedtests，suｃhａｓthｅSｃhｏlasticAsseｓｓｍｅntTest（SＡＴ)andtｈｅGｒaduaｔｅＲｅcordＥｘaｍ(GRE）,cａpｔurｅthemａinａspectsofＩQtests．Suchsｔanｄardizedteｓtsmａyｎotaｓseｓｓaｌltheimpoｒtantelｅmｅｎtsnecessａrytosuccｅediｎschｏolandinｌife,arｇuesRｏbｅrｔJ.Sternberｇ.Inhｉsartｉcｌe“ＨoｗＩｎｔelligentIsIntｅlligenceTｅｓtiｎｇ?”,Stｅrnbｅrgｎotesthattrａditionaltｅsｔｂestassessanalｙticaｌandverbaｌｓｋillｓｂutｆａｉltomeａsｕｒecｒeativｉtyａｎdpracticalkｎｏwledｇｅ，componentsalsocriｔicaltoprｏｂlemsｏlvinｇandliｆesuccess.Ｍｏｒeｏver,ＩＱｔestsdonoｔnecｅssaｒｉlyprｅdicｔsｏwellｏnｃepopulaｔｉonsorsiｔｕationsｃｈange.ReｓｅarchhasfoundtｈatＩQprediｃtｅｄleadershipskillswheｎｔｈｅtestsweregｉveｎunderlｏw－sｔｒeｓｓconditｉoｎｓ,butｕｎdｅrhigｈ-sｔｒesｓｃoｎdiｔiｏns，IQwasnegaｔｉvｅｌyｃｏrrelatedwiｔhleａｄｅrsｈｉp–thatiｓ,iｔpredictedｔｈeｏｐposite.ＡnyonewhohastoilｅdthｒougｈSＡTwilltestifyｔhattest-takiｎgskillalsｏmaｔters,wｈｅtheriｔ’skｎowiｎgｗheｎtoguessorwhatquｅstionstoskｉｐ.26.Wｈichofthefｏllｏwingmａyberequiredｉｎａｎinｔeｌlｉgｅｎcｅtｅst?[A]Ａｎsweｒingpｈiｌosｏphicalqueｓｔｉons．［B]Foldingｏrcuｔｔingpaperiｎtodiｆferｅnｔｓhａｐes.[C]Tｅllingｔhｅdiｆfｅreｎcｅsbetｗeeｎceｒtaiｎcoｎceｐts.[D]Chｏosingwｏrdsoｒgraｐhｓsimilartotｈegiveｎｏneｓ.27.WhatｃａｎbｅinferredaboutｉnteｌｌiｇencetesｔinｇｆromParagｒａpｈ3？[A]PeｏplenｏｌongeruseＩQscｏresａsaｎｉndicatorｏｆintｅllｉgenｃe.[B]MoreｖersiｏｎsｏfＩＱtesｔｓａｒenowavａiｌabｌｅonｔheIｎteｒnet.[C］Ｔｈetｅｓtｃoｎtentsaｎｄforｍatsfｏradｕｌtsaｎｄcｈilｄreｎmayｂeｄｉffeｒeｎt.[D]Ｓcientistshavｅdefineｄtheimportａntelemｅｎｔsofhumanintelligｅnce.28.PｅoplenoｗadaysｃａnｎoｌoｎgｅrａchｉeveIQｓcoresashigｈａsｖosSａvaｎt’sbecausｅ[A]ｔｈｅscoｒeｓareobtaiｎedｔｈroｕghdiffeｒeｎtcompｕtａtionalｐrｏceｄureｓ.[Ｂ]crｅativitｙratheｒｔhaｎanaｌytiｃalｓkｉllsisemphasizｅｄnow.［Ｃ]vosSaｖant’ｓｃａseｉsａnextrｅmｅｏnethatｗｉllnotrepeat.[D]tｈedeｆiningcｈarａcｔｅｒistiｃofIQｔeｓtsｈaｓchaｎgｅd.29．Ｗecａncoｎcludefrｏmｔhｅlastｐaｒａｇｒapｈｔｈaｔ[A]ｔｅsｔscoresmａyｎotbｅreliablｅindiｃatorsoｆone’sabiｌity.[B］IQscｏreｓａndＳATresｕltsａrｅｈigｈlycｏrrelａtｅd.[Ｃ]ｔｅstｉnｇｉnvolｖｅsalotofgueｓsｗork.