2022年考研英语一真题及参考答案

2022年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试

英语（一）试题

SectionIUseofEnglish

Directions:

Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorD

ontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)

Theideathatplantshavesomedegreeofconsciousnessfirsttookrootintheearly2000s;the

term“plantneurobiology”was1aroundthenotionthatsomeaspectsofplantbehaviorcould

be2tointelligenceinanimals.3plantslackbrains,thefiringofelectricalsignalsintheir

stemsandleavesnonethelesstriggeredresponsesthat4consciousness,researcherspreviously

reported.

Butsuchanideaisbunk,accordingtotheauthorsofthenewarticle.Plantbiologyisplexand

fascinating,butit5sogreatlyfromthatofanimalsthatso-called6ofplants’intelligenceis

intriguingbutinconclusive,thescientistswrote.Inanimals,neurobiologyreferstothebiological

mechanismsthroughwhichanervoussystemregulatesbehavior,accordingtoHarvardUniversity’s

MindBrainBehaviorInterfacultyInitiative.Overmillionsofyears,brainsindiverseanimalspecies

haveevolvedtoproducebehaviorsthatexpertsidentifyasintelligent:Amongthemarereasoning

andproblem-solving,tooluseandself-recognition.

Beginningin2006,somescientistshave7thatplantspossessneuron-likecellsthat

interactwithhormonesandneurotransmitters,8“aplantnervoussystem,9tothatinanimals,”

saidleadstudyauthorLincolnTaiz,aprofessoremeritusofmolecular,cellanddevelopmental

biologyattheUniversityofCaliforniaSantaCruz.

“They10claimedthatplantshave'brain-likemandcenters'attheirroottips,”Taiztold

LiveScienceinanemail.

This11makessenseifyousimplifytheworkingsofaplexbrain,12ittoan

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arrayofelectricalpulses;cellsinplantsalsomunicatethroughelectricalsignals,accordingto

thearticle.13,thesignalinginaplantisonly14similartothebillionsofsynapsesfiring

inaplexanimalbrain,whichismorethan"amassofcellsthatmunicatebyelectricity,”Taizsaid.

“Forconsciousnesstoevolve,abrainwithathreshold15ofplexityandcapacityisrequired,”

he16.

Otherresearcherswhorecentlyinvestigatedtheneuroscienceofconsciousness—awarenessof

one'sworldandasenseofself—foundthatinanimals,onlyvertebrates,arthropodsand

cephalopodshadbrainsplexenoughtoenablethemtobeconscious.

“Iftheloweranimals—whichhavenervoussystems—lackconsciousness,the17that

plantswithoutnervoussystemshaveconsciousnessareeffectivelynil,”Taizsaid.

Andwhat’ssogreataboutconsciousness,anyway?Plantscan’trunawayfrom18,so

investingenergyinabodysystemthat19athreatandcanfeelpainwouldbeavery20

evolutionarystrategy,accordingtothearticle.

1.A.coinedB.discoveredC.collectedD.issued

2.A.attributedB.directedC.paredD.confined

3.A.UnlessB.WhenC.OnceD.Though

4.A.copedwithB.consistedofC.hintedatD.extendedto

5.A.suffersB.benefitsC.developsD.differs

6.A.acceptanceB.evidenceC.cultivationD.creation

7.A.doubtedB.deniedC.arguedD.requested

8.A.adaptingB.formingC.repairingD.testing

9.A.analogousB.essentialC.suitableD.sensitive

10.A.justB.everC.stillD.even

11.A.restrictionB.experimentC.perspectiveD.demand

12.A.attachingB.reducingC.returningD.exposing

13.A.HoweverB.MoreoverC.ThereforeD.Otherwise

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14.A.temporarilyB.literallyC.superficiallyD.imaginarily

15.A.listB.levelC.labelD.load

16.A.recalledB.agreedC.questionedD.added

17.A.chancesB.risksC.excusesD.assumptions

18.A.dangerB.failureC.warningD.control

19.A.representsB.includesC.revealsD.recognizes

20.A.humbleB.poorC.practicalD.easy

SectionIIReadingprehension

PartA

Directions:

Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.

MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)

Text1

Peopleoftengrumblethatplasticsaretoodurable.Waterbottles,shoppingbags,andother

trashlittertheplanet,fromMountEveresttotheMarianaTrench,becauseplasticsareubiquitous

anddon'tbreakdowneasily.Butsomeplasticmaterialschangeovertime.Theycrackandfrizzle.

