北京师范大学博士研究生入学考试历年试题答案

北京师范大学2002年博士生入学考试英语试题考IListeningComprehensionSectionADirections:Inthissection,youwillhearfiveshorttalks.Attheendofeachtalk,youwillhearsomequestions.Boththetalksandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.ThenmarkthecorrespondingletterontheANSWERSHEETwithasinglelinethroughthecentre.1.A.Theyarelookingforthenewsinthatjournal.B.Theydonotunderstandthenews.C.Thenewsstandprobablyhasthejournal.D.Theyareexpectinganewjourney.2.A.Shehaschangedhermajortoeconomics.B.shemajorsinbusinessadministrationnow.C.Shehasstudiedbusinessadministrationforthreeyears.D.shedoesnotwanttomajorinbusinessadministration.3.A.Sheboughtacarpetandacleaner.B.Someonecleanedscarpet.C.Annpurchasedaproductforcleaninghercarpet.D.Thecarpetwascleanedatthesupermarket.4.A.Mr.Brownwasathome.B.Mr.Brownwasintheoffice.C.Mr.Brownwascaughtoutoftown.D.Mr.Brownwasonabusinesstrip.5.A.Hardlyanybodyherespeaksfrankly.B.Takeadifferentroutetogetwhereyouaregoing.C.Wehaveaskedeveryonetoformastraightline.D.Thequestionsarecomplicated,butthereisonlyonerightanswer.SectionBDirections:Inthissection,youwillhearthreeshorttalks.Attheendofeachtalk,youwillhearsomequestions.Boththetalksandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.ThenmarkthecorrespondingletterontheANSWERSHEETwithasinglelinethroughthecentre.Question6-8arebasedonthetalkyouhavejustheard.6.OnwhatoccasionsshouldyousayCongratulations!?A.Whensomebodyoffersapologiestoyou.B.Whensomeonetellsanexcitingstorytoyou.C.Whensomebodyisinanextremelyhappyoccasion.D.Whenpeoplehavecompletedsomethingsuccessfully.7.Whatdoesinaninvitationmean?A.Responseverypromptly.B.Responseverypunctually.C.Response,please.D.Responseverypolitely.8.Whatarethetwomainusesofmsorry”accordingtothespeaker?A.Toexpressonessympathyandregrettosomeone.B.Toexpressonesgratitudetosomeone.C.Toexpressonesopiniontosomeone.D.Toexpressonesangertosomeone.Question9-11arebasedonthetalkyouhavejustheard.9.WhatisthemovieSoylentGreebout?A.ThepopulationofNewYorkCityintheyear2022.B.ThelifeinNewYorkCityintheyear2022.C.Theoceanplant-soylent.D.Thefoodandhousingproblemsinthefuture.10.Whatisthesoylentyellowandredmadeof?A.Oceanplants.B.Crackers.C.Soybeans.D.Tomatoes.11.Whatmightbethemainreasonofthisscaringreality”accordingtothespeaker?A.Thegapbetweentherichandthepoor.B.ThehousingshortageinbigcitieslikeNewYork.C.ThelimitedjobopportunitiesinNewYorkCity.D.Theexpansionofbigcitiesandlargepopulation.Question12-15arebasedonthetalkyouhavejustheard.12.Whichroomdoesthegueststay?A.240B.250C.214D.21313.Whatdoestheguestwanttoborrow?A.Tendollars.B.Aniron.C.Alaundrybag.D.Thenewspaper.14.Whatisparticularlywrongwiththeair-conditioner?A.Itbotherstheguest.B.Itmakestheroomtoocooltostayin.C.Itdoesntworkatall.D.Itdoesntcooltheroomverymuch.15.Wherecanthehotelguestgetaforeignnewspaper?A.Inthereception.B.Inthehousekeepingoffice.C.Inthegiftshopofthelobby.D.Inthehotellobby.II.ReadingComprehension(25points)Directions:Therearefivepassagesinthispart.Eachofthepassagesisfollowedbyfivequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.ChoosethebestoneandmarkyouranswerontheANSWERSHEETwithasinglelinethroughthecenter.1Thereisanewtypeofsmalladvertisementbecomingincreasinglycommoninnewspaperclassifiedcolumns.Itissometimesplacedamongsituationsvacant,althoughitdoesnotofferanyoneajob;andsometimesitappearsamongsituations,althoughitisnotplacedbysomeonelookingforajobeither.Whatitdoesistoofferhelpinapplyingforajob.Contactusbeforewritingapplication,orMakeuseofourlongexperienceinpreparingyourcurriculumvitae,orjobhistory,ishowitisusuallyexpressed.Thegrowthandapparentsuccessofsuchaspecializedserviceis,ofcourse,areflectiononthecurrenthighlevelsofunemployment.Itisalso,anindicationofgrowingimportanceofthecurriculumvitae.