[D]traｄitiｏnaltｅstareｏｕtofｄate.30.Wｈatiｓｔheａｕthｏｒ’satｔitｕdeｔowarｄsIＱｔestｓ?[A]Supportｉｖe.［Ｂ]Skepｔｉcaｌ.［C］Imparｔial.[D］Biaseｄ．Teｘt3Ｄurｉnｇthｅpａsｔgenerａtion,ｔｈeAｍｅrｉcanmiddｌe-ｃlａssfamilytｈaｔoncecouldcｏuntｏnhardｗorｋanｄfairplaytokeepitselｆｆinaｎciaｌｌyseｃurehadbｅentrａnsforｍeｄbyecｏnoｍｉcｒiｓｋanｄｎｅｗrealｉties.Nowapinkｓlip，abａddiagnosis,orａdｉsappearinｇspouseｃａnrｅduceafaｍiｌyfrｏmsｏliｄｌｙmｉｄdleclａsstｏnｅwlypoorinafewmonｔhs.Iｎｊｕstｏｎegeneｒation,milｌｉonsoｆｍｏｔhershavegonetowoｒｋ,trａｎsｆoｒｍingｂaｓiｃfamilyeｃｏnｏmics.Scholａrs,policymａkers,andｃｒiticsｏfａllsｔripeshａvedｅbatedtheｓocialimpｌiｃａtｉonsofthｅｓechanges，bｕtfeｗhavｅlookeｄatthesideｅffect:familyｒisｋhａsｒｉsenａsｗell.Todａy’sｆamilｉeshaｖebudgeteｄtothｅlimｉｔsoｆtheirneｗtwo-paychｅcksｔaｔus．Asareｓult,ｔhｅyｈavｅｌostthｅparacｈutetheyoncehadｉntiｍｅｓoｆｆinａncialsetｂａck–aｂａck-upearner(ｕsuallyMｏm)wｈoｃｏuldotheｗorkｆoｒceiftheprimaryearｎergｏtlaｉdoｆfｏrfellsiｃk.Tｈis“ａｄｄｅｄ-ｗｏrkｅｒefｆect”couldsupporttｈesafｅｔynｅｔofferedbyunｅmploymentinsｕrancｅordisabilｉtyiｎsｕｒａncｅｔohｅlｐfamｉliｅsweatheｒbａｄtｉｍes．Ｂｕｔtodaｙ，adisｒupｔiｏnｔofamｉｌｙｆorｔunesｃannolongerbemadeｕpwithexｔraincoｍｅfromａｎotherwiｓe－stａy-at－homeｐartnｅr.Duringtｈeｓａmeperiod,fａｍilｉｅｓhaｖebeeｎaｓkｅdtoabｓｏrbmuｃhｍorｅrｉskintｈeiｒretirｅmｅntincome.Steeｌworkeｒs，aiｒlｉneｅmploｙｅeｓ,aｎdnoｗthoseintheautｏｉnｄustryaｒejoinｉnｇmｉllionsoffａmilieswhｏｍｕｓtworｒyaｂｏutinｔｅrestrates,stockmaｒketflucｔuatiｏn,ａnｄtheharｓhrｅａlitythattheｙmａyoutlivetheirrｅｔiremｅｎtmｏｎｅy.Ｆｏｒmuchofthepａsｔyear,PｒesideｎtBｕsｈcampaignedtomoveSoｃialSeｃｕritytoasaviｎg－accountmoｄeｌ,withretireestｒａｄｉngｍｕchorａlloｆtｈeirgｕａrａｎteedpａｙmeｎｔsｆorpａymｅntsdｅpｅndingoninvestｍenｔreturns.Ｆoryoｕｎｇeｒｆamiliｅｓ，thepictureisnoｔaｎybettｅr．Botｈtheabsoluｔecｏstｏfhｅalｔhｃａreanｄthesｈaｒeofitbｏｒｎebyfamilieshａｖｅriseｎ–anｄnewlyｆａshｉｏｎablehealtｈ-saviｎgspｌanｓareｓｐｒｅadiｎgｆrｏmlegisｌatｉvｅｈalｌstｏＷal-Martworkｅrｓ,withｍuchhｉｇherdeductibleｓandａlargeｎeｗｄoseoｆinvesｔｍentｒiskｆorfamilies’futurehｅalthcare.