They“weep”outadditives.Theymeltintosludge.Allofwhichcreateshugeheadachesfor

institutions,suchasmuseums,tryingtopreserveculturallyimportantobjects.Untilrecently,

museumsonlyhadtoworryabouttraditionalmaterials.Thevarietyofplasticobjectsatriskis

dizzying:earlyradios,avant-gardesculptures,celluloidanimationstillsfromDisneyfilms,David

Bowiecostumes,thefirstartificialheart.

Certainartifactsareespeciallyvulnerablebecausesomepioneersinplasticartdidn'talways

knowhowtomixingredientsproperly,saysTheavanOosten,apolymerchemistwho,untilretiring

afewyearsago,workedfordecadesattheCulturalHeritageAgencyoftheNetherlands(RCE).“It's

likebakingacake:Ifyoudon'thaveexactamounts,itgoeswrong,”shesays.“Theobjectyoumake

isalreadyatimebomb.”

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Andsometimes,it'snottheartist'sfault.Inthe1960s,theItalianartistPieroGilardibeganto

createhundredsofbright,colorfulfoampieces.Thosepiecesincludedsmallbedsofrosesandother

itemsaswellasafewdozen“naturecarpets”—largerectanglesdecoratedwithfoampumpkins,

cabbages,andwatermelons.Hewantedviewerstowalkaroundonthecarpets—whichmeantthey

hadtobedurable.

Unfortunately,thepolyurethanefoamheusedisinherentlyunstable.It'sespeciallyvulnerable

tolightdamage,andbythemid-1990s,Gilardi’spumpkins,roses,andotherfiguresweresplitting

andcrumbling.Museumslockedsomeofthemawayinthedark.

SovanOostenandcolleaguesatRCEbegantostudywaystoprotectpolyurethane.First,they

tookfoamsamplessimilartothenaturecarpetsandinfusedsomewithstabilizingandconsolidating

chemicalsthatmodernmanufacturersoftenuse.VanOostencallsthosechemicals“sunscreens”

becausetheirgoalwastopreventfurtherlightdamageandrebuildwornpolymerfibers.Thenthe

teamusedxenonlampstoartificiallyagebothtreatedanduntreatedsamples,andexaminedthem

underhigh-poweredmicroscopes.Theresultswereencouraging.Samplesthatlackedsunscreenhad

witheredunderthebarrageofphotons:Themolecular“struts”shoringupthefoamwere42%

thinnerandnotablymorebrittlethanbeforethelamptreatment.Thestrutsinsampleswith

sunscreendecreasedbyaslittleas12.5%.Armedwiththatknowledge,conservatorsworkingwith

RCEinfusedseveralGilardisculptures,includingtwonaturecarpets,withthesunscreentostabilize

them.VanOostenisproudthatseveralhaveevengoneondisplayagain,albeitsometimesbeneath

protectivecases.Longcalledthe“queenofplastics,”in2012,vanOostenwasknightedinthe

Netherlandsforhereffortstopreserveplasticobjectsandspreadknowledgetootherinstitutes.

Despitesuchsuccessstories,preservationofplasticswilllikelygetharder.Oldobjects

continuetodeteriorate.Worse,biodegradableplastics,designedtodisintegrate,areincreasinglymon.

Andmoreisatstakeherethanindividualobjects.Ferreiranotesthatarchaeologistsfirst

definedthegreatmaterialagesofhumanhistory—StoneAge,IronAge,andsoon—afterexamining

artifactsinmuseums.Wenowliveinanageofplastic,shesays,“andwhatwedecidetocollect

today,whatwedecidetopreserve…willhaveastrongimpactonhowinthefuturewe'llbeseen.”

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21.Accordingtoparagraph1,museumsarefacedwithdifficultiesin.

A.maintainingtheirplasticitems

B.obtainingdurableplasticartifacts

C.handlingoutdatedplasticexhibits

D.classifyingtheirplasticcollections

22.VanOostenholdscertainplasticare.

A.immunetodecay

B.improperlyshaped

C.inherentlyflawed

D.plexinstructure

23.MuseumsstoppedexhibitingartworksofGilardi'sto.

A.keepthemfromhurtingvisitors

B.duplicatethemforfuturedisplay

C.haveingredientsforfutureanalyzed

D.preventthemfromfurtherdamage

24.Theauthorthinksthatpreservationofplasticsis.

A.costlyB.unworthyC.unpopularD.challenging

25.InFerreisia’sopinion,thepreservationofplasticartifacts.

