2006年南京师范大学博士研究生入学考试试卷

2006年南京师范大学博士研究生入学考试试卷PartIReadingComprehensionSectionA(50%)Directions:Therearefivepassagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.Foreachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkeda),b),c)andshoulddecideonthebestchoiceandcircletheletterontheANSWERSHEET.PassageOneQuestions1to5arebasedonthefollowingpassage.’refillingouttheapplicationformforapositionyoureallyneed;letsassumeyouonceactuallycompletedacoupleofyearsofcollegeworkoreventhatyoucompletedyourdegree.tittemptingtoliejustalittle,toclaimontheformthatyourdiplomarepresentsaHarvarddegree?OrthatyoufinishedanextracoupleofyearsbackatStateUniversity?Moreandmorepeopleareturningtoutterdeceptionlikethistolandtheirjobortomoveaheadintheircareers,forpersonnelofficers,likemostAmericans,valuedegreesfromfamousschools.Ajobapplicantmayhaveagoodeducationbuyheorsheassumersthatchancesofbeinghiredarebetterwithadiplomafromawell-knowRegistrars(登记员)atmostwell-knowncollegessaytheydealwithdeceitfulclaimsliketheseattherateofaboutperweek.Personnelofficersdocheckupondegreeslistedonapplicationforms.Ifitturnsoutthatanapplicantislying,mostcollegesarereluctanttoaccusetheapplicantOneIvyLeagueschoolcallsthem“imposters”冒名顶替者);anotherreferstothemasspecialcases.Onewell-knownWestCoastschool,inperhapsthemostdelicatephraseofall,saysthattheseclaimsaremadebynosuchpeople.Toavoidoutrightlies,somejob-seekersclaimthattheywereassociatedwith”acollageorAftercarefullychecking,aspersonnelofficermaydiscoverthatattending”meansbeingdismissedafteronesemester.Itmaybethatbeingassociatedwith”acollegemeansthatthejobseekervisitedhisyoungerbrotherforafootballweekend.Oneschoolthatkeepsrecordsoffalseclaimssaysthatthepracticedatesbackatleasttotheturnofthecentury---swhentheybegankeepingrecords,无论如何)Ifyoudontwanttolieorevenstretchthetruth,therearecompaniesthatwillsellyouaphonydiploma.OnewithofficesinNewandontheWestCoast,willputyournameonadiplomafromanynumberofnonexistentcollege.ThepricebeginsataroundtwentydollarsforadiplomafromSmootUniversity.ThepricesincreaserapidlyforadegreefromtheUniversityofPurdue.AsthereisnoSmootStateandtherealschoolinIndianaiscalledPurduethepricesseemratherhighforonesheetofpaper.1．Themainideaofthispassageisthat.a)employersarecheckingmorecloselyonapplicantsnowb)ngaboutcollegedegreeshasbecomeawidespreadproblemc)Collegedegreescannowbepurchasedeasilyd)employersarenolongerinterestedincollegedegrees2．Accordingtothepassage,specialcases(Para.3)referstocaseswherea)studentsattendaschoolonlypart-time.b)studentsneverattendedaschooltheylistedontheirapplicationc)studentspurchasefalsedegreesfromcommercialfilmsd)studentsattendedafamousschool13．Wecaninferfromthepassagethat.a)performanceisabetterjudgeofabilitythanacollegedegreeb)experienceisthebestteacherc)pastworkhistoriesinfluencepersonnelofficersmorethandegreesdod)adegreefromafamousschoolenablesanapplicanttogainadvantageoverothersinjobcompetition4．Thispassageimpliesthat.a)buyingafalsedegreeisnotmoralb)personnelofficersonlyconsiderapplicantsfromfamousschoolsc)mostpeoplelieonapplicationsbecausetheyweredismissedfromschoold)societyshouldbegreatlyeforlyingonapplications5．