Ｅvｅnｄemogrａｐｈicｓaｒｅwｏｒｋinｇａgainstthemiｄdlｅｃlaｓsｆamiｌｙ,ａsｔheoddsｏfhavingawｅakeldeｒlyｐarent–ａndallｔheattｅndantｎeedfoｒpｈyｓicalａndfinaｎcｉalassistance–hａveｊｕmpedeｉghtｆoldinｊusｔoｎeｇeｎeｒaｔｉon．Froｍthemidｄle-ｃlaｓsfａmiｌyperspecｔivｅ，ｍuchofthiｓ,unｄersｔandably,ｌooksｆarleｓsliｋｅａnopportｕniｔytoeｘｅｒｃｉsemorefiｎanciaｌｒesｐoｎｓiｂiｌiｔy，aｎdａｇｏoddealmoｒelｉkeaｆrighteningacceleｒationoｆtheｗholｅsaｌeｓhiftoｆfinancｉalrｉsｋontotheirａlreａｄｙｏveｒｂurdｅｎedshｏuldeｒｓ.Ｔhefinancialfａlloutｈaｓbegun,ａｎｄthepolitｉcaｌfaｌlouｔmａyｎotbeｆarbehind.３1.Ｔoｄay’ｓdouble-iｎｃｏmefamiliesareatgreaｔerfinancialriskinthａｔ[A]theｓafetyｎettheyuｓedtoｅnjoyhasｄisappｅaｒed.[B]theｉrcｈａncｅsｏfbeinglａｉdoffhaveｇrｅatlｙｉnｃreaｓｅd.［C]theｙaremｏreｖuｌneraｂletoｃhanｇesiｎfａmilyeconｏmｉcs.[D]theyaredepｒivｅdofunempｌoｙｍenｔordisaｂilitｙｉｎｓｕrance.3２．AsarｅsultofPresidentＢｕｓh’sreｆorm，retiredpeoplemayｈave[A］ahighersenseofｓecuriｔy．[B]lesｓsｅｃuredpaymenｔs．［Ｃ]lesschａncｅtｏinvesｔ．[D]aguａrａnteedfｕtｕre．33．Aｃｃorｄingtotｈｅauｔhoｒ，heａltｈ-sａｖｉngｓｐlaｎｓwｉll[A]heｌprｅducetｈecostｏｆheａlthｃare.[Ｂ]pｏpularizeａmonｇthemｉddlｅｃlaｓｓ.[C］compｅｎsaｔｅｆｏrｔheredｕcedpensｉons．[D]ｉncreasetｈefaｍilies’inｖｅsｔｍeｎtrisk.3４.Itcａnbeinferｒedfromtheｌａstparaｇｒaphthat[A]fiｎaｎｃialrisksteｎｄtｏoutｗeｉgｈpｏｌitｉcalｒisｋs.[Ｂ]thｅmiｄdｌecｌａssmayfaceｇreaｔｅｒｐoｌitｉcａlchalleｎgeｓ.[C]finａncｉalｐｒoｂｌｅmsmaybrinｇabｏutpolｉtｉｃaｌｐroblems.[D]fｉｎanciaｌresponsibiｌiｔｙiｓaｎiｎｄｉcatorofpoliｔiｃalstatus．3５.Whｉchofｔhｅfolｌowingisthebesttiｔlefｏrthistext?［A]TｈｅMiddｌｅClasｓontheAleｒt[B]TheMｉｄdlｅCｌasｓonｔheClｉff[Ｃ]ThｅMiｄdlｅClassinConfliｃt[D]ThｅＭiddlｅＣlａsｓｉnRuｉnｓTｅxt4Ｉｔneverｒaiｎsbutitpoｕｒs.Juｓtasboｓseｓaｎdbｏardshａvefinaｌｌysorｔedｏutthｅirｗoｒｓtａccｏｕntingandｃoｍｐｌｉancetrｏubleｓ,ａndｉｍｐrｏvedtheｉrfeebｌecorpｏrationgoｖｅrnance，aｎewpｒobｌｅmｔhreaｔenｓtoｅarnthem–especiaｌｌyinＡｍerica–thｅsortofnastyheadlｉneｓtｈａtｉnevitaｂlyleadｔoｈｅａｄsroｌｌinｇiｎtｈeexecutiｖesuite:datainｓｅｃurity．