A.willinspirefuturescientificresearch

B.hasprofoundhistoricalsignificance

C.willhelpusseparatethematerialages

D.hastheimpactontoday’sculturallife

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Text2

AsthelatestcropofstudentspentheirUCASformandweighuptheiroptions,itmaybe

worthconsideringjusthowthepoint,purposeandvalueofadegreehaschangedandwhatGenZ

(andtheirparents)needtoconsiderastheystartthethirdstageoftheireducationaljourney.

Millennialsweretoldthatifyoudidwellinschool,gotadecentdegree,youwouldbesetup

forlife.Butthatpromisehasbeenfoundwanting.Asdegreesbecameuniversal,theybecame

devalued(justasgovernmentshikedupthecostofgettingone).Educationwasnolongerasecure

routeofsocialmobility.Today,28percentofgraduatesintheUKareinnon-graduateroles;a

percentagewhichisdoubletheaverageamongsttheOECD.

Thisisnottosaythatthereisnopointingettingadegree,but,ratherstressthatadegreeis

notforeveryone,thattheswitchfromclassroomtolecturehallisnotaninevitableoneandthat

otheroptionsareavailable.

Thankfully,therearesignsthatthisisalreadyhappening,withGenZseekingtolearnfrom

theirmillennialpredecessors,evenifparentsandteacherstendtobestillsetinthedegreemindset.

Employershavelongseentheadvantagesofhiringschoolleaverswhooftenprovethemselvestobe

moremittedandloyalemployeesthangraduates.Manytooareseeingtheadvantagesofscrappinga

degreerequirementforcertainroles-justasPenguindidin2016.

Forthoseforwhomadegreeisthedesiredroute,considerthatthismaywellbethefirstof

many.Inthisageofgeneralists,itpaystohavespecificknowledgeorskills.Postgraduatesnowearn

40percentmorethangraduates.Whenmoreandmoreofushaveadegree,itmakessense(albeit

expensive)tohavetwo.

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ItisunlikelythatGenZwillbedonewitheducationat18or21;theywillneedtobe

constantlyup-skillingthroughouttheircareertostayagile,relevantandemployable.Ithasbeen

estimatedthatthisgenerationduetothepressuresoftechnology,thewishforpersonalfulfilment

anddesirefordiversitywillworkfor17differentemployersoverthecourseoftheirworkinglife

andhavefivedifferentcareers.Education,andnotjustknowledgegainedoncampus,willbeacore

partofGenerationZ’scareertrajectory.

Ihaveoftenheardoldergenerationstalkabouttheirdegree(evenifitwasgaineddecades

ago)inthepresentandpersonaltense:‘Iamageographeror‘Iamaclassist’.Theirsonsor

daughterswouldneversaysuchathing;it’sasiftheyalreadyknowthattheirdegreewon’tdefine

theminthesameway.

26.TheauthorsuggeststhatGenerationZshould.

A.becarefulinchoosingcollege

B.bediligentateacheducationalstage

C.reassessthenecessityofcollegeeducation

D.postponetheirundergraduateapplication

27.ThepercentageofUKgraduatesinnon-graduaterolesreflects.

A.millennialsopinionsaboutwork

B.theshrinkingvalueofdegree

C.publicdiscountwitheducation

D.thedesiredrouteofsocialmobility

28.Theauthorconsidersitagoodsignthat.

A.GenerationZareseekingtoearnadecentdegree

B.schoolleaversarewillingtobeskilledworkers

C.employersaretakingarealisticattitudetodegrees

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D.parentsarechangingtheirmindsabouteducation

29.Itisadvisedinparagraph5thatthosewithonedegreeshould.

A.makeanearlydecisionontheircareer

B.attendon-the-jobtrainingprograms

C.teamupwithhigh-paidpostgraduates

D.furthertheirstudiesinthespecifiedfield

30.WhatcanbeconcludedaboutGenerationZfromlasttwoparagraphs?

A.Lifelonglearningwilldefinethem

B.Theywillmakequalifiededucators

C.Degreeswillnolongerappealtothem

D.Theywillhavealimitedchoiceofjobs

Text3

Enlightening,stimulating,inspiring,fun.TheseweresomeofthewordsthatNaturereaders

usedtodescribetheirexperiencesofart–sciencecollaborationsinaseriesofarticlesonpartnerships

betweenartistsandresearchers.Nearly40%oftheroughly350peoplewhorespondedtoan

acpanyingpollsaidtheyhadcollaboratedwithartists;andalmostallsaidtheywouldconsiderdoing

soinfuture.

