高二英语阅读理解(科普环保)专项训练100

高二英语阅读理解（科普环保）专项训练100（附答案）一、高中英语阅读理解科普环保类犇犇阅读短文，从每题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出最佳选项。Asharkmovingaroundthecoastlineisnormallyawo，rrbyuitngthsiisghwtaterbornedrone（无人机）threatensfloatingrubbishinsteadofpeople.DevelopedbyDutchcompanyRanMarine,theWasteSharktakesnatureasitsinspirationwithitswhaleshark-likemouth.Responsibleforcollectingwaste,thedronewillbeginoperationsinDubaiMarinainNovemberafterayearoftrialswithlocalpartnerEcocoast.AccordingtoRanMarine,theWasteSharkisavailableinbothautonomousandremote-controlledmodels.Measuringjustoverfivefeetbythree-and-a-halffeet（1.5metersby1.1meter）,itcancarryupto352poundsofrubbish（159.6kg）andhasanoperationalbatterylife16hours.By2016therewereapproximately150milliontonsofplasticintheworld'soceans.OnepapefromDecember2014estimatedthatoveraquarterofamilliontonsofoceanplasticpollutionwasafloat."WasteSharkalsohastheabilitiestogatherairandwaterqualitydata,removechemicalsouthewatersuchasoil,andheavymetals,andscantheseabedtoreaditsdepthandoutlines,"saOliverCunningham,oneoftheco-foundersofRanMarine."Fittedwithacollision-avoidancesystem,thedroneuseslaserimagingdetectionandrangingtechnologytodetectanobjectinitspathandstoporbackupiftheobjectapproaches.""Ourdronesaredesignedtomovethroughawatersystem,whetherit'saroundtheperimeter（周边）orthroughthecityitself.Thedronesarethatlastlineofdefensebetweenthecityandopenocean,"addedCunningham."WasteSharksareoperatinginDubai,SouthAfricandtheNetherlandsandcost$17,000fortheremote-controlledmodelandjustunder$23,000fortheautonomousmodel."Dubai-basedoperatorEcocoasthastwoWasteSharkdrones.Co-founderDanaLipartssaystheywillcleanwaterfrontsforclientsincludinghotelsandenvironmentalauthoritieasndthatEcocoast'intentionistohavethecollectedrubbishrecycledorupcycled.However,Lipartsarguthatcleaningwaterwaysdoesn'thaveaone-size-fits-allsolutionandrequiresacombinationofnewtechnology,preventativemeasuresandchangingpeople'sattitudestowardslittering.（1）WhatdoweknowabouttheWasteShark?Itcanfrightensharksaway.Itisanoceanexplorer.Itisarubbishcollector.Itcancatchfishinsteadofpeople.（2）WhatdoesParagraph4mainlytellus?Thecausesofoceanpollution.Thedangersofusingplastics.Theseverityofoceangarbagepollution.Theimportanceofoceanprotection.（3）WhatwilltheWasteSharkdowithanapproachingobject?AvoidcrashingintoitB.BreakitintopiecesC.Swallowit.D.Flyoverit.（4）WhichofthefollowingideasdoesLipartsagreewith?TheWasteSharkshouldbeusedmorewidely.Moremeasuresshouldbetakentomakewaterclean.TheproductioncostofWasteSharksshouldbereduced.Peopleshouldtakeapositiveattitudetonewtechnology.【答案】（1）C（2）C（3）A（4）B【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍一种水上无人机可以用于清理浮在水面上的垃圾。（1）考查细节理解。根据第二段中的“ResponsibleCoilectingiste,thedronewillbeginoperationsinDulMarinainNovemberafterayearoftrialswithlocalpart可知,cocoast.”这种无人机是用来清理垃圾的，故选C。（2）考查段落大意。根据第四段中的“By2016therewereapproximately150milliontonsofplasticintheworld'soceans.OnepaperfromDecember2014estimatedthatoveraquarterofamilliontonsofoceanplasticpollutionw可知Oaf预计到2016年，海洋里会有1.5亿吨垃圾，估计约有25万吨垃圾漂浮在海洋上，故可知，本段主要讲述海洋垃圾的严重性，故选Co（3）考查细节理解。根据第五段中的"Fittedwithacollision-avoidanystem,thedroneuseslaserimagingdetectionandrangingtechnologytodetectanobjectinitspathandstoporbackupiftheobjectapproaches.可知，配备防碰撞系统，无人机使用激光来探测物体，用测距技术来探测前方是否有物体，如果探测到物体，无人机就会停下来或者后退，故选A。