工程管理外文翻译外文文献英文文献浅谈工程索赔的预防与处理

Talkingabouttheproject

claimthepreventionandtreatmentAbstract:Inprojectmanagement,constructionclaimisacomplexbusinessmanagement.Today'sdomesticprojectcontractingmarketisbecomingmorecompetitive,successfullow-costhasbecomearegularoperation,theoperatingcontractorfortheconstructionoftheclaimisveryimportanttoachievethegoal.Thesignificanceoftheclaimanddescribedtheconceptfortoday'sdomesticconstructionprojectsinclaimsmanagementproblemswereanalyzedandthecorrespondingcountermeasuresandsuggestionsoftheprojectandcounter-claimsbothsidesclaimthecontractisanindispensablebusinesscomponent.Basedontheanalysisofthefactorsthatclaimstheproject,discussedthecontractontheimplementationoftheprojectclaimthedealwiththeprinciplesandspecifictreatment.Keywords:engineeringclaimpreventiondealwithThedefinitionandclassificationofclaimsClaimtheprojectisthefulfillmentofthecontract,thecontractduetotheotherpartydidnotfulfillitsobligationsunderthecontractandthisledtolosses,otherdemandsforcompensationortherighttocompensation.Theincidenceofclaimsisatwo-way,aslongasthecontractsideoftheresponsibilityandobligationnottoachievecontract,ortoprovidetheconditionsinconsistentwiththecontractualstatus,thereareclaimsthatmayarise.Itisalsoakindofaright,undernormalcircumstances,theclaimreferstothecontractorintheimplementationofthecontractprocess,thereasonsfortheirnon-extensionoftheproject,andrequireownerstoincreasethecostofcompensationforthelossofaclaim.Theownersbelongtotheconstructionunitshouldbeartheresponsibilityforthecause,andtheactuallosstotheconstructionofrequestsforcompensation,knownastheanti-claim.Thepurposeoftheirclaimscanbedividedintotwocategories:constructionclaimsandclaimscosts.ClaimConstructionEngineeringrefersto,asaresultofnon-responsibilityofthecontractorcausesdelayintheconstructionprocessforapprovalofthecontractextendedperiodoftheclaim.Constructionunitsofthepurposeoftheclaimperiodisusuallytwo:first,removedorhavebeenshirkingitsresponsibilitytoextendthedurationofthecontractresponsibility,sothattheydonotpayasmuchaspossibleornottoextendthetimelimittopayfines;IIisduetoextensionoftheperiodandThecostofdamagecausedbytheclaim.Iftheprojectisnottheresponsibilityofdelaycausedbytheconstruction,andconstructionunitshavebeenapprovedconstructionprojectclaim,theconstructionunitscanbemadeasaresultofmeasurestakentospeedupandincreasethecostofclaims.Thecostofclaimsisbasedontheprincipleofcompensationforactuallosses,anditspurposeistorequirefinancialcompensation.Whentherealityoftheconditionsofthecontractandinconsistent,leadingtoincreaseincontractorexpensesinexcessoftherequirementsoftheplan'scostoftheadditionalcompensationexpenses,inordertosavehiscommitmentshouldnotbeeconomiclosses.ThecauseoftheprojectclaimEngineeringdesignarisingfromclaims.Astheconstructiondrawingsinerrorordefective,workingdrawingsandtheactualconstructionsiteingeology,environment,orthedifferencebetweenthedesigndrawingsandspecificationsdoesnotmatchthedescriptionofexpressionisnottightconstruction,equipment,materials,thenameofthemodelspecificationsthatOrthewrongamountofworkisnotclearandmanyotheraspectsoftheflawsandomissions,resultinginrework.Inevitableinordertoproduceintheperiod,thelabor,materials,andotheraspectsoftheclaims.DonotclosethesigningofthecontractarisingfromclaimsThecontractisacontractagreement,thetenderdocuments