Theword“utter”(Prar.2)probablymeans.a)addressb)roughc)ultimated)decisivePassageTwoQuestions6to10arebasedonthefollowingpassage.resolveresolute坚决Takingchargeofyourselfinvolvesputtingtorestsomeveryprevalentmyth.Atthetopofthelististhenotionthatintelligenceismeasuredbyyourabilitytosolvecomplexproblems;andtoresolveabstractequationsquickly.Thisvisionofintelligenceassertsformaleducationandbookishexcellenceasthetruemeasuresofself-fulfillment.Itencouragesakindofintellectualprejudicethathasbroughtwithitsomediscouragingresults.Wehavecometobelievethatsomeonewhohasmoreeducationalmeritbadges,whoisverygoodatsomeformofschooldisciplineisintelligent.mentalhospitalsarefilledwithpatientswhohavealloftheproperlyletteredcertificates.Atruerindicatorofintelligenceisaneffective,happylifelivedeachdayandeachpresentmomentofIfyouareifyouliveeachmomentforeverythingitsworth,thenyouareanintelligentperson.Problemsolvingisausefulhelptoyourhappiness,butifyouknowthatgivenyourinabilitytoresolveaparticularconcernyoucanstillchoosehappinessforyourself,orataminimumrefusetochooseunhappiness,thenyouareintelligent.areintelligentbecauseyouhavetheultimateweaponagainstthebigN.B.D.---NervousBreakDown.Intelligent”peopledonothaveN.B.D.sbecausetheyareinchargeofthemselves.Theyknowhowtochoosehappinessoverdepression;becausetheyknowhowtodealwiththeproblemsoftheirlives.canbegintothinkofyourselfastrulyintelligentonthebasisofhowyouchoosetofeelinthefaceoftryingcircumstances.Thelifestrugglesareprettymuchthesameforeachofus.Everyonewhoisinvolvedwithotherhumanbeingsineverysocialcontexthassimilardifficulties.Disagreements,conflictsandcompromisesareapartofwhatitmeanstobehuman.growingold,sickness,deaths,naturaldisastersandaccidentsarealleventswhichpresentproblemstovirtuallyallhumanbeings.Butsomepeopleareabletomakeit,toavoidimmobilizingdepressionandunhappinessdespitesuchoccurrences,whileotherscollapseorhaveaN.B.D..Thosewhorecognizeproblemsasahumanconditionanddon’tmeasurehappinessbyanabsenceofproblemsarethemostintelligentkindofhumanweknow;also,themostrare.26．Accordingtotheauthor,theconventionalnotionofintelligencemeasuredintermsofsabilitytoread,writeandcomputea)iswidelyeldbutwrongconceptb)willhelpeliminateintellectualprejudicec)istherootofallmentaldistress.d)willcontributetosself-fulfillment7．Itisimpliedinthepassagethatholdingauniversitydegreea)mayresultinonesinabilitytosolvecomplexreal-lifeproblemsb)doesnotindicatesabilitytowriteproperlywordeddocumentsc)maymakeonementallysickandphysicallyweak.d)doesnotmeanthatoneishighlyintelligent8．Theauthorthinksthatanintelligentpersonknowsa)howtoputupwithsomeveryprevalentmythsb)howtofindthebestwaytoachievesuccessinlifec)howtoavoidessionandmakehislifeworthwhiled)howtopersuadeotherstocompromise.9．Inthelastparagraph,theauthortellsusthat)difficultiesareutpartofeveryoneslife.b)depressionandunhappinessareunavoidableinlifec)everybodyshouldlearntoavoidtryingcircumstancesd)goodfeelingscancontributetoeventualacademicexcellence10．