牛津经济研究院-安大略省“雨伞学院”第二季的经济影响（英）

ECONOMIC

IMPACTSOF

THEUMBRELLAACADEMY

SEASONTWOINONTARIO

AREPORTFORTHEMOTION

PICTUREASSOCIATION-CANADA

JUNE2022

PhotoCredit:©2022NBCUniversal.AllRightsReserved.

EconomicImpactsofTheUmbrellaAcademySeasonTwoinOntario

TABLE

OF

CONTENTS

Executivesummary3

1.Introduction5

2.Productionspending7

3.Economicimpacts11

3.1Channelsofimpact11

3.2Totalimpact12

3.3Directimpact14

3.4Indirectimpact16

3.5Inducedimpact16

4.Widerimpacts19

4.1Facilitiesandinfrastructure19

4.2Film-inducedtourism19

4.3Personalspendingfromout-of-provincecastandcrew19

Appendix:methodology21

CoverPhotoCredit:©2022NBCUniversal..AllRightsReserved.1

“TheUmbrellaAcademy”isalive-actionseriesthatfollowsthe

estrangedsiblingsofadysfunctionalfamilywithextraordinarypowersbasedoncomicbookscreatedandwrittenbyGerardWay.TheUCPproductionofSeasonTwoemployedhundredsofpeopleacrossOntario,generatingconsiderableeconomicactivitylocally.Theshow’sproductionalsosupportedactivityinawiderangeofindustriesthroughitsprocurement,andasthoseemployedbytheproductionitselfandinitssupplychainspendmoneyinthewidereconomy.

Thisstudy,commissionedbytheMotionPictureAssociation-Canada,analyzestheproduction’stotaleconomicimpactsinOntarioaroundthetimeoffilmingin2019.ThestudyalsoconsidersthewiderimpactonOntariobyboostingfilm-inducedtourismandtemporarilyattractingworkersfromotherpartsoftheworld.

In2019,productionofSeasonTwoof“TheUmbrellaAcademy”resultedintotalspendinginOntarioofoverC$77.3million.1

Spendingonwagesandsalariesforlocalproductioncrewandotherlaborwasthemainexpenditureitem,makingup59%ofthetotalexpenditure.TheremainingC$31.9millionwasspentwithatleast980Ontario-basedsuppliersofgoodsandservices,withToronto,Mississauga,AjaxandHamiltonbeingthecitiesthatreceivedthelargestamountsinbusinessspending.

WecalculatethatexpenditurebytheproductionofSeasonTwoof“TheUmbrellaAcademy”stimulatedaC$111millioncontributiontoOntario’sGDPin2019.Thisresultequatesto1%ofPrinceEdwardIsland’sGDPinthatsameperiod.WefindthatforeveryC$1millionthattheproduction’sownactivitiescontributedtotheeconomy,itsexpendituresupportedafurtherC$1.4millionalongitssupplychainandthroughthepaymentofwages.

Wefindthattheexpenditureundertakenbytheshow’sproductionstimulatedatotalof1,120FTEjobsinOntarioin2019.Thisisequivalentto2%ofallFTEemploymentintheagriculturesectorinOntario.Forevery100peopletheproductiondirectlyemployed,itsexpenditurestimulatedanother80jobsacrosstheprovince.

EconomicImpactsofTheUmbrellaAcademySeasonTwoinOntario

EXECUTIVESUMMARY

C$111m

TotalcontributiontoOntarioGDPsupportedbySeasonTwoof

“TheUmbrellaAcademy”

1,120FTE

JobssupportedacrossOntarioasaresultofSeasonTwoofof“TheUmbrellaAcademy”

1Throughoutthisreport,thecurrencyunitisCanadianDollars(C$).3

PhotoCredit:©2022NBCUniversal.AllRightsReserved.

59%

spenton

wages

&salaries

41%

spenton

localgoods

&services

980

Ontario

businesses

supported

toOntario

contribution

stimulated

THEECONOMICIMPACTOF

THEUMBRELLAACADEMY

SEASONTWOINONTARIO

DIRECTIMPACTOFPRODUCTION

$77m

spent

across

Ontario

620direct

FTE

jobs

created

INDIRECTIMPACTOFPRODUCTION

total

$111m

GDP

1,120

jobs

totalFTE

EconomicImpactsofTheUmbrellaAcademySeasonTwoinOntario

1.INTRODUCTION

“TheUmbrellaAcademy”isalive-actionseriesthatfollowsagroupofreunitedsiblingswithspecialpowers.ThestorylineisbasedoncomicbookswrittenbyGerardWay,illustratedbyGabrielBá,andpublishedbyDarkHorseComics.ThesecondseasonoftheshowcontinuesfromthefirstseasonasatimejumpscatterstheUmbrellaAcademywhomust

findawaytoreunite,figureoutwhatcauseddoomsday,putastoptoit,andreturntothepresenttimelinetostopthatotherapocalypse.