,tender,contract-specificprovisions,generalprovisionsofthecontract,drawings,BOQandtofulfillthecontractinthecourseofaseriesofsupplementaryagreementssuchasthecompositionofthedocument,thecontractssignedbetweenthetwosidesinaccordancewiththelawTheentryintoforce,legallybinding,eitherpartymaychangeordissolvethenon-performanceofthecontractorthepowersandduties.However,duetoconstructionprojectsandthecomplexityoftheconstructionperiod,aswellasthenaturalenvironment,climate,suchaslong-termfactors,togetherwiththetermsofthecontractintermsofsecurityisnotstrong,betweentheconflictingdocuments,arelikelytomakethepartiesenterintotheConstructioncontractscannottakefullaccountofallfactorsandaclearimpactontheproject,whichledtotheconstructionoftheclaim.TheriskofaccidentsandunforeseenfactorssuchaschangesintheconditionsoftheclaimDuringtheconstructionprocess,changesintheconditionsoftheconstructionsiteoftheprojectcostandimpact,suchasearthquakes,typhoons,war,rebellion,radioactivepollutionandnuclearhazards,suchasforcemajeurerisksandnaturaldisastersaswellastheconstructionofsandmudemerged,geologicalFault,naturalcave,subsidenceandundergroundstructuresorobjectsonthegroundfloor,andotherunknownobstacles,oftenleadingtothechangescausedbytheconstructionclaim.Ifexcavationworksduetothediscoveryofundergroundstructuresandculturalrelics,andsoon,thedrawingsdidnotsayconstructionindeeddifficulttoforeseeareasonableman-madeobstacles,suchasthedealisboundtoleadtoanincreaseinthecostoftheproject,theconstructionunitscanclaim.Projectconstructioncontractsmanagementchangesintheclaim.Thecurrentconstructionmarket,theprojectconstructioncontractshaveatotalpackage,sub-,sub-designate,contractlabor,equipment,materialssupplycontractandaseriesofcontract,soastoenabletheprojectconstructioncontractsandmanagementhasbecomecomplicatedbythedifficultyGreat.Whenanyofthecontractscannotperformwellorpoorlymanaged,willaffecttheprojectconstructionperiod,thequalityandquantity,sparkingtheproject,quality,quantityandeconomicaspectsoftheclaim.Suchasequipment,materialsuppliers,accordingtotheproject'sdesignandconstructionscheduleontimeinaccordancewiththeprovisionofqualityequipment,materials,engineering,cannotbytheownersoftherequirementsanddesignspecificationsandthespecificationsfortheconstruction,soastoaffecttheprojectconstructionTheprogressandquality,leadingtotheowners,withatotalpackageside,thesub-side,theequipmentandmaterialssuppliersmutualclaims.Workstopreventanddealwiththeclaims.TheprojectPreventionclaimsOftheabovefactorsintheanalysisoftheprojectclaim,theclaimworks,asownersofthemanagementofthemainsquareinthepreventionandtreatmenteffortsmustbedealtwiththeprinciplesandspecificwaystodealwith,makingareasonableclaimforcompensationevidencetoensuretheprogressoftheconstructionproject,quality,thecostofavirtuouscircle.Shoulddothefollowingspecificareas:Tostrengthentheclaimofforward-lookingprevention.Asowners,supervisionengineersandcontractorsmustusetheirexperienceandtherelevantregulations,totakeactivemeasurestopreventforeseeableclaimstheincidentoccurred.Suchasstrengtheningthemanagementofthecontract,tostrengthenpreparatoryworktostrengthenthedesignreview,andsoon.However,iftheclaimisindeedtakenplace,shouldtakeactivemeasurestocontrolclaimscoststoaminimum.Inmarketeconomyconditions,thecontractisbindingbothAandBcriterionofeconomicbehavior.Astheowner