（4）考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的“However,Lipartsirguesthatcleaningwaterwaysdoesn'thaveaone-size-fits-saolllutionandrequiresacombinationofnewtechnology,preventativemeasuresandchangingpeople'sattitudestowards可知这种无人机并非解决水上垃圾污染的万全之策，需要多措并举，才能达到目的，故选Bo【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，推理判断和段落大意三个题型的考查，是一篇科教类阅读，考生需要准确掌握细节信息，同时根据上下文进行逻辑推理，概括归纳，从而选出正确答案。犇犇阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。Ateamofinternationalscientistsisduetosetofffortheworld'sbiggesticeberginamiaimingtoanswerfundamentalquestionsabouttheimpactofclimatechangeinthepolarregions.Thescientistlse,dbytheBritisAhntarcticSurvey（BAS）,aretryingtoreachanewlyrevealedecosystemthathadbeenhiddenfor120,000yearsbelowtheLarsenCiceshelf.Lastyear,partoftheLarsenCice崩解）fawal5vecf（（rmingahugeiceber—wfcfi&hisfourtimesbiggerthanLondon,andrevealinglifebeneathforthefirsttime.Nowscientistssayitisaraceagainsttimetoexplorethesenewecosystemsbeforetheyaretransformedtothelight.MarinebiologistDrKatrinLinsefromtheBASisleadingthemission."ThecalvingofA68providesuswithauniqueopportunitytostudymarinelifeasitrespondstoahugeenvironmentchange,"shesaid."Itisimportantthatwegettherequicklybeforetheunderseaenvironmentchangesassunlightentersthewater."ProfessorDavidVaughan,sciencedirectorattheBAs,said,"Weneedtobebold（大胆的）onthisone.LarsenCisalongwaysouthandthere'slotsofseaiceinthearea,butthisisimportantscience,sowewilltryourbesttogettheteamwheretheyneedtobe.HesaidclimatechangehadalreadyaffectedtheseaaroundAntarcticaandiswarmingsomecoastalwaters."Futurewarmingmaymakesomehabitatswarm.Wherethesehabitatssupportuniquespeciesthatareadaptedtolovethecoldandnotthewarm,thosespeciesaregoingtoeithermoveordie."ThereisgrowingconcernaboutthepossibleimpactofclimatechangeintheAntarctic.Earlierthismonth,areportrevealedthatmeltingicesheetsinGreenlandandAntarcticaarespeedingupthealreadyfastpaceofthesealevelrise.Theresearch,publishedbytheNationalAcademiesofScience,EngineeringandMedicine,said,"Atthecurrentrate,theworld'soceanwillbe,onaverage,atleast60cmhigherbytheendofthecentury."However,itfoundthattheprocessisaccelerating,andmorethanthreequartersoftheaccelerationsince1993isduetomeltingicesheetsinGreenlandandAntarctica,thestudyshows.（1）Whyarethescientistseagertogototheiceberg?Tostudyhowtheicebergwasformed.Tostudyanewlydiscoveredecosystem.Toexploreanewwaytopreventclimatechange.ToexplorethegeographyoftheLarsenCiceshelf.（2）Whatdotheunderlinedwords"thisone"inthefourthparagraphreferto?TheLarsenCiceshelf.ClimatechangeinAntarctica.TheA68icebergwiththeecosystembeneathit.TheconditionofanimalspeciesinAntarctica.（3）WhatcanwelearnabouttheA68icebergfromthetext?ItisasbigasLondon.ItispartofaniceshelfintheArctic.Itwilldisappearinaveryshorttime.IthasuncoveredanunknownecosysteminAntarctica.（4）Whatcanweinferfromthelastparagraph?ThereisnoneedtoworryaboutclimatechangeinAntarctica.TheicesheetsinGreenlandandAntarcticaaremeltingatasteadyrate.Manycreatureslivingindeepwaterwilldieoutduetoclimatechange.By2100,thesealevelwillhaverisentoamuchhigherlevelthannow.【答案】（1）B（2）C(3)D(4)D【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，南极地区的拉森C冰架崩解形成了一座巨大的冰山A68iceberg。冰山下面显现的新的海洋生态系统为科学家提供了研究未知的海洋生物的机会。考查细节理解。根据第二段中的“Nowscientistssayitisaraceagainsttimetoexplorethesenewecosystemsbeforetheyaretransformedtothelight.”可知，科学家着急赶去世界最大的冰山是为了在其受到光照影响之前研究这座冰山下面的海洋生态系统。故选B。(2)考查词义猜测。根据第三段中的“ThecalvingofA68providesuswithauniqueopportunitytostudymarinelife...”可知A68冰山的形成为科学家提供了研究海洋生物的独一无二的机会，所以ProfessorDavidVaughan认为科学家要果敢地抓住这次机会，故thisone指的是A68冰山和它下面的生态系统。故选C。考查细节理解。根据第一段中的“toreachanewlyrevealedecosystemthathadbeenhiddenfor120,000yearsbelowtheLarsenCiceshelf.”到达一个新发现的在拉森冰架下面隐藏了12万年的的生态系统，可知选D。