(orjobhistory),withthesuggestionthatitmaynowqualifyasanartforminitsownright.Therewasatimewhenjobseekerssimplywrotelettersofapplication.Justputdownyourname,address,ageandwhetheryouhavepassedanyexams,wasabouttheaveragelevelofadviceofferedtoyoungpeopleapplyingfortheirfirstjobswhenIleftschool.Theletterwasreallyjustforopeners,itwasexplained.Everythingelsecouldandshouldbesavedfortheinterview.Andinthosedaysoffullemploymentthetechniqueworked.Theletterprovedthatyoucouldwriteandwereavailableforwork.Youreagerfaceandintelligentrepliesdidtherest.Later,asyoumoveduptheladder,somethingslightlymoresophisticatedwascalledfor.Theadvicethenwastoputsomethingintheletterwhichwoulddistinguishyoufromtherest.Itmightbetheaggressiveapproach.”yoursearchisover.Iamthepersonyouarelookingfor,”wasawidelyusedtrickthatoccasionallysucceeded.Oritmightbesomespecialfeaturespecialfeaturespeciallydesignedforthejobinview.Thereisnodoubt,however,thatitistheincreasingnumberofapplicantswithuniversityeducationatallpointsintheprocessofengagingstaffthathasledtothegreaterimportanceofthecurriculumvitae.16.Thenewtypeofadvertisementwhichisappearinginnewspapercolumns.A.informsjobhuntersoftheopportunitiesavailableB.promisesusefuladvicetothoselookingforemploymentC.dividesavailablejobsintovarioustypesD.informsemployersthatpeopleareavailableforwork.17.Nowadaysademandforthisspecializedtypeofservicehasbeencreatedbecause.A.thereislackofjobsavailableforartisticpeopleB.therearesomanytop-leveljobsavailableC.therearesomanypeopleoutofworkD.thejobhistoryisconsideredtobeaworkofart.18.Inthepastitwasexpectedthatfirst-jobhunterswouldA.writeaninitiallettergivingtheirlifehistory.B.passsomeexamsbeforeapplyingforajobC.havenoqualificationsotherthanbeingabletoreadandwriteD.keepanydetailedinformationuntiltheyobtainedaninterview19.Later,asonewentontoapplymoreimportantjobs,onewasadvisedtoincludeintheletter.A.somethingthatwouldattractattentiontoonesapplicationB.apersonalopinionabouttheorganizationonewastryingtojoinC.somethingthatwouldofferedthatpersonreadingitD.aliethatonecouldeasilygetwithtelling20.ThejobhistoryhasbecomesuchanimportantdocumentbecauseA.therehasbeenadecreaseinthenumberofjobsadvertisedB.therehasbeenanincreaseinthenumberofqualified”jobhuntersC.jobsarebecomingmuchmorecomplicatednowadays.D.theotherprocessesofapplyingforjobsaremorecomplicated2PitythosewhoaspiretoputtheinitialsPhDaftertheirnames.After16yearsofcloselysupervisededucation,prospectivedoctorsofphilosophyareleftmoreorlessalonetowritetheequivalentofalargebook.Mostsocial-sciencepostgraduateshavestillnotcompletedtheirthesesbythetimetheirgrantrunsoutafterthreeyears.Theymustthengetajobandfinishintheirsparetime,whichcanoftentakeafurtherthreeyears.Bythen,mostnewdoctorsaresicktodeathofthenarrowlydefinedsubjectwhichhasblightedtheirholidaysandruinedtheirevenings.