Lefｔ,untilnｏw,tｏodｄ，lｏw－levelITｓtａｆftoputriｇht,aｎdｓｅenａsaｃoncernoｎlyｏfdａta-riｃhｉndｕstriessuchaｓbａnkiｎg,ｔelecomsandairtraｖｅｌ，iｎformatｉonpｒｏtｅcｔioniｓnｏwhｉｇhontheboss’ｓagendainｂusiｎeｓsesofｅverｙｖariｅｔy.Ｓeｖeralmaｓsiｖｅleａkａｇesｏfcuｓtoｍerandemｐｌoyeedaｔatｈisyear–fromｏｒｇａｎizaｔionｓａsdivｅｒseasTimｅWａrｎｅr,theAmericandefensecontractoｒSciｅnceApplicatｉonsIntｅrnationａlCｏrpanｄeｖentheUniveｒsiｔｙｏfCａliｆornia，Ｂerｋeｌey–havelefｔｍanagershuｒriedｌyｐeeriｎgintothｅirinｔrｉcaｔｅITsysｔemｓanｄbusｉnesspｒｏｃesｓesiｎsｅａｒchofpotentiaｌvuｌnerabilitｉes.“Dａtaｉsbecomｉｎganａsｓｅｔwhｉchneedstoｂｅｇuaｒdedasmｕｃhasanyoｔｈerａｓset，”sayｓHａimMeｎdeｌsonｏfStanfordUnｉveｒsiｔy’sbuｓinessschｏｏl.“Ｔheａｂｉlｉｔytogｕａrdcｕstomeｒｄataisthｅｋｅｙtomａｒkｅtvａluｅ,whiｃhｔheｂｏardisreｓponｓｉbｌｅｆorｏnbehaｌfofshaｒeｈoldｅrs.”Ｉnｄeed，juｓtasthereiｓtheｃoncｅptofGｅｎｅｒallｙAccｅpｔｅdAcｃounｔｉｎgPrｉｎciｐｌeｓ(GAAP)，ｐeｒｈａpsitisｔiｍｅfoｒGＡＳＰ，GenerallｙAｃcｅpｔedSecuriｔｙＰraｃticeｓ,sｕggesｔｅdEｌｉNoaｍofNewＹork’sCoｌｕｍbiａBusiｎessSchooｌ.“Sｅtｔiｎgtｈeprｏperinｖｅstmentlevｅlforsecurity,rｅｄundancy,andreｃoｖeｒyisamａnagementiｓsue,nｏtaｔeｃhｎiｃａlｏｎe，”heｓays.Ｔhｅmysteryiｓｔhatthissｈｏulｄcoｍeaｓasurprisetｏaｎｙｂoss.Ｓurｅlyiｔshoｕldbeobvioｕstothedimmestexｅｃuｔivethattruｓt，thａtmostvａlｕａｂleｏfeconｏmiｃaｓｓetｓ,ｉｓeasiｌydesｔrｏyedａndhｕｇeｌyexpensｉvｅtoresｔore–ａｎdｔhａtfeｗｔhingsａremoreliｋelｙtoｄeｓtｒoytｒusｔtｈaｎacoｍpanｙlettiｎgsensitivepeｒsｏnａldatageｔiｎtoｔhｅｗｒonｇｈａnｄs.Tｈecuｒrｅntstａｔeoｆａffaiｒsmayhａvebｅenencoｕｒagｅd–thｏｕghｎotjustiｆieｄ–bｙtｈelａcｋoｆｌｅgａlpenalty(ｉｎＡmeriｃa，buｔnoｔＥuropｅ)fordaｔaｌeakage．ＵｎtｉlCalifornｉareceｎｔlyｐassedalaw，Ameriｃａnfｉrmsdidnothavetotelｌaｎyｏne,eventheｖicｔim,ｗhendatawenｔasｔray.Thaｔmaｙchａｎgefａsｔ:ｌotsoｆproposeｄｄatａ－secuｒｉｔyleｇislationisnoｗｄoiｎｇtｈeroundsiｎWａshｉngton，Ｄ.C.Mｅanwhｉle,thetheftofｉnｆormatioｎabouｔsome4０ｍiｌlｉoncredｉt-cａrｄaｃcounｔsinＡmeｒｉca,diｓclosedonJuｎe1７th,oｖeｒshadｏwedａhuｇelｙimpoｒtantdecｉｓｉonadａyeaｒlieｒｂyＡmerｉca’sFedeｒalTraｄeComｍiｓsｉon（ＦＴC）ｔhatputscorporａtｅAｍerｉcaｏnｎoticｅｔhaｔrｅgｕlatorsｗillａctiffｉrmsｆａｉltｏprovideadｅｑuatedatａseｃurity.3６.Tｈesｔaｔemｅnt“Itneverraiｎｓbｕtｉtpours”isusedｔｏintrodｕce[A］thｅfierｃebusineｓsｃompetitiｏｎ.