考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的"...Atthecurrentrate,theworld'soceanswillbe,onaverage,atleast60cmhigherbytheendofthecentury.”按目前的速度，世界的海洋到本世纪末平均至少升高60厘米，选Do【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，词义猜测和推理判断三个题型的考查，是一篇环境类阅读，考生需要准确掌握细节信息，同时根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，从而选出正确答案。3.犇犇阅读下面短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。Whileeverydogownerknowstheirdogscanreadtheirmoodsperfectly,scientistshavealwaysbeenalittledoubtful.NowthankstosomeresearchersattheUniversityofVeterinaryMedicineinVienna,Austria,wefinallyhavesomeconvincingevidence.Fortheirstudy,biologistCorsonMillerandhisteamexposeselevenselecteddogstodigitalimagesofwomenthatwereeitherangryorhappy.Halfthedogswererewardedfortouchingthescreenwhenshownahappyface,whiletheotherhalfgottheirtreatforselectingthosethatappearedangry.Interestingly,thedogswerenotprovidedwiththeentireface.Somedogswereshownonlyupperhalveswhiletheothersobservedlowerhalves.That'sbecausethescientistsbelievehumansshowtheiremotionsontheirentireface.Aftersometraininglikehowtorecognizesmalldifferenceslikethewrinklesbetweentheeyesorthechangesintheirshapethataccompanythehappyorangryexpressions,thedogsweremostlyabletoidentifythecorrectexpressionnotonlyonafamiliarfacebutonastrangeface.Theresearchersconcludedthedogsweresmartenoughtoreadhumanemotions.Theyalsofoundthosebeingtrainedtoreadangryexpressionstookalongertimetolearn.Theyguessitmaybebecausedogsfindangryfacesdisgusting,causingthemtowithdrawquickly.However,oncethesmartdogsrealizedtheyweregettingrewarded,thetrepidationseemedtodisappear.Infact,thedogshadsuchagoodtimeplayingthecomputer"game"Thatscientistshadahardtimekeepingthemawayfromthetouchscreensafterthestudywascompleted.Theresearchersalsonoticedonlydogswithamaleownerhadahardertimeunderstandingtheexpressionscorrectly.Sincethetouch-screenmodelswereallfemales,thisconfirmedwhathasbeenobservedinpreviousstudiesdogsaremoreefficientatreadingfacialexpressionsofpeoplethatarethesamegenderastheirowner.（1）Howdidthescientistsconducttheexperiment?Byleavingdogstowomenwhoareeitherhappyorangry.Bymixingtheselecteddogstogether.ByrewardingonlyhalfofthedogstouchingthescreenByshowingdigitalpicturesofwomen'shappyorangryfaces.（2）Theunderlinedword"trepidation"inParagraph5probablymeans.fearandhesitationcuriosityandeagernessexcitementandhappinessdoubtandsadness（3）Accordingtothelastparagraph,dogswithfemaleowners.arefondofthemalefacesareuninterestedintellingtheemotionsontheentirefaceshavedifficultytellingthemoodsonthefacesofmalescanonlyrecognizeemotionsoffemales（4）Whatisthebesttitleforthispassage?MoodChangesInfluenceDogsDogsIdentifytheMoodsdogsandTheirOwnersDog'sMoodResearch【答案】（1）D（2）A（3）C（4）B【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，最新的实验发现，即狗能够识别人的面部表情的变化。（1）考查细节理解。根据第二段中的"FortheirstudybiologistCorsonMillerandhisteamexposedelevenselecteddogstodigitalimagesofwomenthatwereeitherangryorhappy."可知，实验人员通过屏幕向这些狗展示了一组女性面部表情的照片，这些表情中既有快乐的，也有愤怒的。故选D。（2）考查词义猜测。根据第五段中的"Theyguessitmaybebecausedogsfindangryfacesdisgusting,causingthemtowithdrawquickly"以及"However"可知，与前面意思相反，以及划线词后的"disappear"可知"oneethesmartdogsrealizedtheyweregettingrewarded,thetrepidationseemedtodisappear....1此句为，狗看到生气的表情后会感到厌恶，并由此退缩，但是一旦聪明的狗意识到会有奖励之后，它们的恐惧以及退缩就会消失。由此可判断出A符合题意，故选A。（3）考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的"thisconfirmedwhathadbeenobservedinpreviousstudies—dogsaremoreefficientatreadingfacialexpressionsofpeoplethatarethesamegenderastheirowner"可知，狗擅长辨别与自己主人性别相同的人的表情，由此推断，让主人是女性的狗来辨别男性面部表情的图片是比较困难的。