ThesecondseasonissetinDallas,Texas,butwasfilmedinOntario,Canada,andinTorontoandHamiltonspecifically.Althoughfilmingwasconcentratedtoafewlocalities,theseriesemploysbusinessesandindividualsacrossOntario,contributingtothelargerprovincialeconomy.

SeasonTwooftheshowwasfilmedfromJune2019throughtoNovember2019andwasreleasedonJuly31,2020.Throughtheproductionofthefullseason,significanteconomicimpactswerecreatedforOntarioresidentsandbusinesses.

OxfordEconomicswas

engagedbytheMotion

PictureAssociation-Canada

toconductanindependent

economicimpactassessment

oftheproductionoftheshow

onOntario’seconomy.For

thestudy,OxfordEconomics

useddatafromNBCUniversal

toestimatetheeconomic

impactsinOntarioarising

fromtheproductionof

SeasonTwo.SeasonThree

oftheserieshaswrappedup

filming.Assumingthatthe

levelandpatternofproduction

spendingforSeasonsOneand

ThreeweresimilartoSeason

Two,theestimatedeconomic

impactsgeneratedoverthe

lifeoftheseries(i.e.,Seasons

OnethroughThree)couldbe

expectedtototalroughlythree

timesthatfromSeasonTwo.

5

PhotoCredit:©2022NBCUniversal.AllRightsReserved.

EconomicImpactsofTheUmbrellaAcademySeasonTwoinOntario

2.PRODUCTIONSPENDING

WhenaTVshowshootsonlocation,itbringswithitjobs,revenue,andrelatedinfrastructuredevelopment.Physicalproductionsprovideanimmediateboosttothelocaleconomy,fosteringjobcreationandinnovationinotherindustriesacrosstheproductionsupplychain.In2019,productionofSeasonTwoof“TheUmbrella

Academy”resultedintotalspendinginOntarioofjustoverC$77.3million.

Spendingonwagesandsalariesforlocalproductioncrewandotherlabourwasthemainexpenditureitem,makingup59%ofthetotalexpenditure(Fig.1).TheremainingC$31.9millionwasspentwithOntario-basedsuppliersofgoodsandservices.

C$77m

Directproduction

expenditureinOntario

SpendingonOntario

productioncrewandqualifying

labourwasC$45million,while

localspendingongoodsand

serviceswasC$32million

Fig.1:ProductionspendofSeasonTwoof“TheUmbrellaAcademy”

inOntario,bytype

million

,

C$77m,100%

C$45m,59%

C$32m41%

C$

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

ONPayrollONBusinessesTotalONspend

Source:NBCUniversal,OxfordEconomics

7

EconomicImpactsofTheUmbrellaAcademySeasonTwoinOntario

8

SeasonTwoproductionspendingengagedover980businessesfromcommunitiesacrossallofOntario.ThelocalitiesthatreceivedthelargestamountsinbusinessspendingwereinToronto,Peel,Durham,andHamiltonasshowninFig.2below.AmoredetailedbreakdownofthespecificcensussubdivisionswithinthoselocalitiesthatreceivedthemostspendingareinFig.3.

TheproductionofTVshowstypicallyreliesonawiderangeofgoodsandservicesthatarerequiredforproduction,fromthe

procurementofpropsandcostumestotransportationandaccommodationforcastmembers.ProductionofSeasonTwoof“TheUmbrellaAcademy”engagedawidevarietyofOntario-basedbusinesses,includinglocalretailers,productionfacilities,securitycompanies,equipmentrentalcompanies,drycleaners,hotelsandrestaurants,cateringcompanies,automobilerentalcompanies,alterationandrepaircompanies,legalservices,healthcareservices,andutilitiesandwastemanagementbusinesses.Closeto36%ofthelocal

spendingwenttosuppliersintherentalandleasingindustry(C$11.4million)while21%ofproductionexpenditureincludedsuppliersintheinformationandculturalsector(C$6.7million).