[B］thefeebleｂoss-boａrdrｅlations.[C]tｈｅtｈrｅatfromnｅwsreports.[D］ｔheseveｒiｔｙｏfdataleａkage．37.ＡccｏrdiｎgtoＰarａgｒaph2,ｓoｍeoｒgaｎizationｓcｈecktｈｅirsyｓｔeｍstofｉndoｕt[Ａ］whｅtｈerｔheｒeisanywｅaｋpｏiｎｔ.[Ｂ］wｈａtｓorｔofdａtahaｓbｅensｔolen.[C]whoisrｅsponｓibleforｔhｅleakａge．［D］howthepotｅｎtialspieｓcanbeloｃated．3８.InbriｎginｇupthｅconcｅｐtofＧＡSPtheauthorismakingtｈeｐointthat[A］ｓｈareholdeｒｓ’inteｒestsshｏｕldbeproperlyａｔtendeｄｔo．［B]iｎformaｔiｏnproteｃtｉonsｈoｕlｄｂegivenduｅａttention.[Ｃ］busｉnesseｓsｈouldｅnhanceｔhｅirｌevelｏfaccountｉｎgsｅcuritｙ.[D]theｍａｒkｅtvaｌuｅoｆcustomerdataｓhｏuｌｄｂeeｍpｈａsizｅd.３9.AccordｉngtｏParaｇrapｈ４,ｗhatｐuｚzlestheaｕｔhoriｓthatｓoｍｅｂossesfailto[A]seｅtheｌinkbｅtｗeenｔｒｕstanddaｔａｐroteｃｔｉon.[Ｂ］ｐerceivｅｔhesensitiｖｉｔｙｏfpｅrsｏnalｄａtａ.［Ｃ]realｉｚetｈｅhｉｇhcｏｓtoｆｄａtareｓｔoｒatioｎ.[D]appreciatetｈｅecｏｎomicvａluｅoftruｓｔ.4０.ＩｔcａｎbｅiｎfeｒreｄfｒｏmParagｒaph5tｈat[A]datａｌeakageismorｅseｖｅreｉnＥuroｐe.[B]FＴC’sdｅciｓｉoniseｓsentialtｏｄatasecuritｙ.[C]Ｃalifoｒｎiaｔakeｓtheleadinseｃuritｙlegiｓlation.[D]legａlpenａltyisamajorｓｏｌutionｔoｄatａleaｋaｇe.PartBＤｉrecｔions:Yoｕaregoinｇtoreadalistofheadiｎｇｓaｎdａtextaboutwhaｔｐaｒentｓarｅsｕppｏsedtodotｏｇuiｄｅtheiｒcｈildrenｉｎtoadultｈｏｏｄ．ChooseaｈeadingfromthelistA—Gtｈａtbestfitsthemeanｉngofeachnuｍberedpaｒｔｏftｈetｅｘt（41-45).Ｔheｆiｒstａｎdlａstｐaｒagrａphｓofthetextarenotnｕmbereｄ.Theｒearetwoｅｘtrａheａdiｎｇｓthatyｏuｄonotnｅｅｄtouse.MarkyouranswｅｒｓonANＳWERSHEＥＴ１.（1０ｐoiｎｔs)A．SetaＧoｏdＥxａmｐlefｏrYｏｕrKidsＢ．BuiｌdYｏurKｉdｓ’WorkSｋiｌlsC.ＰlａceTｉmｅＬiｍiｔｓonＬｅｉsｕreＡｃtivitiesD．TaｌkａbｏuttheFｕｔureｏnaRｅgularBａsisＥ.HｅｌpKidsＤevelopCopｉngStrategiesF．HeｌpYourＫidｓFｉｇｕrｅOｕtWhoTheyArｅG．BuildＹourＫids’SeｎseofResponsiｂilityHowCanaPaｒｅntHelp?Ｍｏthersａndｆａtheｒscaｎdoａlｏttｏensuｒｅasａfeｌandinginearlyadulｔｈoｏｄforｔheｉrkids.Evenifajob’sｓtartinｇsａlarｙseemstoosmallｔoｓａｔｉｓfyaｎemergingadult’ｓneｅdforｒapidｃoｎtent,theｔranｓitioｎｆromschｏoｌtowoｒkcanbelｅｓｓoｆasｅtbackｉｆthestaｒt-ｕpadultｉsreａdyfｏrtheｍove．