故选Co（4）考查主旨大意。第一段提出文章的主旨即“每个狗的主人都知道他们的狗狗能很好地读懂他们的情绪，但科学家们一直有点怀疑。现在，有证据表明这是正确的”，接着在下文用硬实证明了这一点。因此本文的最好的题目就是“狗能识别人的情绪"。故选Bo【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，词义猜测，推理判断和主旨大意四个题型的考查，是一篇科研类阅读，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。4．犇犇阅读下面文章，然后从题中所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出每个问题的最佳选项。AninternationalteamofresearchersfromtheUniversityofOxfordhavefoundthatthewaypeopleusetheInternetiscloselytiedtotheseasonalmovementsinthenaturalworld.Theironlinespeciessearchesfollowthepatternsofseasonalanimalmigrations迁（徙）.Migratorybirds（候鸟）floodbacktowheretheyreproduceeveryspring.Thatmigratorybehaviorisaccompaniedbysomehumanbehavior."InEnglish-languageWikipedia（维基百科）,theonlinesearchesformigratoryspeciestendtoincreaseinspringwhenthosebirdsarriveintheUnitedStates,"saidtheleadauthorJohnMittermeier.Andnotjustbirds.Mittermeierandhisteamsurveyednearly2.5billionWikipediasearchrecords,for32,000species,across245languages.Theyalsosawvariablesearchratesforinsects,horsetailsandfloweringplants.SeasonaltrendsseemedtobewidespreadinWikipediabehaviorformanyspeciesofplantsandanimals.Thisfindingsuggestsnewwaystomonitorchangesintheworld'sbiologicaldiversity.Italsoshowsnewwaystoseehowmuchpeoplecareaboutnature,andwhichspeciesandareasmightbethemosteffectivetargetsforconservation.Mittermeierisencouragedbythesearchresults.Hecommented,"Ithinkthere'saconcernamongconservationists（生态环境保护者）thatpeoplearelosingtouchwiththenaturalworldandthatthey'renotinteractingwithnativespeciesanymore.Andsointhatsense,itwasreallyexcitingandquiteunexpectedformetoseepeople'sWikipediainterestcloselyrelatedtochangesinnature."RichardGrenyer,AssociateProfessorfromtheUniversityofOxford,sayssearchdataisusefultoconservationbiologists,"Byusingthesebigdataapproaches,wecandirectourattentiontowardsthedifficultquestionsinmodernconservation:whichspeciesandareasarechanging,andwherearethepeoplewhocarethemostandcandothemosttohelp."（1）Whathaveresearchersfoundaboutspeciessearches?Theystrengthentiesamongpeople.Theyaffecttheanimalmovements.Theydifferinlanguagebackgrounds.Theyreflectanimalmigrationseasons.（2）WhatisthepurposeofwritingParagraph3?Tosummarizetheresearchprocess.Tofurthersupporttheresearchfindings.Toshowthevarietyofspeciessearches.Topresentresearchers'heavyworkload.（3）HowdoesMittermeierfeelaboutthesearchresults?SatisfiedwithWikipedia'sservice.WorriedaboutWikipediabehavior.Amazedatpeople'scareaboutnature.Sadaboutpeople'snotgettingclosetonature.（4）WhydoesRichardthinksuchsearchdataisuseful?Ithelpstoaimatconservationtargets.Itincreasesinterestinbigdataapproaches.Itkeepstrackoftrendsinbiologists'work.Itpushespeopletosolvedifficultproblems.【答案】（1）D（2）B（3）C（4）A【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，牛津大学的一个国际研究小组发现，人们使用互联网的方式与自然界的季节性运动密切相关。他们的在线物种搜索遵循季节性动物迁徙的模式。这一发现提出了监测世界生物多样性变化的新方法。它还展示了一种新的方式来了解人们有多关心自然，以及哪些物种和地区可能是最有效的保护目标。（1）考查细节理解。根据第一段中的“Theironlinespeciessearchesfollowthepatternsofseasonalanimalmigrations（迁徙）.”可知关于物种搜索，研究人员发现了他们遵循季节性动物迁徙的模式。故选D。（2）考查推理判断。根据第三段中的"SeasonaltrendsseemedtobewidespreadinWikipediabehaviorformanyspeciesofplantsandanimals.”可知在维基百科上，许多动植物的行为似乎都有季节性趋势。即第三段的写作目的是为了进一步支持研究结果。故选B。（3）考查细节理解。根据倒数第二段中的"itwasreallyexcitingandquiteunexpectedformetoseepeople'sWikipediainterestcloselyrelatedtochangesinnature”可矢口Mittermeier看到人们对维基百科的兴趣是与大自然的变化密切相关的，感到非常兴奋和意外。故选C。（4）考查细节理解。根据最后一段中的"Byusingthesebigdataapproaches,wecandirectourattentiontowardsthedifficultquestionsinmodernconservation:whichspeciesandareasarechanging,andwherearethepeoplewhocarethemostandcandothemosttohelp.”