汤姆索亚历险记论文

TheAdventuresofTomSawyer 及其它教育机构的学位或学历而使用过的材料。对本研究提供过帮助和做出过贡献的个人或集体，均已在文中作了明确的说明并表示了谢意。作者签名： 日期：指导教师签名： 日期：本人完全了解 大学关于收集、保存、使用毕业设计（论文）的规定，即：按照学校要求提交毕业设计（论文）的印刷本和电子版本；学校有权保存毕业设计（论文）的印刷本和电子版，并提供目录检索与阅览服务；学校可以采用影印、缩印、数字化或其它复制或全部内容。作者签名： 日期：本人郑重声明：所呈交的论文是本人在导师的指导下独立进行研全意识到本声明的法律后果由本人承担。作者签名： 日期：年月日本学位论文作者完全了解学校有关保留、使用学位论文的规定，同意学校保留并向国家有关部门或机构送交论文的复印件和电子版，允许论文被查阅和借阅。本人授权 大学可以将本学位印或扫描等复制手段保存和汇编本学位论文。涉密论文按学校规定处理。作者签名： 日期：年月日导师签名： 日期：年 月日注意事项1.（论文）的内容包括：1（按教务处制定的标准封面格式制作）2创性声明4摘要、关键词5次页（附件不统一编入）7考文献89录（对论文支持必要时）4.、图表要求：1书写字迹工整，打印字体及大小符合要求，无错不准请他人代写2类题目的图纸，要求部分用尺规绘制，部分用计算机绘制，所写，不准用徒手画4表应绘制于无格子的页面上5工程类课题应有程序清单，并提供电子文档5.顺序1计（论文）2件：按照任务书、开题报告、外文译文、译文原文（复印件）次序装师评阅书写（设计）过程1生在论文（设计）过程中的治学态度、工作精神□优 □良 □中 □及格 □不及格2掌握专业知识、技能的扎实程度□优 □良 □中 □及格 □不及格3综合运用所学知识和专业技能分析和解决问题的能力□优 □良 □中 □及格 □不及格4方法的科学性；技术线路的可行性；设计方案的合理性□优 □良 □中 □及格 □不及格5毕业论文（设计）期间的出勤情况□优 □良 □中 □及格 □不及格论文（设计）质量1（设计）的整体结构是否符合撰写规范？□优 □良 □中 □及格 □不及格2完成指定的论文（设计）任务（包括装订及附件）？□优 □良 □中 □及格 □不及格论文（设计）水平1（设计）的理论意义或对解决实际问题的指导意义□优 □良 □中 □及格 □不及格2的观念是否有新意？设计是否有创意？□优 □良 □中 □及格 □不及格3（设计说明书）所体现的整体水平□优 □良 □中 □及格 □不及格建议成绩：□优 □良 □中 □及格 □不及格所选等级前的□内画“√”） （签名）单位： 年月日师评阅书1文（设计）的整体结构是否符合撰写规范？□优 □良 □中 □及格 □不及格2完成指定的论文（设计）任务（包括装订及附件）？□优 □良 □中 □及格 □不及格1（设计）的理论意义或对解决实际问题的指导意义□优 □良 □中 □及格 □不及格2的观念是否有新意？设计是否有创意？□优 □良 □中 □及格 □不及格3（设计说明书）所体现的整体水平□优 □良 □中 □及格 □不及格建议成绩：□优 □良 □中 □及格 □不及格所选等级前的□内画“√”） （签名） 年月日及教学系意见1论文（设计）的基本要点和见解的叙述情况□优 □良 □中 □及格 □不及格2答辩问题的反应、理解、表达情况□优 □良 □中 □及格 □不及格3生答辩过程中的精神状态□优 □良 □中 □及格 □不及格1文（设计）的整体结构是否符合撰写规范？□优 □良 □中 □及格 □不及格2否完成指定的论文（设计）任务（包括装订及附件）？□优 □良 □中 □及格 □不及格1文（设计）的理论意义或对解决实际问题的指导意义□优 □良 □中 □及格 □不及格2文的观念是否有新意？设计是否有创意？□优 □良 □中 □及格 □不及格3文（设计说明书）所体现的整体水平□优 □良 □中 □及格 □不及格评定成绩：□优 □良 □中 □及格 □不及格 年月日 年月日tentⅠ.Introduction..............................................................................................................1Ⅱ.MarkTwainandTheAdventureofTomSawyer......................................................12.1MarkTwain’sLifeExperience..........................................................................12.2ABriefIntroductionofTheAdventuresofTomSawyer...................................3Ⅲ.WritingTechniquesReflectedintheWork..............................................................43.1Humor...............................................................................................................43.2Satire.................................................................................................................53.3ColloquialLanguage.........................................................................................63.3.1LocalColor.............................................................................................73.3.2VernacularLanguage...............................................................................73.4FiguresofSpeech..............................................................................................83.4.1Exaggeration...........................................................................................83.4.2Metaphor.................................................................................................93.4.3Transferredepithet................................................................................103.4.4Metonymy.............................................................................................