Whatkindofpeoplearerareaccordingtothepassage?a)Thosewhodontemphasizebookishexcellenceintheirpursuitofhappiness.b)Thosewhoareawareofdifficultiesinlifebutknowhowtoavoidunhappinessc)ThosewhomeasurehappinessbyanabsenceofproblemsbutseldomsufferfromN.B.D.sd)Thosewhoareabletosecurehappinessthoughhavingtostruggleagainsttryingcircumstances.PassageThreeQuestions11to15arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Recentstoriesinthenewspapersandmagazinessuggestthatteachingandresearchcontradicteachother,thatresearchplaystooprominentapartinacademicpromotions,andthatteachingisbadlyunder-emphasized.Thereisanelementoftruthinthesestatements,buttheyalsoignoredeeperandmoreimportantrelationships.Researchexperienceisanessentialelementofhiringandpromotionattheresearchuniversitybecauseitistheemphasisonresearchthatdistinguishessuchauniversityfromanartscollege.Someprofessors,however,neglectteachingforresearch,andthatpresentsaproblem.Mostresearchuniversitiesrewardoutstandingteaching,butthegreatestrecognitionisusuallygivenforachievementsinresearch.Partofthereasonisthedifficultyofjudgingteaching.Ahighlyresponsibleandtoughprofessorisusuallyappreciatedbytopstudentswhowanttobechallenged,butdislikedbythosewhoserecordsarelessimpressive.Themildprofessorgetsoverallratingsthatareusuallyhigh.Butthereisasenseofdisappointmentonthepartofthebeststudents,exactlythoseforwhomthesystemshouldpresentthegreatestchallenges.Thus,auniversitytryingtopromoteprofessorsprimarilyonthebasisofteaching3qualitieswouldhavetoconfrontthisconfusion.Asmodernsciencemovesfaster,twoforcesareexertedonprofessors:oneisthetimeneededtokeepupwiththeprofession;theotheristhetimeneededtoteach.Thetrainingofnewscientistsrequiresoutstandingteachingattheresearchuniversityaswellastheartscollege.Althoughscientistsareusuallymade”intheelementaryschools,scientistscanbe”bypoorteachingatthecollegeandgraduateschoollevels.Thesolutionisnottoseparateteachingandresearch,buttorecognizethatthecombinationisdifficultbutvital.Thetitleofprofessorshouldbegivenonlytothosewhoprofess,anditisperhapstimeforuniversitiestoreserveitforthosewillingtobeanearnestpartofthecommunityofscholars.Professorsunwillingtoteachcanbecalleddistinguishedresearchinvestigators”orsomethingelse.Thepaceofmodernsciencemakesitincreasinglydifficulttobeagreatresearcherandgreatteacher.manyaredescribedinjustthoseterms.Thosewhosaywecanseparateteachingandresearchsimplydonotunderstandthesystem,butthosewhosaytheproblemwilldisappeararenotfulfillingtheirresponsibilities.11．Whatideadoestheauthorwanttoconveyinthefirstparagraph?a)Itiswrongtooverestimatetheimportanceofteaching.b)Teachingandresearcharecontradictorytoeachother.c)Researchcanneverbeemphasizedtoomuch.d)Therelationshipbetweenteachingandresearchshouldnotbesimplified.12．Inacademicpromotionsresearchuniversitiesstillattachmoreimportancetoresearchpartlybecause.a)Researchimprovesthequalityofteachingb)Studentswhowanttobechallengedappreciateresearchprofessorsc)Itisdifficulttoevaluateteachingqualityobjectivelyd)Professorswithachievementsinresearchareusuallyresponsibleandtough13．Accordingtothefourthparagraph,whichofthefollowingwilltheauthorprobablyagreewith?a)Distinguishedprofessorsatresearchuniversitiesshouldconcentrateonresearchb)Theseparationofteachingfromresearchcanlowerthequalityoffuturescientist.c)Itisofutmostimportancetoimproveteachinginelementaryschoolsinordertotrainnewscientists.d)Therapiddevelopmentofmodernsciencemakesitimpossibletocombineteachingwithresearch.14．Thetitleofprofessorshouldbegiventothosewho,firstandforemost,do.a)teachingb)scientificresearchc)fieldworkd)investigation15．