可知Richard认为通过使用这些大数据方法，我们可以将我们的注意力转向现代保护中的难题:哪些物种和地区正在发生变化，哪些人最关心这些问题，哪些人能够提供最多的帮助。即他认为这些搜索数据可以有助于设定保护目标。故选A。【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解和推理判断两个题型的考查，是一篇科研类阅读，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上，根据上下文进行逻辑推理，从而选出正确答案。5.犇犇阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。Whenyouthinkbacktotheblackboardfromyourschooldays,whatcolorisit?Chancesarethatit'sgreen.Sowhat'supwiththename?Originally,blackboardswerereallyblack.Beforewall-sizedblackboardsexisted,late18th-centurystudentsusedtheirownminiboardsmadeofslate（石板）orpaintedwood,accordingtoConcordiaUniversity,Thosefirstboardswere,infact,black,andtheypavedthewayforthelargerones.In1800whenaScottishheadmasternamedJamesPillanswantedhisstudentstodrawmaps,thestudentscouldn'tdrawthemapstheirteacherwantedontheirtinyboards,soPillansputseveralslatestogethertocreatealargeboard.Problemsolved!Fromthere,theideaspreadquicklyasteacherscouldfinallyshowaconcepttothewholeclassatonetime.By1815,themassivewritingspaceswerecommonenoughtoearntheirownname:blackboard.Thecolorchangecameinthe1960swhencompaniessold,steelplates,coatedwithgreenenamel（漆）insteadofthetraditionaldarkslate.Thenewmaterialwaslighterandlessfragilethanthefirstblackboards,sotheywerecheapertoshipandmorelikelytosurvivethejourney.Teachersweren'tcomplainingeither.Afterall,thenew"greenboards"madethechalkpowdereasiertoerase.Plus,theenamelleftlessofaglareandthecolorwasnicertolookat.Atthatpoint,peoplestartedusingtheword"chalkboard"asamoreaccuratedescriptor,but"blackboard"stillstuckaround.（1）Whatdidthelate18th-centurystudentsuseinclass?Blackboard.B.Chalkboard.C.Greenboard.D.Miniboard.（2）Whydidtheheadmasteraskthestudentstoputtheirminiboardstogether?Tomakeacomparison.Tomakeenoughspace.Todrawstudents'attention.Toarousestudents'interest.（3）WhichofthefollowingisNOTtheadvantageofthe"greenboard"?They'relighterinweight.They'remoreconvenienttotransport.They'reeasiertoerasethepowder.They'remoreusefulthanthetraditionalones.（4）What'sthemainideaofthetext?Introductionoftheblackboard.Originoftheblackboard.Coloroftheblackboard.Functionoftheblackboard.【答案】（1）D（2）B（3）D（4）C【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，通过描述黑板发展历程向读者介绍了黑板最早的时候确实是黑色的，随后慢慢发展变成了绿色。回答了"黑板为什么是绿色的？"这个问题。（1）考查细节理解。根据第一段中的，"...late18th-centurystudentsusedtheirownminiboardsmadeofslate（石板）orpaintedwood..."可知，18世纪的学生用的是“迷你板”。故选D。（2）考查推理判断。根据第二段中的“In1800whenaScottishheadmasternamedJamesPillanswantedhisstudentstodrawmaps,thestudentscouldn'tdrawthemapstheirteacherwantedontheirtinyboards,soPillansputseveralslatestogethertocreatealargeboard.”在1800年，一名英格兰校长JamesPillans想让他的学生们画地图，但是学生们在他们的迷你板上无法画出地图，因此校长让学生把他们的迷你板拼凑在一起来制造一个大的板。可知，校长让学生把他们的迷你板拼凑在一起是为了创造一个大的空间来画地图。故选B。（3）考查细节理解。根据第三段中的"Thenewmaterialwaslighterand...morelikelytosurvivetheJourney."可知A项和B项正确；以及"Afterall,...madethechalkpowdereasiertoerase."可知C项正确；D项文章未提及。故选D。（4）考查主旨大意。文章第一段前四句话点明了文章中心：我们看到的黑板大多是绿色的，为什么叫黑板？通读全文也可知文章主要讲述了黑板发展过程中颜色从黑色变成绿色的过程和原因。故选C。【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，推理判断和主旨大意三个题型的考查，是一篇科普类阅读，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。6．