10ⅣConclusion.............................................................................................................11Bibliography................................................................................................................12tractMarkTwain,amastermindofhumorandsatire,isseenasagiantinworldliterature.Hishumorhadgreatimpactonthefollowingmenofletters.HeproducedtheworldfamousjuvenileworkTheAdventureofTomSawyerwhichreflectedhisownlifeexperience.Heproducedcountlesssuccessfulworkslovedbypeopleformdifferentcountries.Untiltoday,hisworksarestillreadbypeopleallovertheworld.Thethesispresentssomeofthewritingfeatureswhichcontributedtohissuccesssuchashumor,satirecolloquiallanguageandvariousfiguresofspeechandsomeoftheillustrationsfromthework.Thethesisconsistsoffourparts.ThefirstpartofthebodytellsthelifeexperienceofMarkTwainandhisfamousworkTheAdventureofTomSawyer.Thepartfollowing,whichisalsothethemethatisdiscussedinthethesis,isadetailedanalysistosomeofthewritingtechniquessuchashumor,satirewhichMarkTwainappliedinhiswork.ThispartspecificallystateshowhecreatedavividandexpressiveimagetohisreaderswiththeapplicationofthewritingtechniquesandwhatkindofeffectsheachievedthroughthisbysomeoftheexamplesfromTwain’swork.Thelastpartisaconclusionoftheachievementsand brillianceMarkTwainhavegot.MarkTwaindepictstherealworldaroundhimwithvividandanimatedwordswhichshowshistruefeelingstotheworld.KeyWords:MarkTwain;TomSawyer;writingtechniques美国的幽默大师和现实主义作家马克·土温,被看作一位世界文学巨匠。他的幽默对其后辈文人产生了巨大的影响.批评家对此亦高度重视并就此提出了不同的阐释.他创作了闻名世界的儿童著作《汤姆索亚历险记》，从本书中读者们可经历。除了《汤姆索亚历险记》，他还创作了许多名著中的一些例句。由四部分组成。正文的第一部分讲述了马克吐温的生活经历与其作品接着的部分，也就是本文的主题，详细分析了马克吐温这些写作手法为读者们创造出生动的形象并通过文中的一些例句来展示他用生动形象的文字把包含他真实感情的真实的世界展现给了他的读者们。关键词:马克吐温；汤姆索亚；写作手法AnAnalysisofMarkTwain’sWritingTechniquesinI.IntroductionMostofMarkTwain’sworksaredirectedagainsttheAmericansociety.Heisgoodatusingextremetechnique,enlargetheuglyphenomenontothereaders,letthemfindoutwhatisright,whatiswrongbythemselves.Forthisreason,MarkTwainhasalotofaudiencesinthewholeworld.Hisworkshavepracticalsignificances,deservingtoanalyze.ThisthesisusesseveralpointstoexpoundMarkTwain’swritingstyle.Hishumorousstyleisdifferentfromthatofotherauthors.MarkTwain’shumorisremarkable,itisfuntoreadTwainatfirst,formostofhisworkstendtobefunny,containingsomepracticaljokes,comicdetails,wittyremarksandsoon,andsomeofthemareactuallytalltales.Today,mostoftheauthorsstillchooseMarkTwain’shumorousstyleasthemaintechniqueintheirliteraryworks,becauseitisthebestweapontoattackthedarkness,couldshowtheauthor’sideasbetterthananyothers.Ⅱ.MarkTwainandTheAdventureofTomSawyerAsanoutstandingwriter,humorist,critic…MarkTwainislovedbypeopleallaroundtheworld.Hisworkshadbeentranslatedintoseveralotherlanguagesacrosstheuniverse.TheAdventureofTomSawyerisoneofhismostsuccessfuljuvenileworkswhichisstillabestsellertoday.ThebookwaswrittenpartlybasedonTwain’sownlifeexperience.Sowhenthereadersarereadingthroughthebook,theycouldimagineavividimageofyoungMarkTwain.2.1MarkTwain’sLifeExperienceMarkTwain(pseudonymofSamuelLanghorneClemens,1835-1910),wasanAmericanwriter,journalistandhumorist,whowonaworldwideaudienceforhisstoriesoftheyouthfuladventuresofTomSawyerandHuckleberryFinn.ClemenswasbornonNovember30,1835in