Suchanencouragingresultisnotsurprising.Publicengagementhasbeeessentialtomany

researchprojects.Scientistsareincreasinglyseekingoutvisualartistsanddesignerstohelpthemto

municatetheirworktonewaudiences.“Artistshelpscientistsreachabroaderaudienceandmake

emotionalconnectionsthatenhancelearning,”onerespondentsaid.“Theexperienceisvery

liberatingforme,asascientist,”saidanother.“There’softenavisualaspecttomysciencethat

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generatingandpublishingdatadoesnotconvey.”

Oneexampleofhowartistsandscientistshavetogetherrockedthesensescamelastmonth

whentheSydneySymphonyOrchestrainAustraliaperformedareworkedversionofAntonio

Vivaldi’sTheFourSeasons.Theyreimaginedthe300-year-oldscorebyinjectingthelatestclimate

predictiondataforeachseason—providedbyMonashUniversity’sClimateChangemunication

ResearchHubinMelbourne.TheworkwasentitledThe(Uncertain)FourSeasons,andvariationsof

thescorecontaininglocaldataweresenttoeverymajororchestraintheworld.Theperformance

wasacreativecalltoactionaheadofNovember’sUnitedNations.

Butagenuinepartnershipmustbeatwo-waystreet.Fewerartiststhanscientistsresponded

totheNaturepoll;however,severalrespondentsnotedthatartistsdonotsimplyassistscientists

withtheirmunicationrequirements.Norshouldtheirworkbeconsideredonlyasanobjectofstudy

—evenifthesearereasonswhyscientistsseekopportunitiestoworkwithartists.Thealliancesare

mostvaluablewhenscientistsandartistshaveasharedstakeinaproject,areabletojointlydesignit

andcancritiqueeachother’swork.Suchanapproachcanbothpromptnewresearchaswellasresult

inpowerfulart.

Morethanhalfacenturyago,theMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology(MIT)openedits

CenterforAdvancedVisualStudies(CAVS)inCambridgetoexploretheroleoftechnologyin

culture.ThecentrewasestablishedduringtheVietnamWar,whenmanyscientistsintheUnited

Stateswerebeingcriticizedforworkingondefencecontracts.Itsfoundersbelievedthatartistsand

scientistscould,together,createavisionforamorehumaneworld.Theydeliberatelyfocusedtheir

projectsaroundlight—hencethe‘visualstudies’inthename.Lightwasasomethingthatboth

artistsandscientistshadaninterestin,andthereforecouldformthebasisofcollaboration,saysSeth

Riskin,avisual-artsresearcherattheMITMuseumwhopreviouslyworkedatCAVS.

Thereachofart–sciencetie-upsneedstogobeyondthenecessarypurposeofresearch

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munication,andparticipantsmustnotfallintothetrapofstereotypingeachother.Artistsand

scientistsalikeareimmersedindiscoveryandinvention,andchallengeandcritiquearecoretoboth,

too.

31.Accordingtoparagraph1,art-sciencecollaborationshave.

A.caughttheattentionofcritics

B.receivedfavorableresponses

C.promotedacademicpublishing

D.sparkedheatedpublicdisputes

32.ThereworkedversionofTheYearSeasonismentionedtoshowthat.

A.artcanofferaudienceseasyaccesstoscience

B.sciencecanhelpwiththeexpressionofemotions

C.publicparticipationinsciencehasapromisingfuture

D.artiseffectiveinfacilitatingscientificinnovation

33.Someartistsseemtoworrythatintheart-sciencepartnership.

A.theirrolemaybeunderestimated

B.theirreputationmaybeimpaired

C.theircreativitymaybeinhibited

D.theirworkmaybemisguided

34.WhatdoestheauthorsayaboutCAVS?

A.Itwasheadedalternatelybyartistsandscientists.

B.Itexemplifiedvaluableart-sciencealliances.

C.Itsprojectsaimedatadvancingvisualstudies.

D.Itsfounderssoughttoraisethestatusofartists.

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35.Inthelastparagraph,theauthorholdsart-sciencecollaborations.

A.arelikelytogobeyondpublicexpectations

B.willintensifyinterdisciplinarypetition

C.shoulddomorethanmunicatingscience

D.arebeingmorepopularthanbefore

Text4

ThepersonalgrievanceprovisionsoftheEmploymentRelationsAct2000(ERA)preventan

employerfromfiringanemployeewithoutgoodcause.Instead,dismissalsmustbejustified.