犇犇阅读理解"Actingistheleastmysteriousofallcrafts,"MarionBrandooncesaid.Butforscientists,workingoutwhatisgoingoninanactor'sheadhasalwaysbeensomethingofapuzzle.Now,researchershavesaidactorsshowdifferentpatternsofbrainactivitydependingonwhethertheyareincharacterornot.DrStevenBrown,fromMcMasterUniversityinCanada,said,"Itlookslikewhenyouareacting,youaresuppressing（压制）yourself;almostlikethecharacterispossessingyou."Brownandcolleaguesreporthow15actors,mainlytheatrestudents,weretrainedtotakeonaShakespearerole—eitherRomeoorJuliet—inatheatreworkshop.Theyweretheninvitedintothelaboratory,wheretheirbrainswerescannedinaseriesofexperiments.OnceinsidetheMRIscanner,theactorswereaskedtoansweranumberofquestions,suchas:wouldtheygototheparty?Andwouldtheytelltheirparentsthattheyhadfalleninlove?Eachactorwasaskedtorespondtodifferentquestions,basedontwodifferentpremises前（提）.Inone,theywereaskedfortheirownperspective,whileintheother,theywereaskedtorespondasthoughtheywereeitherRomeoorJuliet.Theresultsrevealedthatthebrainactivitydiffereddependingonthesituationbeingtested.Theteamfoundthatwhentheactorswereincharacter,theyusesomethird-personknowledgeorinferencesabouttheircharacter.Theteamsaidtheyalsofoundadditionalreductioninactivityintworegionsoftheprefrontalcortex（前额皮质）linkedtothesenseofself,comparedwithwhentheactorswererespondingasthemselves.However,PhilipDavis,aprofessorattheUniversityofLiverpool,wasunimpressedbytheresearch,sayingactingisaboutfarmorethan"pretending"tobesomeone—itinvolvesembodying（体现）thetextandlanguage.（1）HowdidDrBrown'steamconducttheirresearch?Byscanningthebrainactivityofsomeactors.Bydoingasurveywithsometheatregoers.Byinterviewingsometheatreteachers.Byconsultingsomeexperiencedresearchers.（2）WhatisthefindingofDrBrown'sresearch?Actingisnotasmysteriousaspeoplethink.Actors'brainactivitydifferswhentheyareacting.Actingisfarmorethanpretendingtobethecharacter.Actors'brainactivityismoreactivewhentheyareincharacter.（3）HowdidPhilipDavisreacttotheresearch?Hesupportedit.B.Hedoubtedit.C.Heexplainedit.D.Headvocatedit.（4）Whatisthetextmainlyabout?Adebateofhowthebrainfunctions.AplaywrittenbyShakespeare.Aresearchonthebrainactivityofactors.Areportofthecooperationofscientistsandactors.【答案】（1）A（2）B（3）B（4）C【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了一项对于演员大脑活动的研究。现在，研究人员表示，演员的大脑活动模式不同，取决于他们是否扮演角色。（1）考查推理判断。根据第五段中的“OnceinsidetheMRIscanner,theactorswereaskedtoansweranumberofquestions,suchas:wouldtheygototheparty?”一旦进入核磁共振扫描仪，演员们被要求回答一系列问题，比如:他们会去参加派对吗?由此推断出Brown博士的团队是通过扫描一些演员的大脑活动进行他们的研究的，故选A。（2）考查细节理解。根据倒数第三段中的“Theresultsrevealedthatthebrainactivitydiffereddependingonthesituationbeingtested.Theteamfoundthatwhentheactorswereincharacter,theyusesomethird-personknowledgeorinferencesabouttheircharacter.'结果显示，大脑活动的不同取决于所测试的情境。研究小组发现，当演员在扮演角色时，他们会使用一些第三人称知识或对角色的推断。由此可知Brown博士的研究发现，演员在表演时大脑活动是不同的，故选B。考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的"However,PhilipDavis,aprofessorattheUniversityofLiverpool,wasunimpressedbytheresearch,sayingactingisaboutfarmorethan‘pretending'tobesomeone—itinvolvesembodying(体现)thetextandlanguage.”然而，利物浦大学教授PhilipDavis对这项研究并不以为然。他说，表演不仅仅是'假装"成某个人，它还包括文本和语言的体现。由此推断出PhilipDavis对这项研究持怀疑态度，故选B。考查主旨大意。第二段中的"Now,researchershavesaidactorsshowdifferentpatternsofbrainactivitydependingonwhethertheyareincharacterornot.”现在，研究人员表示，演员的大脑活动模式不同，取决于他们是否扮演角色，是全文的主题句，结合全文内容，可知这篇文章主要介绍了一项对于演员大脑活动的研究，故选C。【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，推理判断和主旨大意三个题型的考查，是一篇科研类阅读，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。7．