Hｅｒearｅafｅwmｅasｕres,ｄｒawｎfrommｙbｏoｋReaｄｙorＮｏt,HｅreLiｆｅComes,thatparｅntsｃantａketopreventwhatIｃalｌ“woｒk－lｉｆｅunreadinｅss.”Yoｕcanstａrtthｉcｅsswｈentｈeyａre11ｏr１2．Ｐerｉodｉcalｌyreviewtheiremergｉngsｔrｅngthsaｎdｗeａknessｅsｗitｈｔhemandworktogeｔheroｎａnyshｏｒtｃomｉngs，lｉkｅdiｆｆiｃulｔyｉnｃommｕniｃａtingｗellorcｏｌlａboｒaｔinｇ．Alｓo,idenｔifyｔhekindｓofｉntereｓtstｈeykｅeｐｃomｉnｇｂackto，asｔheseoffｅrcluesｔoｔｈecarｅｅrｓthａtwiｌｌfittheｍbeｓt.Ｋidsnｅedaｒａngｅｏfaｕtheｎticroｌemodeｌｓ–ａｓｏｐposedtｏmｅmbeｒsoftheｉrcliｑue,ｐopstaｒsandvauntedathleｔes.Haverｅgulardinnｅr-taｂｌｅdiscｕssionsaｂoutｐｅｏplethefａmilyknowsaｎdｈowtheyｇｏtwhｅretheｙare.Ｄiscussthｅjｏｙsａｎddownsｉｄｅsoｆyouｒownｃareeｒandencourａgｅyourkidsｔｏfoｒmsoｍeideａsabouｔtheirownfｕtｕre．Whenaskeｄwhａｔｔheｙwａｎｔtodo，theyshoｕｌdｂeｄiscoｕragedｆｒomsayｉng“Ihaｖenoidea.”Theyｃanchａngetheirｍｉnds２00tｉmｅｓ,buｔhavｉｎgｏnlyafoｇgyviewofthefuｔｕreｉsoflｉtｔlegｏｏd．Tｅａｃherｓareresponsibleforteachinｇkidshowtｏlｅaｒn;ｐarentsshoulｄbeｒesｐｏnsiｂleforteacｈingthemhowｔowork.Assignreｓponsibilｉｔiesarｏuｎdthｅhouseａndｍakeｓｕrehomewoｒkdｅａdlinesａremet．Encoｕｒagｅteenagerstｏtakｅapａrt-tiｍejob.Ｋidsｎeｅdplenｔyoｆｐｒactｉｃedelayiｎggratiｆicａtioｎaｎdｄeｐlｏｙingｅffectiｖeorganizａtionaｌｓｋills,sｕｃhaｓmａnａgiｎgｔimeaｎdsettｉｎgｐrｉｏrｉties.Plaｙingvidｅogａmeｓencouragｅsimmeｄiａteconteｎｔ.AnｄhoｕrsｏfwａtchｉngTVshowｓwｉthcanｎｅdlaｕghtｅroｎlytｅacheskiｄstoproｃessinfｏｒmaｔiｏninaｐassiｖｅｗａy.Atｔheｓaｍetiｍe,listeｎingtｈroｕghearpｈonestothｅsaｍemonotonoｕｓｂeatｓｆｏｒloｎgstrｅtcｈesｅｎcouraｇｅｓkidstｏｓtayinsｉdetheiｒbuｂblｅinｓｔeadofpursuinｇｏtｈerｅnｄeaｖors.Alｌtｈｅｓeacｔiｖitiescaｎpｒeveｎttheｇrowthoｆimportａntcoｍmｕnicatｉonaｎdtｈｉnｋiｎgｓkillｓandmａｋeitdｉfficultｆorkiｄstoｄeveloptheｋｉnｄoｆsuｓtａineｄconcentrａtiontheｙwiｌlneedforｍoｓtjoｂs.Theyshoｕldknoｗhowtodealwithsetbａｃks,ｓtrｅｓｓesａnｄfeeｌiｎgsoｆinａdequａcy．Thｅｙshoｕｌdalsoｌearｎｈｏwtosoｌveproｂlemｓanｄresｏｌveｃonｆｌicts,waystoｂrａinsｔｏrｍａndthｉｎkcritｉcａlly.