Employersmustbothshowcauseandactinaprocedurallyfairway.

Personalgrievanceproceduresweredesignedtoguardthejobsofordinaryworkersfrom

“unjustifieddismissals”.Thepremisewasthatthemonlawofcontractlackedsufficientsafeguards

forworkersagainstarbitraryconductbymanagement.Longgonearethedayswhenabosscould

simplygiveanemployeecontractualnotice.

Buttheseprovisionscreatedifficultiesforbusinesseswhenappliedtohighlypaidmanagers

andexecutives.Ascountlessboardsandbusinessownerswillattest,constrainingfirmsfromfiring

poorlyperforming,high-earningmanagersisahandbrakeonboostingproductivityandoverall

performance.ThedifferencebetweenC-gradeandA-grademanagersmayverywellbethe

differencebetweenbusinesssuccessorfailure.Betweenpreservingthejobsofordinaryworkersor

losingthem.Yetmediocrityisnolongerenoughtojustifyadismissal.

Consequently—andparadoxically—lawsintroducedtoprotectthejobsofordinaryworkers

maybeplacingthosejobsatrisk.

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Ifnotplacingjobsatrisk,totheextentemploymentprotectionlawsconstrainbusiness

ownersfromdismissingunderperformingmanagers,thoselawsactasaconstraintonfirm

productivityandthereforeonworkers’wages.Indeed,in“AnInternationalPerspectiveonNew

Zealand’sProductivityParadox”(2014),theProductivitymissionsingledoutthelowqualityof

managerialcapabilitiesasacauseofthecountry’spoorproductivitygrowthrecord.

NorarehighlypaidmanagersthemselvesimmunefromtheharmcausedbytheERA’s

unjustifieddismissalprocedures.Becauseemploymentprotectionlawsmakeitcostliertofirean

employee,employersaremorecautiousabouthiringnewstaff.Thismakesitharderforthe

marginalmanagertogainemployment.Andfirmspaystafflessbecausefirmscarrytheburdenof

theemploymentarrangementgoingwrong.

Societyalsosuffersfromexcessiveemploymentprotections.Stringentjobdismissal

regulationsadverselyaffectproductivitygrowthandhamperbothprosperityandoverallwellbeing.

AcrosstheTasman,Australiadealswiththeunjustifieddismissalparadoxbyexcluding

employeesearningaboveaspecified“high-inethreshold”fromtheprotectionofitsunfairdismissal

laws.InNewZealand,a2016privatemembers’Billtriedtopermitfirmsandhigh-ineemployeesto

contractoutoftheunjustifieddismissalregime.However,themechanismsproposedwereunwieldy

andtheBillwasvoteddownfollowingthechangeingovernmentlaterthatyear.

36.ThepersonalgrievanceprovisionsoftheERAareintendedto.

A.punishdubiouscorporatepractices

B.improvetraditionalhiringprocedures

C.exemptemployersfromcertainduties

D.protecttherightsofordinaryworkers

37.ItcanbelearnedfromtheParagraph3thattheprovisionmay.

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A.hinderbusinessdevelopment

B.underminethemanagers'authorities

C.affectthepublicimageofthefirms

D.weakenthelabor-managementrelations

38.WhichofthefollowingmeasureswouldtheProductivitymissionsupport?

A.Imposingreasonablewagerestraints.

B.Enforcingemploymentprotections.

C.Limitingthepowersofbusinessowners.

D.Dismissingpoorlyperformingmanagers.

39.WhatmightbeaneffectofERA’sunjustifieddismissalprocedure？

A.High-paidmanagersmaylosejobs.

B.Employeessuffersalarycut.

C.Societyseesariseinwell-being.

D.Employershirenewstaff.

40.Itcanbeinferredthat“high-inethreshold”inAustralia.

A.hassecuredmanagers’earnings

B.hasproducedundesiredresults

C.isbeneficialtobusinessowners

D.isdifficulttoputintopractice

PartB

Directions:

Inthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45,choosethemost

suitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoices,

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whichdonotfitinanyoftheblanks.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)

41.TeriByrd

Iamaveterinarianwhowasazooandwildlifeparkemployeeforyearsbeforeobtainingmy

veterinarydegree.Boththewildlifeparkandzooclaimedtobeoperatingforthebenefitofthe

animalsandforconservationpurposes.Thisclaimwasfalse.Neitheroneofthemactually

participatedinanycontributionstoanimalresearchorconservation.Theyareprofitableinstitutions

whosebottomlineismuchmoreimportantthantheconditionoftheanimals.