Thephrase“theproblem”inthelastsentencereferstoa)raisingthestatusofteachingwithresearchb)theseparationofteachingfromresearch.c)thedifficultyofthecombinationofteachingandresearchd)improvingthestatusofresearchPassageFour4Questions16to20arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Theextentofanationspoweroveritscoastalecosystemsandthenaturalresourcesinitscoastalwatershasbeendefinedbytwointernationallawdoctrines:freedomoftheseasandadjacentstateUntilthemid-twentiethmostnationsfavoredapplicationofbroadopen-seasfreedomsandlimitedsovereignrightsovercoastalwaters.Anationhadtherighttoincludewithinitsterritorialdominion(主权)onlyaverynarrowbandofcoastalwaterswithinwhichithadthebutnottheresponsibility,toregulateallactivities.Regardlessofwhetherornotnationsenforcedregulationsintheirterritorialwaters,largeoceanareasremainedfreeofcontrolsorrestrictions.And,sincetherewerefewstandardsofconductthatappliedontheopenseas,therewerefewjurisdictional（司法权的）conflictsbetweennations.Thelackofstandardsistraceabletopopularperceptionsheldbeforethemid-twentiethByandlarge,marinepollutionwasnotperceivedasasignificantproblem,inpartbecausetheadverseeffectofcoastalactivitiesonoceanecosystemswasnotwidelyrecognized,andpollutioncausedbyhumanactivitieswasgenerallybelievedtobelimitedtothatcausedbyhumanactivitieswasgenerallybelievedtobelimitedtothatcausedbynavigation.Moreover,thefreedomtofish,orover-fish,wasanessentialelementofthetraditionallegaldoctrineoffreedomoffreedomoftheseasthatnomaritime(沿海的)countrywishedtoseelimited.Andfinally,thetechnologythatlaterallowedexploitationofotheroceanresources,suchasoil,didnotyetexist.Todate,controllingpollutionandregulatingoceanresourceshavestillnotbeencomprehensivelyaddressedbylaw,buttworecentdevelopmentsmayactuallyleadtofutureinternationalrulesprovidingforecosystemmanagement.First,theestablishmentofextensivefisheryzones,extendingterritorialauthorityasfaras200milesoutfromacountryscoast,hasprovidedtheopportunityfornationsindividuallytomanagelargeecosystems.Thiscombinedwithnationalself-interestinmaintainingfishpopulations,couldleadnationstoreevaluatepoliciesformanagementoftheirfisheriesandtoaddresstheproblemofreevaluatepoliciesformanagementoftheirfisheriesandtoaddresstheproblemofpollutioninterritorialwaters.Second,theinternationalcommunityisbeginningtounderstandtheimportanceofpreservingtheresourcesandecologyofinternationalwatersandtoshowsignsofacceptingresponsibilityfordoingso.Asaninternationalconsensusregardingtheneedforcomprehensivemanagementofoceanresourcesdevelops,itwillbecomemorelikelythatinternationalstandardsandpoliciesforbroaderregulationofhumanactivitiesthataffectoceanecosystemswillbeadoptedandimplemented.16．Whyweretherefewjurisdictionaldisputesoverinternationalwatersuntilthemid-twentiethcentury?a)Nonationhadtherighttoregulatecoastalactivitiesforinnocentpurposes.b)Allnationssharedequalrightandresponsibilityforinternationalwaters.c)Fewstandardsofconductcouldbeappliedtoactivitiesininternationalwaters.d)Mostnationsdidnotestablishrulesformanagementorprotectionoftheirterritorialwaters.17．Itcanbeinferredfromthethirdparagraphthatinthemid-twentiethcenturya)therewasnogreatadverseeffectofhumanactivitiesuponoceanecosystemsb)mootherhumanactivitiesbutnavigationcausedmarinepollutionc)maritimecountriesfavoredthefreedomtofishintheopenseasd)thelackoftechnologyforfurtherexploitationpartlypreventedmarinepollution5.18．Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat.a)theestablishmentofextensivefisheryzoneswillboostfishingindustryb)reassessmentofsolutionstopollutionproblemswillbringsustainablefisheryresourcestoindividualnationsc)internationalcommunityswillingnesstoshoulderresponsibilitywillleadtodisputesoveropen-searesourcesd)internationalstandardshavebeensettocontrolhumanactivitiesthataffectoceanecosystems19．Thepassageis.a)alegalinquiryintotheexistinglawsandpracticeandthepossibilitiesofreformb)apoliticalstudyoninternationalaffairsandusefulsolutionsc)ahistoricalanalysisofaproblemthatrequiresinternationalattentiond)aproposalfortheimplementationofinternationalstandardstosolveecologicalproblems20．Thewordconsensus(Part.4)probablymeans.a)contentb)satisfactionc)agreementd)sensePassagefiveQuestions21to25arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Childrenaregettingsofatthattheymaybethefirstgenerationtodiebeforetheirparents,anexpertclaimedTodaysyoungstersarealreadyfallingpreytopotentialkillerssuchasdiabetesbecauseoftheirweight.Fattyfast-fooddietscombinedwithsedentarylifestylesdominatedbytelevisionsandcomputerscouldmeankidswilldietragicallyyoung,saysProfessorAndrewPrentice,fromtheLondonSchoolofHygieneandTropicalMedicine.Atthesametime,theshapeofthehumanbodyisgoingthroughahugeevolutionaryshiftbecauseadultsaregettingsofat.HereinBritain,latestresearchshowsthattheaveragewaistsizeforamanis36-38inandmaybe42-44inby2032.Thiscompareswithonly32.6inin1972.Womenswaistshavegrownfromanaverageof22in1920to24ininthefiftiesand30innow.Oneofthemajorreasonswhychildrennowareatgreaterriskisthatwearegettingfatteryounger.IntheUKalone,morethanonemillionunder-16sareclassedasoverweightorobese---doublethenumberinthemid-eighties.Oneintenfour-year-oldarealsomedicallyclassifiedasobese.Theobesitypandemic---anextensiveepidemic---whichstartedintheUS,hasnowspreadtoEurope,Australia,CentralAmericaandtheMiddleEast.Manynationsnowrecordmorethan20percentoftheirpopulationasclinicallyobeseandwelloverhalfthepopulationasoverweight.ProfPrenticesaidthechangeinourshapehasbeencausedbyaglutofeasilyavailablehigh-energyfoodscombinedwithadramaticdropintheenergyweuseasaresultoftechnologydevelopments.Heisnotaloneinhisconcern.Onlylastweekonemedicaljournalrevealedhowobesitywasfuellingariseincancercases.Obesityalsoincreasestheriskfactorforstrokesandheartdisease.Anaveragelyobeseslifespanisshortenedbyaroundnineyearswhileaseverelyobesepersonbymanymore.ProfPrenticesaid:“Sowillparentsoutlivetheirchildren?”asclaimedrecentlybyanAmericanobesityspecialist.Theanswerisyes-or-no.whentheoffspringbecome6grosslyobese.Thisisnowbecominganalarm-reducedqualityoflifeintermsofboththeirphysicalandpsychosocialhealth.SosayNOtothatdoughnut油炸圈饼)andburger.21．Whatdoesthewordsedentary”(Para.2)mean?a)Sittingstillb)Eatingtoomuchc)Studyingveryhardd)Passivethinking22．Itisknownfromthepassagethat.a)theaveragewaistsizeforamanis36-38inb)theaveragewaistsizeforawomanis30inc)inthemid-eighties,morethanhalfamillionunder-16sintheUKwereclassedasoverweightd)theobesitypandemichasnowspreadtoSouthAmerica23．AccordingtoProfPrentice,whatarethereasonsforthechangeinoutshape?a)Weeattoomuchandrefusetodophysicalexercises.b)High-energyfoodsareeasytogetandtechnologydevelopsfast.c)High-energyfoodsarethemaindietandweused)High-energyfoodsareeasytogetandweconsumeless24．