犇犇Choosetheonethatfitsbestaccordingtotheinformationgiveninthepassageyouhavejustread.TheRapidRiseandFallofRobotBabysittersDuringthewinterof2017,an18-yearoldcollegestudentnamedCanonReevesspentmuchofhistimetrailingaknee-highrobotaroundFayetteville,Arkansas,asitdeliveredAmazonpackagestostudents.Therobot,createdbyastart-upcalledStarshipTechnologiesin2014,isbasicallyacooleronwheels;itusesradars,sensors,andninecamerastomakedeliveries.Reeves'sjobwastomonitorhowithandledvariousgrounds,fieldcommentsfromthepublic,andpresstheoffswitchifnecessary.Hesaid,"Peoplewouldalsoaskifitcoulddeliverbeer."Itcouldn't.Broadlyspeaking,jobsofcaringforrobotsfallundertheumbrellaofcareersinautomation,whichincludemaintenance,engineeringandprogramming.Thedemandforpeoplewiththisskillsetisconsiderable,with20millionto50millionnewjobstobeexpectedinthiscategoryby2030,accordingtotheMckinseyGlobalInstitute.IntheyearthatendedinJune2018,IhadalmostthreetimesthenumberofpositionsontherecruitmentcommitteethatendedinJune2016.Overthelastyear,a34-year-oldbusinessmannamedDavidRodriguezspenthundredsofhoursfollowingamachinecalledtheKiwiBotaroundUCBerkeley'scampuswhileitdeliveredRedbullandotherdrinkstostudents.Toretrieve(检索)orders,theappencouragesstudentstogivetherobotawave;therobot'sdigitaleyeswillrolldependingonitsmood.Rodriguez,whoheadsbusinessdevelopmentforthestart-up,wastasked,earlyon,withmonitoringtheKiwiBotforproblems一evencarryingit,shouldthemotorsfail.SinceApril2018,though,theKiwiBothaslargelybeenleftunattended,andthemajorityofhumaninteractionsinvolvetechnicalchecksandloadingfoodintotherobot.Toeliminatetheboringwork,theteamisdevelopingarestaurantrobottocollectandloadorders一whichcouldhappenin2020.However,Rodriguezassuredmethathisstaffwon'tbeoutofwork.Everyoneholdsdoublerolesinthecompany.Greaterrobotself-governingjustmeansemployeeswillshifttheirfocustoaccounting,engineering,anddesign.Mckinseyestimatesthatmillionsofjobsgloballycouldbelosttoautomationby2030."Ahugenumberofjobswillbeproducedasautonomousvehiclesarereleasedintotheenvironment,"Ramseysaid.In2016,BoschstartedtrainingstudentsfromSchoolcraftCollege,acommunitycollegeinMichigan,inautonomous-vehiclerepair;Toyotahastrainedstudentsinmaintenanceaswell."Wemightevenseeareturntolow-leveljobswherepeoplecomeandfuelthecarforyou,"Ramseysaid."Untilwecanwirelesslycharge,someoneneedstorefuelthem."Thehardest-to-automateindustries,asithappens,aretheonesthatrequirelookingafterhumans,suchaschildcare,educationandhealthcare.Robotbabysittersmightfeelliketheyhavescoredthejobofthefuture,butinfact,theymightbebetterpositioned.（1）Whatkindofrobotistheonecreatedbyastart-upcalledStarshipTechnologies?Afactoryrobot.B.Adeliveryrobot.C.Arestaurantrobot.D.Aconstructionrobot.（2）Whatdoes"fallundertheumbrellianPoafr"a.2mean?areinthecategoryofB.areundertheprotectionofareinrelationofD.areintheprocessof（3）AccordingtoRamsey,whatwillhappenwhenautonomousvehiclesareputonthemarket?Autonomousvehicleswillbecomemuchcheaper.Alargenumberofpeoplewillbeoutofwork.Alotofjobopportunitieswillbecreated.Manypeoplewillturntobuyingautonomouscars.（4）WhatdoesthelastsentenceinPara.4mean?Robotcarerswillhaveacompetitiveadvantageinthefuture.Manynewoccupationslikecaringforrobotscomeandgofast.Westillneedsomeonetolookafterrobotsinthefuture.Robotswillcreatemoreandbetterjobsforpeopleinthefuture.【答案】（1）B（2）A（3）C（4）A【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，随着机器人被越来越多的应用，照看机器人的工作也随之发生了变化。本文以对相关信息进行了介绍说明。（1）考查细节理解。根据第一段中的"Therobot,createdbyastart-upcalledStarshipTechnologiesin2014,isbasicallyacooleronwheels;itusesradars,sensors,andninecamerastomakedeliveries."可知，这款机器人是2014年由一家名为StarshipTechnologies的初创公司制造的，它基本上是一种车轮上的冷却器；它使用雷达、传感器和9台摄像头进行配送。也就是说，StarshipTechnologies公司创造的是一款配送物品的机器人。故选B。（2）考查词义猜测。根据第二段中的"whichincludemaintenance,engineeringandprogramming"列举了"照看机器人"的工作范畴，故选A。（3）考查细节理解。根据最后一段中的"Ahugenumberofjobswillbeproducedasautonomousvehiclesarereleasedintotheenvironment"可知，随着自动化车辆被投放到市场，将产生大量的就业机会。