AnimalssuchasAfricanlionsthatbredincaptivitywere“culled”(killed)whentheir

numbersexceededthefinancialcapabilityofthezootofeedthem.Babybears,seals,beaversand

otheranimalsweretakeninandusedbythezoosforfinancialprofituntiltheywerenolongeruseful,

andtheneither“culled”orreleasedintothewildwithouttheabilitytosurvive.Iwastaughttorecite

aspielonconservationtozoovisitorsthatwasfalse.

Animalsdespisebeingcaptivesinzoos.Nomatterhowyou“enhance”enclosures,theydo

notallowforfreedom,anaturaldietoradequateexercise.Animalsendupstressedandunhealthyor

dead.

It’spasttimefortransparencywiththeseinstitutions,andit’spasttimetoeliminatezoos

fromourculture.

42.KarenRSime

Asazoologyprofessorand,thankstomykids,afrequentzoovisitor,IagreewithEmma

Marristhatzoodisplayscanbesadandcruel.Butsheunderestimatestheeducationalvalueofzoos.

EmmaMarrisbrieflymentionssanctuaries.Sanctuariesareagrowingandethicalalternative

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toanimalskeptincaptivityand“ondisplay.”TheGlobalFederationofAnimalSanctuariesisthe

accreditingbodyforsanctuaries,with200membersintheUnitedStatesandabroad.Onehundred

percentofthefocusofourorganizationanditsmembersanctuariesisonthehumanecareoftheir

animals.

Shecitesstudiesshowingthatmostzoovisitorsdonotcloselyreadeducationalsigns,

arguingthatfewpeopleexperiencethezoootherthanasasimplefamilyouting.However,those

fewwhogainaseriousinterestinconservationadduptoalot,giventhatmillionsofpeoplevisit

zoos.

ThezoologyprogramatmyStateUniversityofNewYorkcampusattractsstudentsfor

whomzoovisitswerethecrucialformativeexperiencethatledthemtomajorinbiologicalsciences.

Thesearemostlystudentswhohadnoopportunityaschildrentotraveltowildernessareas,wildlife

refugesornationalparks.AlthoughgoodTVshowscanhelpstirchildren’sinterestinconservation,

theycannotreplacetheexcitementofazoovisitasanintense,immersiveandinteractiveexperience.

Theyalsogettomeetadultswhohaveturnedtheirloveforanimalsintoacareer,andwithwhom

theycanidentify.

Surelytheremustbesomemiddlegroundthatbalanceszoos’treatmentofanimalswiththeir

educationalpotential.

43.GregNewberry

EmmaMarris’articleisaninsultanddisservicetothethousandsofpassionatededicated

peoplewhoworktirelesslytoimprovethelivesofanimalsandourplanet.Ms.Marrisusesoutdated

researchanddecades-oldexamplestounderminethenoblemissionoforganizationsmittedto

connectingchildrentoaworldbeyondtheirown.

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Zoosandaquariumsareattheforefrontofconservationandconstantlyevolvingtoimprove

howtheycareforanimalsandprotecteachspeciesinitsnaturalhabitat.Aretheretragedies?Of

course.Buttheyaretheexception,notthenormthatMs.Marrisimplies.Adistressedanimalina

zoowillgetasgoodorbettertreatmentthanmostofusatourlocalhospital.

44.DeanGallea

Asafellowenvironmentalist,animal-protectionadvocateandlongtimevegetarian,Icould

properlybeinthesamecampasEmmaMarrisontheissueofzoos.ButIbelievethatwell-runzoos,

andtheheroicanimalsthatsuffertheircaptivity,doserveahigherpurpose.Wereitnotfor

opportunitiestoobservethesebeautiful,wildcreaturesclosetohome,manymorepeoplewouldbe

drivenbytheirfascinationtotraveltowildareastoseekout,disturbandevenhuntthemdown.

Zoosare,inthatsense,akintonaturalhistoryandarchaeologymuseums,servingtosatisfy

ourneedforcontactwiththeselivingcreatureswhileleavingthevastmajorityundisturbedintheir

naturalenvironments.

45.JohnFraser

EmmaMarrisselectivelydescribesandmisrepresentsthefindingsofourresearch.Our

studiesfocusedontheimpactofzooexperiencesonhowpeoplethinkaboutthemselvesandnature,

andthedatapointsextractedfromourstudi