Florida,Missouri,ofaVirginianfamily.HewasbroughtupinHannibal,Missouri.ThelifeofwhichcontributedtotheconstructionofthefictionaltownofSt.PetersburginTheAdventuresofTomSawyerandAdventuresofHuckleberryFinn.Afterhisfather'sdeathin1847,hewasapprenticedtoaprinterandwroteforhisbrother'snewspaper.AndlaterHeworkedasalicensedMississippiriver-boatpilot,whichprovidedhimwithsufficientmaterialsforhimandinspiredhimtothecreationofmanygreatworks.TheCivilWarputanendtothesteamboattrafficandClemensmovedtoVirginiaCity,whereheeditedtheTerritorialEnterprise.OnFebruary3,1863,'MarkTwain'wasbornwhenClemenssignedahumoroustravelaccountwiththatpseudonym.In1864TwainleftforCalifornia,andworkedinSanFranciscoasajournalist.Therehegothisfirstsuccessasawriterforhishumoroustalltale.HevisitedHawaiiasacorrespondentforTheSacramentoUnion,publishinglettersonhistripandgivinglectures.ThenHesetoutonaworldtour,travelinginFranceandItaly.Histraveloguewasrecordedin1869inTheInnocentsAbroad,whichgainedhimwidepopularity,andpokedfunatbothAmericanandEuropeanprejudicesandmanners.ThesuccessasawritergaveTwainenoughfinancialsecuritytomarryOliviaLangdonin1870whomTwainclaimedtohavefalleninloveatfirstsight.Thenextyear,theymovedtoHartford.TwaincontinuedtogivelectureintheUnitedStatesandworkedasaneditorandwriterintheBuffaloExpress.Between1876and1884hepublishedseveralmasterpieces,TheAdventuresofTomSawyer(1881)andThePrinceAndThePauper(1881).LifeOnTheMississippiappearedin1883andTheAdventuresofHuckleberryFinnin1884.Twainmadeasubstantialamountofmoneythroughhiswriting,buthelostagreatdealthroughinvestments,mostlyinnewinventionsandtechnology.Inthe1890sTwainlostmostofhisearningsinfinancialspeculationsandinthefailureofhisownpublishingfirm.Torecoverfromthebankruptcy,hestartedaworldlecturetour,duringwhichoneofhisdaughtersdied.TwaintouredNewZealand,Australia,India,andSouthAfrica.Hewrotesuchbooksas TheTragedyOfPudd'headWilson(1884),PersonalRecollectionsOfJoanOfArc(1885),AConnecticutYankeeinKingArthur'sCourt(1889)andthetravelogueFollowingTheEquator(1897).Duringhislongwritingcareer,Twainalsoproducedaconsiderablenumberofessays.“Advicetoyouth”and“Courage”Miseryandsufferingsbeatthemanwhomakestheworldlaugh.Thedeathofhiswifeandhisseconddaughterdarkenedtheauthor'slateryears,whichisseeninhisposthumouslypublishedautobiography(1924).TwaindiedonApril21,1910.Hisfuneralwasatthe"OldBrick"PresbyterianChurchinNewYork.Heisburiedinhiswife'sfamilyplotatWoodlawnCemeteryinElmira,NewYork.Hisgraveismarkedbya12-foot(i.e.,twofathoms,or"marktwain")monument.2.2ABriefIntroductionofTheAdventuresofTomSawyerTheAdventuresofTomSawyerisaliterarymasterpieces,writtenin1876isachild’sadventurestorybythefamousauthorMarkTwain.TomSawyerisamischievousyoungboywholivesinthesmalltownontheMississippiRivercalledSt.Petersburg.TomSawyerissaucyandnaturallyshow-off,wholikestoshowhisauthorityovertheotherboys.Heisa13yearsoldboywhowasborninatownontheMississippiRiver,whereheandHuck-hisbestfriend,grewup.Tomisintendedtorepresentthecarefreeandwonderfulworldofboyhoodintheantebellumera.Thestorylineissimple,thebookreadslikeabiographyoramemoirofasummerinTomSawyer'slife.TomSawyerseemstobetheprecursorofandthetemplateformisfitkidssuchasDennistheMenace,MalcolmintheMiddle,andCalvinandHobbs.WhatmakesthisstorygreatisthatTomSawyerrepresentseverythingthatisgreataboutchildhood.ThebookisfilledwithTom'sadventuresplayingpiratesandwarwithhisfriendJoeHarper.Tomhasatrustedfriend,HuckFinn,whofewoftheadultsapproveof.Thebookisfilledwithideasofhowtheworldworks,suchashowpiratesandrobberswork,thataresoinnocent,theycouldonlycomefromachild.Itisastoryfilledwithaction,adventure,ingeniousideas,love,andschoolyardpolitics.Thewholestoryisseeminglyacomplicationofwhatpeopledidorwishtheydidduringtheirchildhood.OneofAmerica’sbest-lovedtales,TomSawyerhasadoubleappeal.First,itappealstotheyoungadolescentastheexcitingadventuresofatypicalboyduringthemid-nineteenthcentury,adventuresthatarestillintriguinganddelightfulbecausetheyappealtothebasicinstinctsofnearlyallyoungpeople,regardlessoftimeorculture.Second,thenovelappealstotheadultreaderwholooksbackonhisorherownchildhoodwithfondreminiscences.Thus,thenovelisacombinationofthepastandthepresent,ofthewell-rememberedeventsfromchildhoodtoldinsuchawayastoevokeremembrancesintheadultmind.Thetaleisverydramaticallywrought,andthesubordinatecharactersaretreatedwiththesamegraphicforcethatsetsTomalivebeforeus.Theworthlessvagabond,HuckFinn,isentirelydelightfulthroughout,andinhispromisedreformhisidentityisrespected:hewillleadadecentlifeinorderthathemayonedaybethoughtworthytobecomeamemberofthatgangofrobberswhichTomistoorganize.Tom'sauntisexcellent,withherkindheart'ssorrowandsecretprideinTom;andsoishissisterMary,oneofthosegoodgirlswhoareborntousefulnessandcharityandforbearanceandunvaryingrectitude.Manyvillagepeopleandlocalnotablesareintroducedinwell-conceivedcharacter;thewholelittletownlivesinthereader'ssense,withitsreligiousness,itslawlessness,itsdrollsocialdistinctions,itscivilizationqualifiedbyitsslave-holding,anditstraditionsofthewilderWestwhichhaspassedaway.ThepicturewillbeinstructivetothosewhohavefanciedthewholeSouthwestasortofvastPikeCounty,andhavenotconceivedofasoberandseriousandorderlycontrasttothesortoflifethathascometorepresenttheSouthwestinliterature.AlthoughTomSawyerissetinasmalltownalongthewesternfrontieronthebanksofthelegendaryMississippiRiversometimeduringthe1840s,readersfromallpartsoftheworldrespondtothevariousadventuresexperiencedbyTomandhisbandoffriends.TheappealofthenovelliesmostlyinTwain’sabilitytocapture-orrecapture-universalexperiencesanddreamsandfearsofchildhood.Ⅲ.WritingTechniquesReflectedintheWorkWhateverMarkTwainwritesisprettysureofaneagerpopularrecognition.Anditisduetohimtosaythathefindshisreadersandadmirersallaroundtheworld.Hisapplicationofhumor,satireandcolloquiallanguagetohisworkbestowedhimthemostpowerfulweapontowinhimtheoutstandingstatusinhistoryofliterature.3.1HumorTheword“Humor”inEnglishoriginatedfromancientLatin,"Liquid"or"Fluid",whichoriginallyreferstooneofthefourhumors(i.e.,blood,mucus,bile,depressionfluid)thatplayadecisiveroleinhumannatureandhealth.Itwaslaterextendedtothemeaningoftoday'shumor.Humorisoneofthemostcomplexmechanismsofhumanlanguage.Accordingtotheirdifferentlifeexperiences,differentsocialcontext,differentwritingstyle,writersdefersgreatlyintheirwayofexpression.Someexpresstheirmeaningdirectly;someothersaresubtleandindirectintheexpressionoftheirthoughtsandfeelings.Humorisalwaysshowedintheindirectway.Humorisamongthemostimportantingredientsthatmakesatireinterestingandattractive.Buthumoriscertainlymultifaceted.Itmaybeaggressiveandderisive,itcanbeplayfulorintelligent,itcanevenbeseriousassatire…;itcannotbefalse.Humorcannotdeserttruth.MarkTwain,whowasextremelygiftedinhumor,usedhistalentinTheAdventureofTomSawyer,whichhasbecomeAmericanhumor’s“masterpieceaswellasMarkTheAdventuresofTomSawyeristhefirstnovelwhichMarkTwainwroteindependently.Inthisnovel,MarkTwaincreateavivid,delicateandlovelyboyTomandacolorfulworldwhichbelongtohiminthethirdpersonwithafriendlyeasy-goingtone.Onthehumorousandcleveruseofirony,theauthorcriticizedthecurrentsocialvulgar,socialinstitutions,andallkindsofpeopleinsociety.MarkTwaincombinesotherealmaterialandthehumortogethertoformhisownuniquewritingstylewhichisfrequentlyappliedtohiswork.Mr.Lusaid:"Theirony lifeistherealirony.”Onlywhenoneisinvolvedinthereallifecouldonegraspthesurprisehidinginthecommonsocialphenomenacouldwediscoverandcreategoodmor.SoLifeisthesourceofhumor,andhumorcouldonlybereflectedfullybylife.MarkTwain'shumoristhecase.MarkTwaininheritedthe19thcenturyhumorouswritingstylesoftheearlyAmericanwesternliteratureofpopularity.Besides,becauseofMarkTwainownwritingfeatures,.Heusedexpressivewordssothatthecharactersinhisworklooksvivid.Thecarefullyusedwordsgivethesimpleimages aspecialeffect.Heperfectlycombinedtherealismandhumortogethercriticizesthedarksociety.Hisdoesn’tnotonlycreateauniquehumorouswritingstyle,butalsoinfluencemanyAmericanartistsandauthors.3.2SatireSatireisprimarilyaliterarygenreorform,althoughinpracticeitcanalsobefoundinthegraphicandperformingarts.Insatire,vices,follies,abuses,andshortcomingsarehelduptoridicule,ideallywiththeintentofshamingindividuals,andsocietyitself,intoimprovement.Althoughsatireisusuallymeanttobefunny,itsgreaterpurposeisoftenconstructivesocialcriticism,usingwitasaweapon.Acommonfeatureofsatireisstrongironyorsarcasm—"insatire,ironyismilitant"[2]—butparody,burlesque,exaggeration,juxtaposition,comparison,analogy,anddoubleentendreareallfrequentlyusedinsatiricalspeechandwriting.This"militant"ironyorsarcasmoftenprofessestoapprove(oratleastacceptasnatural)theverythingsthesatiristwishestoattack.IntheAdventureofTomSawyer,Twaindoesnotconfinehimselftotellingasimplechildren’sstory.Heis,asalways,thesatiristandcommentatoronthefoiblesofhumannature.Astheauthorialcommentator,Twainoftenstepsinandcommentsontheabsurdityofhumannature.InTomSawyer,heiscontentwithmildadmonitionsaboutthehumanrace.Forexample,afterTomhastrickedtheotherboysintopaintingthefenceforhim,thevoiceofTwain,theauthor,pointsoutthegullibilityofman:”…thaninordertomakeamanoraboycovetathing,itisonlynecessarytomakethethingdifficulttoattain.”Therearestrongersatires.Twainisconstantlysatirizingthehypocrisyfoundinmanyreligiousobservances.Forexample,intheSundayschoolepisode,thereareaspectsofreligionsatirized,asTwainpointsoutthatoneboyhadmemorizedsomanyversesoftheBiblesoastowinprizes—moreBibleselegantlyillustrated—that“thestrainuponhismentalfacultieswastoogreat,andhewaslittlebetterthananidiotfromthatdayward.”Theadults’reactiontoInjunJoeandhismalevolenceisatypicalTwaincommentaryonsociety;theadultscreatepetitionstofreeJoewhohasalreadykilled,soitwasbelieved,five”citizensofthevillage,butwhatofthat?IfhehadbeenSatanhimselftherewouldhavebeenplentyofweaklingsreadytoscribbletheirnamestoapardonpetition,anddripatearonitfromtheirpermanentlyimpairedandleakyrworks.”Twaincriticizestheadultattitudesandbehaviorsthroughoutthenovel.Thatispartoftheconflict:thematurationofayouthintoadulthoodconflictingwiththedisapprovaloftheadultbehaviorsthatexist.Itisthisdoublevisionthatraisesthenovelabovethelevelofaboy’sadventurestory.3.3ColloquialLanguageAnotherfactorthatmadeMarkTwainuniqueishismagicpowerwithlanguage,hisuseofcolloquiallanguage.