Obesityincreasestheriskfactorof.a)diabetes,shortsight,cancerandstrokesb)diabetes,cancer,strokesandpsychosocialillnessc)cancer,strokes,fattyandheartdiseased)strokes,heartdisease,diabetesandheadaches25．WhatdoestheauthormeanbySosayNOtothatdoughnutandburge(Para.4)?a)AnsweringthequestionWillparentsoutlivetheirchildren?”b)Thedoughnutandburgershouldbebanned.c)Weshouldleadahealthylife.d)Weshouldbegindieting.SectionB(10%)Directions:Inthefollowingarticle,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions26~30,choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA~Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblank.Therearetwoextrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyofthegaps.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.WomenlookingforloveontheNetthissDaymaygetmorerosesiftheyflaunt（夸耀）theirwealthratherthanheirgoodlooks,astudyofonlinepersonaladssuggests.DonStrassberg,apsychologistattheUniversityofUtahinSaltLakesayshewasintriguedwhenhediscoveredhowmanypeoplewereturningtotheInternettoseekapartnerinlife.Iwasinfatuated（使着迷）withthepossibilitiesofthemedium,”hesays.26..Strassbergwantedtounderstandthemotivationthatdriveswiredlonelyhearts,aspreviousresearchonpersonaladshasfocusedmostlyonthoseplacedinnewspapers.Thesestudiesconcludedthatmentendtobeattractedbyawomansslimnessandbeauty,whilewomenlietheirmentallandrich.Theseareexactlythepreferencesthatevolutionarybiologistswouldpredict.727.TodiscoverwhetherthesamerulesholdontheNet,StrassbergandhisstudentStephenHoltycraftedfictitious（虚构的）adsandplacedthemonthreepopularInternetdatingbulletinboards.Althoughtheadsdescribedbothvirtualmenandwomen,onlythoseforthefemalecyberdatesattractedenoughresponsestopermitanalysis.Eachadclaimedtobewrittenbyawomanbetween26and28yearsoldwhowaseasy-goingandoptimistic,althoughallusedslightlydifferentlanguage.Acontroladgavenofurtherdetails.28Afteraweek,thesedescriptionsdrew507responses.Eachcybersuitorwassentapolitereplythankinghimforhisinterest,butexplainingthathiswould-becompanionhadreunitedwithanold求爱者).Thecontrolandpassionatepersonas(人)faredtheworst,with103and90repliesreplies.Butthewomanmoneycameouttopwith185Thisisverystrange.ItgoesagainsteverythingI’veheardbefore,”sayspsychologistIreneFriezeoftheUniversityofPittsburgh.’mcuriousabouttheusersofthesesites.”SoaremenwholookforpartnersontheNet,abunchofmoneygrabbing,passionatemisfits?30.ButhethinkstheexplanationmaybethatNetusersaremoreeducatedandaffluent,andaresimplylookingforsomeoneofasimilarbackground.．Strassbergagreesthatthebulletinboardshestudiedmayattractanunusualclientele(客户).b．StrassbergandhisstudentStephenHoltyconductedaresearchbyfakingpersonaladsontheNet.．canreachawidevarietyofpeople”d．Thetheorygoesthatmenarelookingforawomaninprimereproductivecondition,whilewomentendtoseekamanwiththeresourcestohelphercareachild.．Theattractivepersona获得)more---129admirersinall.．Theotherthreelabeledthewomanveryattractive,passionateandsensitive”orfinanciallysuccessfulandambitious.．sstudywasdesignedtofindoutpreferencesofthosewhoplaceonlinepersonalads.PartIITranslationSectionA(10%)Directions:Translatethefollowingfivesentences(allofwhichareunderlinedsentencesinthefivereadingpassagesinSectionA,PartI.)intoChinese.Remembertowriteyourtranslationonth