'smanagersshouldpayattentiontofullyandstrictlycarryoutthecontract.Beforesigningthecontractshouldberepeated,asappropriate,thetermsofthecontract,payattentiontothestrictletterofthecontractdocuments,inordertopreventtheimplementationofthecontractprocessasaresultofloopholesinthetextcausedbytheopportunitytoclaim,resultinginadditionalinvestment.Inthedesignofmanagementshouldstrivetoobtainthecontractbydesigndrawings,data,andunitsdesignedtoimprovethequalityofdesign,conditionspermittingtheintroductionofthedesigncompetition,designedtoimprovethequalityofservice.〖JP2〗throughthedesignofthecredibilityofthetenderselection,design,managementcapacityinareassuchasbetterdesignoftheunit,designedtoreduceasmuchaspossiblethereasonsforincreaseintheriskofprojectcost,thelatterdesignedtoimprovethequalityofservice.Inthesupplyofmaterials,equipmentandmaterialsshouldbedoneontimeandthesupply,qualityvolume.Asfaraspossibletoavoidthesupplyofmaterialspecificationsofthetype,varietyandnotcausedbythedrawingsofalternativematerials.Thepricemayrisetotheclaimbytheconstructiontenderwillbetakentoincreasetheriskofapackageasadeathordertoguardagainstthepractice,thatis,inbusinesscontracts,accordingtothelengthofperiod,themarketpricetrendforecast,thetwosidestoagreeonacostriskTothecontractorsandcontractduringtheconstructionofnationalandlocalgovernmentpolicydocumentsarenolongertheimplementationofpriceadjustment.Engineeringclaims.Shouldbebasedonacontractbasistodealwithclaimsmustbereasonable;havetopayattentiontodatacollection,informationtruthfulness,reliability,andafterthatmustdealwithclaimsinatimelymanner;indealingwiththespecificclaimsprocess,wemustAcloseexaminationoftheperiodwhentheclaimsshouldbegiven,shouldbegivenwhenthecostofclaims.Forexample:anextremelybadweatherconditions,wehaveexceededtheexpectednormalrainandsnow,seriouslyhamperingtheprogressofprojectsatthistime,theconstructionunitsmayberequired,theownercangrantanextensionperiod,thatis,theestablishmentoftheclaimperiod,butthecostshouldnotbeClaim.Forinstance,intheworksinfullswingduringpartoftheprojectchanges,constructionhasbeenfinishedonthepartofthechangeandwaitforthedrawingswhenpartoftheconstructionandmechanicalrequirementsoftheclaim,thistime,tohavebeenpartoftheEndoftheclaim,itshouldbenefitall,Includingthecostsandprofits,butstagnationandmachinery,duetothetimewhentheconstructionseason,itisentirelypossiblethatthisfirstpartofthepersonnel,machinerytouseelsewhere,tobepaidshouldbetheonlychangeofdutyandthetypesofworkefficiencytolowercosts.Todealwithclaimsintheeventoflimitationsshouldbecarriedoutinspection,thebuildingofChina'sconstructioncontracts(GF-1999-2001)inthelightofinternationalcommonFIDICconditionsofcontractclaimagainstthestatuteoflimitationsprovidesasfollows:"Theclaimoccurredwithin28daysofEngineerstoissueaclaimNotice;issuedanoticeofclaimwithin28daystoraiseadditionalengineerstoextendthedurationofthecontractpriceortheclaimsreportandrelatedinformation;engineerssenttothecontractorreceivedthereportandclaimsinformationafterthe28daysgiventosignrehabilitation,Oraskthecontractortoaddfurthergroundsfortheclaimandevidence.Engineersin28daysordidnotrespondtothecontractorforfurtherrequirements,astheclaimshavebeenapproved."Excessofthelimitationperiodforclaims,asthecasemayhavetherighttorefuse.Atthesametime,theclaimshouldbeeffectivetodealwithinatimelymanner.Shouldclearlydefinetheresponsibilities,strictexaminationfees.Theclaimofactualeventsareoftenresponsibleforbothcontracts,whichshouldidentifythereasons,clearlydefineresponsibilitiesandinaccordancewiththetermsofthecontract'spricingreviewtodeterminethecontractthatbothsidesshouldbearthecost.Shouldworktostrengthenthecontroloftheinitiative,workstoreducetheclaim.Thisrequirestheownersinprojectmanagement,asfaraspossibletheworkshouldbemadeinadvance,toreducetheincidenceofclaims.Thiswillenabletheprojecttocarryoutmoresmoothly,reducinginvestmentprojectstoreducetheconstructionperiod.Tosumup,theclaimforthepreventionandmanagementofinvestmentprojectstocontrolplayanimportantroleintheinternationalengineeringconstructioningeneralwillbedesignedtoclaimthecontractpriceof10-15%inindividualcasesevenmore.Inordertobetterhandletheconstructionoftheclaimstheproblemfromtheprojecttostrengthentheconstructionplansandconstructioncontractmanagement,strengthenpersonneltrainingtostart,activelyexploreandpractice.ReferencesWuYuan,WuYin,China'sconstructionindustry,claimsthestatusquoandcountermeasures[J].Economist,2006,(3).XuWei,JinFu,ChenLianjie.StandardizetheimplementationoftheconstructionprojectsupervisionManual[M].Beijing:ChinaBuildingIndustryPress,2001.DongChengHai,ZhangJiansheng.AnalysisofConstructionContractManagementProblemsandSolutions[J].Modernizationconstructionmanagement,2001,(1).ChengHu.EncyclopediaofPracticalconstructioncontractmanagement[M].Beijing:ChinaBuildingIndustryPress,2000,(1).浅谈工程索赔的预防与处理ChinaBuildingIndustryPress,2000,(1).浅谈工程索赔的预防与处理学生：张曦指导教师：王春燕三峡大学科技学院摘要：在工程项目管理中，施工索赔是一项复杂的经营管理工作。当今国内工程项目承包市场竞争日趋激烈，低价中标已成为规律性的操作方式，施工索赔对于承包商经营目标实现非常重要。对索赔的意义和概念进行了阐述，对当今国内施工项目索赔管理中存在的问题进行了分析，并提出了相应的对策和建议工程索赔与反索赔是合同双方经营活动不可缺少的组成部分。本文通过对工程索赔因素的分析，论述了在合同执行中关于工程索赔相应的处理原则及具体的处理方式。关键词：工程；索赔；预防；处理1索赔的定义及分类索赔是指在工程承包合同履行中，合同当事人一方由于另一方未履行合同所规定的义务而致使本方遭受损失时，要求对方给予赔偿或补偿的权利。索赔的发生是双向的，只要合同中一方的责任和义务未按合同约定实现，或出现提供的条件与合同约定状态不一致，都有可能出现索赔。它既是一种权利也是一种行为，通常情况下，索赔是指承包商在合同实施过程中，对非自身原因造成的工程延期、费用增加而要求业主给予补偿损失的一种权利要求。而业主对于属于施工单位应承担责任造成的，且实际发生了损失，向施工单位要求的赔偿，称为反索赔。1.1索赔按其目的可分为两类：工期索赔和费用索赔。工期索赔是指在工程施工中，由于非承包人责任的原因而导致施工进程延误，要求批准顺延合同工期的索赔。施工单位提出工期索赔的目的通常有两个：一是免去或推卸自己对已产生的工期延长的合同责任，使自己不支付或尽可能不支付工期延长的罚款；二是进行因工期延长而造成的费用损失的索赔。如果工期延缓责任不是由施工单位造成，而建设单位已认可施工单位工期索赔，则施工单位还可以提出因采取加速措施而增加的费用索赔。费用索赔是以补偿实际损失为原则，其目的是要求经济补偿。当现实的条件与合同约定不一致，导致承包商增加开支，要求对超出计划成本的附加开支给予补偿， 以挽回不应由他承担的经济损失。2工程索赔的发生原因要程设计方面引起的索赔由于施工图纸中存在缺陷或错误，施工图与现场实际施工在地质、环境等方面的差异或是设计的图纸与规范要求不符，施工说明表达不严密，对设备、材料的名称、规格型号表示不清楚或工程量错误等诸多方面的遗漏和缺陷，造成返工。从而不可避免的产生如在工期、人工、材料等方面的索赔要求。合同签订不严密引起的索赔合同是由合同协议书、招标文件、投标书、合同专用条款、合同通用条款、图纸、工程量清单及合同履行过程中的补充协议等一系列的文件所组成的，经承发包双方依法签订生效，具有法律约束力，任何一方不得擅自变更或解除或不履行合同赋予的权力和义务。但由于工程项目建设的复杂性和施工工期以及自然环境、气候、周期长等因素的限制，加上合同中用词严密性不强、文件之间的相互矛盾等，都有可能使双方在签订施工合同时不能充分考虑和明确各种因素对工程建设的影响，从而引起施工索赔。意外风险和不可预见因素等条件的变化引起的索赔在施工过程中，施工现场条件的变化对工期和造价影响很大，如地震、台风、战争、叛乱、放射性污染、核危害等人力不可抗拒的自然灾害和风险以及在施工中出现流沙泥、地质断层、天然溶洞、沉陷和地下文物或构筑物等地下不明障碍物，常常导致工程变更，引起施工索赔。如在挖方工程中由于发现地下构筑物和文物等，图纸上并未说明，确属施工单位难以合理预见的人为障碍，如处理则必然导致工程费用的增加，施工单位即可提出索赔。工程项目建设承发包管理模式变化引起的索赔当前的建筑市场，工程项目建设承发包有总包、分包、指定分包、劳务承包、设备、材料供应承包等一系列的承包方式，使工程项目建设承发包变得复杂和管理模式难度增大。当任何一个承包合同不能顺利履行或管理不善时，都会影响工程项目建设的工期、质量和数量，继而引发在工期、质量、数量和经济等方面的索赔。如设备、材料供应商不按工程项目的施工进度和设计要求按时按质提供设备、材料，工程也就不能按业主的要求和设计的质量规格以及有关规范要求进行施工，从而影响工程项目建设的进度和质量，最终导致业主、总包方、分包方、设备材料供应商相互间的索赔。3工程索赔的预防及处理工程索赔的预防通过以上对工程索赔因素的分析，对于工程索赔，作为业主方的管理主要是在预防和处理方面下功夫，必须要有相应的处理原则及具体的处理方式，使得索赔合理，赔