“Inhishands,comicjargonanddialectbecameafinishedliteraryweapon,unemphatic,visual,anddeceptivelysimple,soundinglikespeechandyetnotquitethesame”.Atthattime,MarkTwainadoptstheAmericancolloquiallanguages,hammeringitintoshapeagainandagain.Hiswordsarevivid,concreteanddirectineffect,andhissentencestructuresaresimple,evenungrammatical,whichistypicalofthespokenlanguage.AndMarkTwainskillfullyusedthecolloquialismtocasthisprotagonistsintheireverydaylife.What’smore,hischaracters,confinedtoaparticularregionandtoaparticularhistoricalmoment,speakwithastrongaccent,whichistrueofhislocalcolorism.Besides,differentcharactersfromdifferentliteraryorculturalbackgroundstalkdifferently,asisthecasewithTom.Indeed,withhisgreatmasterandeffectiveuseofvernacular,MarkTwainhasmadecolloquialspeechanaccepted,respectableliterarymediumintheliteraryhistoryofthecountry.Hisstyleoflanguagewaslatertakenupbyhisdescendants,SherwoodAndersonandErnestHemingway,andinfluencedgenerationsofletters.3.3.1LocalColorLocalcolorasatrendfirstmadeitspresenceinthelate1860sandearlyseventies.Itwastheoutgrowthofhistoricalandaestheticforcesthatbeengatheringenergysinceearlynineteenthcentury.SincethenlocalcolorbecamedominateinAmericanLiterature.OneofthemostimportantwritingfeaturesofMarkTwainistheuseofLocalcolorism.Twainreferstotheelements,whichcharacterizealocalculture,elementssuchasspeech,customs,andalsoaparticularplaceaslocalcolorism.Localcoloristsconcernedthemselveswithpresentingandinterpretingthelocalcharacteroftheirregions.Theytendedtoidentifyandglorify,buttheyneverforgottokeepaneyeonthetruthfulcoloroflocallife.Twaindepictedsociallifethroughdescriptionsoflocalplacesandpeopleheknewbestandbelievedthat“themostvaluablecapital,orculture,oreducationusableinthebuildingofnovelsispersonalexperience.”Marktwainpreferredtorespectsociallifethroughportraitsoflocalplaceswhichheknewbestanddrewheavilyfromhisownrichfundofknowledgeofpeople andplaceswiththefulldepictionofthecustoms,dialects,sights,smellandsoundsofregionalAmerica.MarkTwainoftenusedlocalcolortocreaterealisticcharactersandsettingswithinhiswritings.Thespecialaccentandthewayofspeakinghischaractersgivethereadersthefeelingthattheyareshownarespectable,knowingperson.Itpresentedavividandrealscenetothereaderswhentheyarereadingthroughhisworks.3.3.2VernacularLanguageMarkTwainenrichestheheritageofAmericanliteraturebyhisstyleofwritinginthevernacular,whichmeanstowritethewaythatpeoplethinkandspeak.Thevernacularportraysthewordinthepurestsenseofitsoriginalmeaning.ThevernacularsymbolizesAmericanwritingbecausenobodyelseonearthwouldtalkinthatwaybesidestheearlyAmericansettlers.Thisstyleisdonebywritingwithoutworryingaboutspellingorcontext,andratherjustwritingthewaythatthespeechnds.ThisstyleofwritingisuniquelyAmerican,becausethefamousEuropeanauthorsdidnotwritethatwaysincethepeopleofEuropedidn’tspeakthat way.EuropeanshadneverspokenlikethisorheardofitbeforeMarkTwain.ThevernacularenhancesAmericanwritingsolelybecauseitisuniquelyearlyAmerican.ItalsogivesafacetoAmericanwriting,distinguishingitfromwritinginotherpartsoftheworld.Thevernacularalsoshowstherural,uneducatedportionofAmerica.ThesearetwoexamplesfromTomSawyer:"Can"t,MarsTom.Olemissis,shetolemeIgottogoan"gitdiswateran"notstopfoolin"roun"widanybody.Shesayshespec"MarsTomgwinetoaxmetowhitewash,an"soshetolemetogo"longan""tendtomyownbusiness-she"lowedshe"dtendtodewhitewashin""(Twain13).Anotherexampleis:"Lookathim,Jim!He"sa-goingupthere.Say-look!He"sa-goingtoshakehandswithhim..."