Ｄiscussｉｏｎsａthomecaｎhelpkｉdsprａctｉcedｏｉngtｈesethingsaｎｄhelpthｅmapplythesｅｓkillsｔoevｅrydaylifeｓitｕatioｎs．Whaｔabouｔｔｈesoｎｏrdａugｈterwhoｉsgrｏwnbuｔseｅmsｔobestｒuggｌinｇａndwanｄerinｇaimｌeｓslythrｏughearlyadulthｏod？Parentｓｓｔillhaveamajoｒroｌｅtoplay，butnowiｔismoｒedelicate.Theyｈaｖｅtｏbeｃarefulnottocoｍｅacrｏssaｓｄｉsaｐｐoinｔediｎtｈeirchiｌd．Ｔｈeｙｓhouldeｘhiｂitstroｎgiｎtｅrestanｄrｅspｅｃtforwhaｔeｖeｒｃｕrrentlyintereststheirfleｄgiｎgaduｌｔ(asnaivｅoriｌlconceｉｖｅdａｓiｔmaｙｓeｅｍ)wｈｉlebeｃoｍingａｐartnerinexploｒingoptiｏｎsfortｈefuｔuｒe．Ｍostofall,thesenｅwａdｕltsmustfeelthatｔｈｅyａｒeｒespｅｃtｅｄandｓupporteｄbyaｆamilｙthataｐprecｉaｔeｓthem.PartＣDirｅcｔions:RｅadthefｏllowｉngtextcarｅfullyandthentrａｎslatｅtheundｅｒlinedsegｍeｎtsiｎtoChｉneｓe.ＹourｔranslationsｈｏuldbewritteｎcｌearlyonANSWERSHEEＴ2．(10ｐoints)ThｅstudyoｆlaｗhasbeeｎｒeｃognizedfｏrcentuｒｉesasabａsiｃinｔｅｌlectｕａldisciplineinＥurｏpeanunivｅｒsitiｅs.Howeｖｅr,onlyinｒｅcentｙeａrshａsitｂeｃomeａfeatureofundｅrgraｄuaｔｅｐrogramsiｎＣanadianunｉｖｅｒsitｉes.(4６）Traditionａllｙ，legallearniｎｇhasｂeeｎｖieweｄｉnsｕchinstituｔionsasｔｈespeｃｉalｐreｓervｅoflａwｙers,rａｔｈeｒｔhaｎanecｅsｓaｒｙpartoｆthｅｉntellecｔuaｌeｑuipｍentofａｎｅdｕcaｔedｐｅrsoｎ.Ｈaｐpily,theoldeｒandmorｅcontiｎeｎtalviewofleｇaleducatｉoｎisesｔａbｌiｓhinｇitsｅlfiｎanumberoｆCaｎadianｕniversitieｓandsoｍehaveevenbeguntｏofferｕndergｒaduateｄegreeｓinlaw.Iftｈestudyoflaｗｉsbeginningｔoestabｌishitsｅlfaｓpaｒtanｄpａrｃelｏｆageneraleｄucatｉon，itsaiｍsａndmetｈoｄsshoｕlｄaｐpeａlｄirecｔｌyｔｏjoｕrnaｌisｍeducators.Ｌａwisadｉsｃｉpliｎewhｉｃhｅncｏuragesresｐonｓibｌejudgment.Ontｈeonehａｎd，ｉtprovidｅsopportunitｉestoanａｌyzesｕｃhideasasjusｔice,democracyaｎdfｒeｅdom．(47)Ｏntheｏthｅr，itlinksｔhesｅconｃｅｐtstoｅvｅｒydaｙrｅaliｔiesinaｍａnnｅrwｈichiｓparaｌleｌtotheｌｉnksjournaｌistsforgeonａdailyｂaｓisａstheyｃｏveｒａndｃｏmmentonｔhenewｓ．Ｆoreｘampｌe,ｎｏｔｉoｎｓofevｉdｅnceandfacｔ,ofbasicriｇｈtsａnｄpubliｃinteresｔａreatworkintheｐrocesｓofｊournalisｔiｃjuｄgmｅnｔandproｄuctｉｏnjustaｓinco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