TheEconomicandSocialResearchCouncil,whichgivesgrantstopostgraduatesocialscientists,wantstogetbettervalueformoneybycuttingshortthisagony.Itwouldliketoseefastercompletionrates:untilrecently,onlyabout25%ofPhDcandidateswerefinishingwithinfouryears.TheESRCsresponsehasbeentostopPhDgrantstoallinstitutionswheretheproportiontakinglessthanfouryearsisbelow10%;inthefirstyearofthispolicythenationalaverageshotupto39%.TheESRCfeelsvindicatedinitstoughness,andwillprogressivelyraisethethresholdto40%intwoyears.Unlesscompletionratesimprovefurther,thiswouldexclude55outof73universitiesandpolytechnics-includingOxfordUniversity,theLondonSchoolofEconomicsandtheLondonBusinessSchool.Predictably,howlsofprotesthavecomefromtheuniversities,whoviewtheblacklistingofwholeinstitutionsasarbitraryandnegative.Theypointoutthatmanyofthebeststudentsgoquicklyintojobswheretheycanapplytheirresearchskills,butconsequentlytakelongertofinistheirtheses.PolytechnicswithasfewastwoPhDcandidatescomplainthattheyarepenalizedbyrandomfluctuationsinstudentperformance.Thecollegessaythereisnohardevidencetoprovethatfastercompletionratesresultfromgreaterefficiencyratherthanlowerstandardsorlessambitiousdoctoraltopics.TheESRCthinksitmightnotbeabadthingifPhDstudentsweremoremodestintheiraims.Itwouldprefertoseemoresystematicteachingofresearchskillsandfewerunrealisticexpectationsplacedonyoungmenandwomenwhoareundertakingtheirfirstpieceofseriousresearch.Soinfutureitsgrantswillbegivenonlywhereitisconvincedthatstudentsarebeingtrainedasresearchers,ratherthancarryingoutpurelyknowledge-basedstudies.TheESRCcannotdictatethestandardofthesisrequiredbyexternalexaminers,orforcedepartmentstogivegraduatesmoreteachingtime.Themostitcandoistotrytopersuadeuniversitiestochangetheirways.Recalcitrantprofessorsshouldnotethatstudentswantmoreresearchtrainingandalesselaboratestyleofthesis,too.21.Bytimenewdoctorsgetajobandtrytofinishtheirthesesinsparetime,A.mostofthemdiedofsomesickness.B.theirholidaysandeveningshavebeenruinedbytheirjobsC.mostofthemarecompletelytiredofthenarrowlydefinedsubjectD.mostoftheirgrantsrunout22.OxfordUniversitywouldbeexcludedoutofthoseuniversitiesthatreceivePhDgrantsfromESRC,becausethecompletionrateofitsPhDstudents’theseswithinfouryearsislowerthan.A.25%23.AllthefollowingstatementsaretheargumentsagainstESRCspolicyexceptB.40%C.39%D.10%.A.alltheinstitutionsontheblacklistarearbitraryandnegativeB.thereisnohardevidencetoprovethatfastercompletionratesresultfromgreaterefficiencyratherthanlowerstandardsorlessambitiousdoctoraltopics.C.manyofthebeststudentsgoquicklyintojobswheretheycanapplytheirresearchskills,butconsequentlytakelongertofinishtheirtheses.D.somepolytechnicsarepenalizedbyrandomfluctuationsinstudentperformance24.TheESRCwouldprefer.A.thatthestudentswerecarryingoutpurelyknowledge-basedstudiesratherthanbeingtrainedasresearchers.B.toseehigherstandardsofPhDstudents’thesesandmoreambitiousdoctoraltopicsC.moresystematicteachingofresearchskillstofewerunrealisticexpectationsplacedoninexperiencedyoungPhDstudents.D.thatPhDstudentswerelessmodestintheiraims25.whattheESRCcandoisto.A.forcedepartmentstogivegraduatesmoreteachingtimeB.trytopersuadeuniversitiestochangetheirwaysC.dictatethestandardofthesisrequiredbyexternalexaminersD.notethatstudentswantmoreresearchtrainingandlesselaboratestyleofthesis3Influenzashouldnotbedismissedasatrivialdisease.Itkillsthousandsofpeopleeveryyearataveryhighcosttotheeconomy,hitshardesttheyoungandtheelderly,andismostdangerousforpeopleovertheageof65.influenzaismainlyaseasonalillnessofthewintermonths,thoughintropicalandsubtropicalareasofAsiaandthePacificitcanoccuralltheyearround.Thedamagingeffectsofinfluenzacanbepreventedbyimmunization,butconstantchangesofantigenicspecificityofthevirusnecessitateadifferentcompositionofthevaccinefromoneyeartoanother.ThenetworkofWHOCollaboratingCentersforInfluenzaandnationalinstitutescarriesoutinfluenzasurveillanceactivitiestomonitortheevaluationofinfluenzavirusstrains,andWHOholdanannualconsultationattheendofFebruarytorecommendthecompositionofthevaccinefortheforthcomingepidemiologicalseason.TheserecommendationsarepublishedimmediatelyintheWeeklyepidemiologicalrecord.Vaccinationeachyearagainstinfluenzaisrecommendedforcertainhigh-riskpopulations.Inclosedorsemi-closedsettings,maximumbenefitfromimmunizationislikelytobeachievedwhenmorethanthree-quartersofthepopulationarevaccinatedsothatthebenefitofherdimmunity”canbeexploited.Specialcareshouldbetakenofthefollowinggroups:--adultsandchildrenwithchronicdisordersofthepulmonaryorcardiovascularsystemsrequiringregularmedicalfollow-uporwhohadbeenhospitalizedduringthepreviousyear,includingchildrenwithasthma;--residentsofnursinghomesandotherestablishmentsforpatientsofanyagewithchronicmedicalconditions;--allpeopleovertheageof65.Physicians,nurses,andotherpersonalinprimaryandintensivecareunits,whoarepotentiallycapableoftransmittinginfluenzatohighriskpersons,shouldbeimmunized;visitingnursesandvolunteerworkersprovidinghomecaretohigh-riskpersonsshouldalsobeincluded.26.Thispassage.A.concernsthedamagingeffectsofinfluenzaB.mentionsthestepsoffightingagainsttheharmfuleffectsofinfluenzaC.emphasizestheworryexpressedbyallagegroupsD.bothAandB27.ThatadifferentcomponentpartofthevaccineisnecessaryisprincipallyduetothevariablechangeofA.virusB.strain.C.antigenD.immunization28.WhichhasbeendonebyWorldHealthOrganizationincombatingthebadeffectsofinfluenza?A.supervisingtheassessmentofinfluenzavirusstrains.B.Holdingmeetingstwiceayeartoprovidethelatestdataconcerningthecompositionofthevaccines.C.PublishingtherelatedinformationinaWHOalmanac.D.StressingtheimportanceofpreventinginfluenzaforpeoplelivingintropicalareasofAsia.29.Accordingtothepassage,high-riskpersonsexcludewhichofthefollowingkindsofpeople?A.Childrensufferingfromasthma.B.Theelderlywithchronicpulmonarydiseases.C.Middleagedpeoplewithchronicheartdiseases.D.Nursestakingspecialcareofthesick.30.Inwhichofthefollowingpublicationswouldthispassagemostlikelybeprinted?A.Asurgerybook.B.ApsychologybookC.Anepidemiologybook.D.Anobstetricsbook4Insciencethemeaningoftheword“explain”sufferswithcivilizationseverystepinsearchofreality.Sciencecannotreallyexplainelectricity,magnetism,andgravitation;theireffectscanbemeasuredandpredicted,butoftheirnaturenomoreisknowntothemodernscientistthantoThaleswhofirstspeculatedontheelectrificationofamber.Mostcontemporaryphysicistsrejectthenotionthatmancaneverdiscoverwhatthesemysteriousforcesreally”are.Electricity,BertrandRussellsays,isnotathing,likeSt.PaulsCathedral;itisawayinwhichthingsbehave.Whenwehavetoldhowthingsbehavewhentheyareelectrified,wehavetoldalltheeistotell.”Untilrecentlyscientistswouldhavedisapprovedofsuchanidea.Aristotle,forexample,whosenaturalsciencedominatedWesternthoughtfortwothousandyears,believedthatmancouldarriveatanunderstandingofrealitybyreasoningfromself-evidentprinciples.Hefelt,forexample,thatitisaself-evidentprinciplethateverythingintheuniversehasitsproperplace,henceonecanconcludethatobjectsfalltothegroundbecausethatiswheretheybelong,andsmokinggoesupbecausethatiswhereitbelongs.ThegoalofAristoteliansciencewastoexplainwhythingshappen.ModernsciencewasbornwhenGalileobegantryingtoexplainhowthingshappenandthusoriginatedthemethodofcontrolledexperimentwhichnowformsthebasisofscientificinvestigation.31.TheaimofcontrolledscientificexperimentsisA.toexplainwhythingshappen.B.toexplainhowthingshappenC.todescribeself-evidentprinciplesD.tosupportAristotelianscience32.whatprinciplesmostinfluencedscientificthoughtfortwothousandyears?A.ThespeculationsofThalesB.Theforcesofelectricity,magnetism,andgravityC.snaturalscienceD.Galileosdiscoveries33.BertrandRussellsnotionaboutelectricityis.A.disapprovedofbymostmodernscientistsB.inagreementwithstheoryofself-evidentprinciplesC.inagreementwithscientificinvestigationdirectedtowardhow”thingshappenD.inagreementwithscientificinvestigationdirectedtowardwhy”thingshappen34.ThepassagesaysthatuntilrecentlyscientistsdisagreedwiththeideaA.thattherearemysteriousforcesintheuniverseB.thatmancannotdiscoverwhatforcesreally”areC.thatthereareself-evidentprinciples.D.thatwecandiscoverwhythingsbehaveastheydo35.Whichofthefollowingisthetopicmostlikelytobediscussedrightafterthepassage?A.Themostrecentdefinitionofexplain”B.TherelationshipbetweenscienceandreligionC.ThelimitationsofscienceD.Galileoandthebirthofmodernscience.5Someweeksago,ridinginacabfromBostontoCambridge,mydriverturnedandaskedmewhatIdidforaliving.TeachEnglish,Isaid.“Isthatso?”Theyoungmancontinued.“IwasanEnglishmajor”Butthen,insteadofchattingidlyaboutJoyceordroppingthesubjectaltogether,thisdrivercaughtmeshort.You”hesaid,turningbacksothathisfurryfacepressedintotheglasspartition,oughttobe”Ithinkhemeantit.Theguiltypartyinthispresentstateofaffairsisnotreallytheacademicdiscipline.ItisnotthefaultofEnglishandphilosophyandbiologythatengineeringandaccountingandcomputerscienceaffordstudentsbetterjobopportunitiesandincreasedflexibilityincareerchoice.Literatureandanunderstandingof,say,mansevolutionarypastareasimportantasever.Theysimplyarenolongerperceivedinsmarketassalable.Thatisaharsheconomicfact.AnditisnotonlytrueintheUnitedStates.EmploymentprospectsforliberalartsgraduatesinCanada,forexample,aresaidtobetheworstsincethe1930s.Whattodo?Ithinkitwouldbeshortsightedforcollegesanduniversitiestoadvisestudentsagainstmajoringincertainsubjectsthatdonotappearlinked(atleastdirectly)tocareers.Whereourenergiesshouldbedirectedinsteadistowardthedevelopmentofeducationalprogramsthatcombinecoursesequencesintheliberalartswithcourseintheviableprofessions.Doublemajors---oneforenrichment,oneforearningonesbread---haveneverbeenpromotedveryseriouslyinourinstitutionsofhigherlearning,mainlybecauseliberalartsandprofessional-vocationalfacultieshavelongbeensuspiciousorcontemptuousofoneanother.Thusstudentshavebeendirectedtoonepathortheother,tothedisadvantageofbothstudentsandfaculty.Ahopefulcuecouldbetaken,itseemstome,fromnewattemptsinthehealthprofession(nursingandpharmacy,forexample),wherejobsarestillplentiful,togivethehumanitiesandsocialsciencesagreatershareofthecurriculum.Whycouldnotthetraditionalhistorymajorinthecollegeofartsandsciencesbepointedtowardadditionalcoursesinthebusinessschool,ortoengineering,ortophysicaltherapy?Thisstrategyrequiresanewcommitmentfromboththeinstitutionandthestudentanddemandsamuchharderlookattheallocationoftimeandresources.Butinanageofadversity,doublemajorsareonewayliberalartsstudentscanmoreeffectivelypreparefortheworldoutside.36.Whatisthechiefpurposeofdoublemajors?A.Tohelpgraduatesofhistorymajorbecomesuccessfulbusinessmen.B.Toprovideliberalartsgraduateswithamethodofmeetingeffectivelythechallengeinemployment.C.Toextendtheirknowledgelearntinthecollege.D.Tomoderatethetensionbetweenliberalartsandvocationalfaculties.37.Inparagraph1,thesentenceYouguysoughttobeshot”showsthatatheartthedriver.A.feltgreatlyregrettedaboutthemajorhehadchosenB.feltadeephatredforalltheEnglishteachersinhisformercollegeC.complainedthathisteachershadnttaughthimhowtosurviveinthiscompetitivesociety.D.heldadeepcontemptintheauthorbecauseofhisscholasticmanner38.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheblameforthepresentstateofaffairsliesinthefactthat.A.thecoursesequencesthemselvesareunreliable.B.moreandmorestudentsstarttoselectsciencemajorsC.almostnoneofthespecialtiesthestudentsmajorinmightbesalableintodaysmarketD.theopportunitiesofemploymentarescarceforgraduatesofnon-sciencemajors39.TheobstaclesincoursesequencesinacademicschoolingareindicatedinallofthefollowingEXCEPT.A.themisguidanceofmajor-selectioninsomeoftheinstitutionsofhigherlearningB.thecurrentcurriculumcouldntkeepupwiththedevelopmentofthesocietyC.theinharmoniousrelationamongtheteachingfacultiesD.theauthoritiesofhigherlearningattachonlylittleimportancetocoursesequences40.ThispassagecanbestbetitledasA.HarshEconomicFact.B.DoubleMajors,aWayOutC.Careers,SchoolingfroBetterD.MarketforGraduates6Doesanunbornbabyknowhismothersvoice?psychologyprofessorAnthonyDeCasperadvisedaningeniousexperimenttofindout.Heplacedpaddedearphonesoveranewbornsearsandgavehimabottlenippleattachedtoaclosedrubbertube.Changesinpressureinthetubeswitchedchannelsonataperecorder.Ifthebabypausedextralongbetweenburstsofsucking,heheardonchannel;ifhepausedshorterthanaverage,heheardtheother.Thebabynowhadtheability,ineffecttochangechannels.DeCasperfoundthatnewbornschoosetherecordingoftheirmothersvoiceoverthatofanotherwomans.Thebaby,however,hasnoinnateinterestinhisfathersvoice,whichisheardinthewombonlyfromtimetotime,whilethemothersvoiceiseverpresent.Withintwoweeksafterbirth,however,thebabycanrecognizeDadsvoicetoo.Anewbornisevenattunedtothecadenceandrhythmofhisnativelanguage.InaFrenchstudyusingasetupsimilartoDeCaspers,FrenchbabiesgiventhechoicebetweenFrenchandRussianwordsrespondedmoretothesoundofFrench.BrianSatt,aresearchspecialistinclinicalpsychology,hasparentssingalullaby-likewombsong”totheirbabies.Theunbornbabyoftendevelopsaspecific,consistentmovementpatternwhenitssongissung.AccordingtoSatt,mostparentscancalmafussynewbornwiththesongmostofthetime,whichisaprizeworthmorethanrubiestoanewparent.Heisrousedbyaheavyjolt.Hismotherhastrippedandfallenheavilyononehip.Heismuchtoowellcushionedtoexperienceanyinjury,butherpainandthefearthatshemayhavehurthimfloodsboththeirbodieswithadrenalineandotherstress-relatedhormones.Hecriesandkicksvigorously,acryneverheardbecausethereisnoairtomakesound.Assherecoversthestresshormonesebbaway,andhecalmsdowntoo.41.WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedabouttheunbornbabyinthepassage?A.Anunbornbabycanoccasionallyhearhissvoice.B.Dc.CaspersapproachprovedabsolutelyeffectiveinaFrenchexperiment.C.Anunbornbabyisabletoidentifythetoneandrhythmofhisnativelanguage.D.Parentsareabletosootheafussynewly-bornbaby.42.Accordingtotheauthor,anunbornbaby.A.isunabletoidentifyhismotherslullabyafterbirthB.isabletoidentifyhismothersvoiceratherthanthatofothers’C.isabletohelpreleaseadrenalineandotherstress-relatedhormonesD.isabletodistinguishFrenchaccentfromRussianaccent43.Itisknownfromthepassagethat.A.mothersstress,anger,shockorgriefmightnothurttheunbornbabyinthewombB.anunbornbabyscrymightneverbeheardbecauseoftheparticularconditionofthewomb.C.lullabiesarethemostpreciousmeanstoyoungparentsD.anunbornbabyhastomoveatintervalsinthewomb44.Theauthorbelievesthatthereactionofanunbornbabytohismothersvoice.A.belongstooneofthenaturaltendenciesB.isanindicationwhichshowsanunbornbabycanuseallhissensesafterbirthC.isbutaphysiologicalcirculationofanyhumanbeingD.isthemostimportantfactorwhichleadsanunbornbabytothesurvivalinthewomb45.Itcanbeassumedthattheparagraphprecedingthepassagemostprobablydiscussed.A.thedevelopmentofthebabyinhismother’swombB.thewell-developedtastebudsofthebabyC.thefactthatthebabyremainsmotionlessjustaswhatheperformsinthefirstmonthofhismotherspregnancyD.thefactthatthebabycanstarttousesomeofhissensesbythelastfewweeksofpregnancyⅢ.TranslationandWriting(55points)PartATranslationTranslatethefollowingintoChinese(30points):Engineeringistheprofessionalartofapplyingsciencetotheoptimumconversionoftheresourcesofnaturetotheusesofhumankind.Engineeringhasbeendefinedasthecreativeapplicationofscientificprinciplestodesignordevelopstructures,machines,apparatus,ormanufacturingprocesses,orworksutilizingthemsinglyorincombination.”Thetermengineeringissometimesmorelooselydefined,especiallyinGreatBritain,asthemanufactureorassemblyofengines,machinetools,andmachineparts.Associatedwithengineeringisagreatbodyofspecialknowledge;preparationforprofessionalpracticeinvolvesextensivetrainingintheapplicationofthatknowledge.Thefunctionofthescientististoknow,whilethatoftheengineeristodo.Thescientistaddstothestoreofverified,systematizedknowledgeofthephysicalworld;theengineerbringsthisknowledgetobearonpracticalproblems.Engineeringisbasedprincipallyonphysics,chemistry,andmathematicsandtheirextensionsintomaterialsscience,solidandfluidmechanics,thermodynamics,andsystemsanalysis.2AlthoughforthepurposeofthisarticleEnglishliteratureistreatedasbeingconfinedtowritingsinEnglishbynativesorinhabitantsoftheBritishIsles,itistoacertainextentthecasethatliterature---andthisisparticularlytrueoftheliteraturewritteninEnglish---knowsnofrontiers.Thus,EnglishliteraturecanberegardedasaculturalwholeofwhichthemainstreamliteraturesoftheUnitedStates,Australia,NewZealand,andCanadaandimportantelementsintheliteraturesofothercommonwealthcountriesareparts.ItcanbearguedthatnosingleEn