故选Co（4）考查句义理解。该划线句子的字面意思是：机器人保姆可能会觉得自己已经获得了未来的工作，但事实上，他们的位置可能会更好。根据字面意思，不难看出其隐藏的意思为：机器人保姆占据很大的优势，他们可以在未来作更好的工作。故选A。【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，词义猜测和句义猜测三个题型的考查，是一篇科普类阅读，考生需要准确捕捉细节信息，同时根据上下文进行逻辑，推理，归纳，从而选出正确答案。8．阅读理解In2015,amannamedNigelRichardsmemorized386,000wordsintheentireFrenchScrabbleDictionaryinjustnineweeks.However,hedoesnotspeakFrench.Richards'impressivefeatisausefulexampletoshowhowartificialintelligenceworks—realAI.BothofRichardandAItakeinmassiveamountsofdatatoachievegoalswithunlimitedmemoryandsupermanaccuracyinacertainfield.ThepotentialapplicationsforAIareextremelyexciting.BecauseAIcanoutperformhumansatroutinetasks—providedthetaskisinonefieldwithalotofdata—itistechnicallycapableofreplacinghundredsofmillionsofwhiteandbluecollarjobsinthenext15yearsorso.ButnoteveryjobwillbereplacedbyAI.Infactfourtypesofjobsarenotatriskatall.First,therearecreativejobs.AIneedstobegivenagoaltooptimize.Itcannotinvent,likescientists,novelistsandartistscan.Second,thecomplex,strategicjobs—executives,diplomats,economists—gowellbeyondtheAIlimitationofsingle-fieldandBigData.Thentherearetheas-yet-unknownjobsthatwillbecreatedbyAI.Areyouworriedthatthesethreetypesofjobswon'temployasmanypeopleasAIwillreplace?Nottoworry,asthefourthtypeismuchlarger:jobswhereemotionsareneeded,suchasteachers,nanniesanddoctors.Thesejobsrequirecompassion,trustandsympathy—whichAIdoesnothave.AndevenifAItriedtofakeit,nobodywouldwantarobottellingthemtheyhavecancer,orarobottobabysittheirchildren.SotherewillstillbejobsintheageofAI.Thekeythenmustberetrainingtheworkforcesopeoplecandothem.Thismustbetheresponsibilitynotjustofthegovernment,whichcanprovidefunds,butalsoofcorporationsandthosewhobenefitmost.（1）Whatisthemainpurposeofparagraph1?Tointroducethetopic.TomentionNigel'sfeat.Tostresstheimportanceofgoodmemory.TosuggesthumansgobeyondAIinmemory.（2）Whichofthefollowingbestexplains"outperform"underlinedinparagraph2?BesuperiortoB.BeinferiortoC.BesimilartoD.Berelatedto（3）Whichofthefollowingjobsisthemostlikelytobereplaced?A.Thewriter.B.Theshopassistant.C.Thebabysitter.D.Thepsychologist.（4）WhichofthefollowingsuggestionscantheauthorgiveaboutjobreplacementofAI?LimittheapplicationofAItoacertaindegree.Getmoresupportfromthegovernment.Applyforthedonationfromcompanies.Upgradepeople'sprofessionalskillsallthetime.【答案】（1）A（2）A（3）B（4）D【解析】【分析】本文是一篇议论文，人工智能有取代人类工作的潜力,但是,并非所有工作都会被人工智能取代,有四种类型的工作完全没有风险。因此,在人工智能时代人类仍然会有工作,关键必须是对劳动力进行再培训,这样人们才能从事这些工作。（1）考查推理判断。根据第一段可知一个名叫奈杰尔•理查兹（NigelRichards）的人在短短九周内记住了《法国拼字游戏词典》中的386,000个单词。但是,他不会说法语。其展示了人工智能是如何工作的。而后文主要与人工智能有关,由此推断作者写第一段的目的是引出人工智能这个话题。故选A。（2）考查词义猜测。根据第二段中的“BecauseAlcanoutperformhumansatroutinetasks—providedthetaskisinonefieldwithalotofdata”可知AI可以在日常任务中outperform人类（前提是该任务在一个涉及到大量数据的领域中；以及"itistechnicallycapableofreplacinghundredsofmillionsofwhiteandbluecollarjobsinthenext15yearsorso.”可知从技术上讲，人工智能具有在未来大约15年里取代成千上万的白领和蓝领工作的能力。结合下文推断人工智能能够具有取代人类的工作是因为AI在日常任务中表现超过了人类,划线词的意思是"胜过,超过",故选A。（3）考查细节理解。根据第三段中的"First,therearecreativejobs.Alneedstobegivenagoaltooptimize.Itcannotinvent,likescientists,novelistsandartistscan.”可知四种类型的工作完全没有风险。首先,有创造性的工作。人工智能不可能像科学家,小说家和艺术家那样进行发明创造。也就是作家和科学家不会被取代。排除A；再根据第四段中的"asthefourthtypeismuchlarger:jobswhereemotionsareneeded,suchasteachers,nanniesanddoctors.”可知需要情感的工作，例如老师，保姆和医生也不大可能被取代，因此排除C和D。故选B。（4）考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的"SotherewillstillbejobsintheageofAl.Thekeythenmustberetrainingtheworkforcesopeoplecandothem.”可知作者认为在AI时代仍然会有工作,关键必须是对劳动力进行再培训,这样人们才能从事这