(Twain38).Thisshowshowtheyareuneducated,becauseofthesloppysentencestructure,andithintsatthefactofthembeingruralbymentioningwhitewashingthefence.ThisenrichesAmericanliteraturebyshowingapointofviewfromthepoor,whichiswelcometothosewhoaretiredofhearingabouttheglamourofrichpeople3.4FiguresofSpeechBesideshumor,satire,andcolloquiallanguage,Twainisalsoamasteroffigurativetechniques.HeappliedseveralfigurativetechniquesinTheAdventureofTomSawyersuchasexaggeration,metaphor,punandsoontoprovideemphasis,freshnessofexpression,orclarity.Twain’sprofusionoflanguageenrichedthereader’seffectofvividscenes.3.4.1ExaggerationExaggerationiswayofstrengthenorexaggeratethemeaningoflanguageadoptedbywriterstomakethereaderstolaughandcreateacertaineffectinthewritings.Butsometimesitisnoteasytodistinguishfromboastandexaggeration.Boastisawayofmakeaselfcontentormakeothersbelievethatsomethingistruethoughitmaynotbetrue.Soagoodwritermustbeabletouseexaggerationsproperly.Itisquiteimportanttodistinguishtheboundarythatmakethedifferenceofexaggerationandboast.MarkTwainpresentedsophisticatedskillsintheapplianceofexaggerations.FantasticexaggerationsoftenappearinMarkTwain’sworks.Throughthewayoffantasticexaggeration,MarkTwain madehisnovelsreachironiceffect.Thenhecanstressthegistofthearticle.Sometimes,exaggerationinhisworksseemsalittlebitridicule,butitactuallyreflectsthecharacter’suniquepersonality.Peoplegotabiglaughoutofreadingthesemisspellwords.Asasatirist,Hewouldoftendothingsthatdidnotjustmakeafun,butmakethereaderthinkthathereallymeansomethingreallydeep.Thenthereaderwouldbeabletogetthepointeasily.TheChurch'suncushionedpewswouldseatabout300people.(p.26)AtlasthewassatisfiedthattimehadCeased andeternitybegan.(p.62)Somevaguefiguresapproachedthroughthegloomswinginganold fashionedtinlanternthatfreckledthegroundwithinnumerablelittlespanglesoflight.(p.64)Hewassobrimfulofexultationthathecouldhardlyholdhimselfwhentheoldladycamebackandstoodabovethewreckdischarginglightningsofwrathfromoverherspectacles.(p.20)Thesewordssoundabsolutelyridiculous,butMarkTwaincandescribedistantlyacharacterthatisaddictedtogambling.Then,inlanding,wewouldbelostinreflection,whichcouldcerisethemassawarenesstoimprovethesocietyandperfecttheirpersonality.3.4.2MetaphorMetaphoristhemostcommonseenfigureofspeechinwritings.Itdirectlyreflectedtheconceptofhumanbeingsandhuman’ssubjectivereactiontotheoutsideworld.Theessenceofmetaphoristounderstandonethingsonthebasisofanotherthing.Authorsoftenapplymetaphorintheirwritingstocreatehumorousandironiceffects.DelvingintothepsychologicalaspectsofmetaphortorevealTwainsattitudesandthoughts,BirdshowshowusingmetaphorasaguidetoTwainrevealsmuchabouthiscompositionprocess.Twainsmetaphoricconstructionoverhiscompletecareerandespeciallyshedsnewlightonhiscentraltexts.HereconsidersOldTimesontheMississippiasthemostpurelymetaphoricalofTwainswritings,goesontolookathowTwain