Fig.2:MapofspendingwithOntario-basedbusinessesbycensusdivision

KawarthaLakesHastingsSimcoePeterboroughNorthumberlandMusoka

PrinceEdward

Ottawa

GreaterSudbury

/GrandSudbury

VendorProcurement

(C$000's)

$0

Waterloo MiddlesexChatham-KentWellington

ElginHaidmand-NorfolkPerth

$0-$0.1

$0.1-$1

$1-$10

TorontoPeelDurhamHamiltonYorkHaltonNiagaraDuferin

Oxford

$10-$100

$100-$500

$5000+

Source:NBCUniversal,OxfordEconomics

EconomicImpactsofTheUmbrellaAcademySeasonTwoinOntario

9

Fig.3:MapofspendingwithOntario-basedbusinessesbycensussubdivision

KawarthaLakesStirling-RawdonTrentLakesBracebridgeCobourg

CavanMoaghanGeorginaUxbridge

SaultSt.Marie

PrinceEdwardCountyPickering

King

Clarington

Whitby

AjaxHamiltonOshawaHuntsville

Whitchurch-StoufvilleNewmarket CaledonMulmur

EastGwillimbury

Tortonto Mississauga Vaughan Aurora MarkhamRichmondHillBrampton

LondonChatham-Kent St.ThomasNorfolkCountyCentralElgin

SouthwestMiddlesexSouth-WestOxford

Ottawa

VendorProcurement

(C$000's)

$0

Hamilton

Oakville

HaltonHillsKitchenerBurlingtonMiltonWellingtonNorthWilmot

Guelph

Waterloo

Stratford

Woolwich

Eramosa

$0-$1

$1-$10

Lincoln

St.CatharinesPortColborneNiagaraFalls

$10-$100

$100-$500

$500+

Source:NBCUniversal,OxfordEconomics

Fig.4:SpendongoodsandserviceswithOntario-basedsuppliers,byindustry

C$Million

3.79

1.6

11.4

3.8

4.6

6.7

Source:NBCUniversal,OxfordEconomics

Rentalandleasing(primarilysite

rentalsandstudioequipmentrentals)

Informationandculturalindustries

(includesvisualefects)

Retailtrade(includespropsand

wardrobepurchases)

Utilities

Accommodationandfoodservices

Other

PhotoCredit:©2022NBCUniversal.AllRightsReserved.

andtaxfortheauthorities.

Italsospendsmoneywith

generateGDPandpaytaxes.Theyuseothersuppliersinturn

Employees(includingofthesuppliers)spendtheirwagesinthewidereconomy,generatingmoreGDP,jobsandtaxrevenues.

TOTALIMPACT

EconomicImpactsofTheUmbrellaAcademySeasonTwoinOntario

3.ECONOMICIMPACTS

3.1CHANNELSOFIMPACT

Theimpactofthefilmingof

SeasonTwoof“TheUmbrella

Academy”ontheOntario

economyiscalculated

usinganeconomicimpact

assessment.Thisinvolves

quantifyingtheproduction’s

economiccontributionto

Ontarioacrossthreechannels

ofexpenditure,wherethe

totalimpactisthesumofthe

threechannels.

DIRECTIMPACT

INDIRECTIMPACT

INDUCED

IMPACT

Addedtogether,thesethree

induced—comprisethetotaleconomicimpactofthecompanyorsector.

Source:OxfordEconomics

11

12

C$,Millions

EconomicImpactsofTheUmbrellaAcademySeasonTwoinOntario

C$111m

TotalcontributiontoOntario’sGDPsupportedbySeasonTwoof

“TheUmbrellaAcademy”

3.2TOTALIMPACT

Combiningallchannelsofimpact,wefindthatSeasonTwoof“TheUmbrellaAcademy”supportedaC$111millioncontributiontoOntario’sGDPin2019.SomeC$45.4million,or41%,ofthiswasgeneratedbytheproductionitself(direct).ThelocalspendingongoodsandservicessupportedanotherC$24.6millionalongtheOntariosupplychain(indirect),whichrepresented22%ofthetotal.ThepaymentofwagesbytheproductionstudiosandtheOntario-basedfirmsintheshow’ssupplychain(induced)stimulatedafurtherC$41millioncontributiontoGDP,or37%ofthetotal(Fig.4).Toputthescaleoftheshow’stotal

economicimpactintocontext,this$111millioncontributionisequivalentto1%ofPrinceEdwardIsland’sGDPorto91%ofthesizeoftheentirecomputerandperipheralequipmentmanufacturingsectorinCanadaforthesameperiod.

ForSeasonTwoof“TheUmbrellaAcademy”,foreveryC$1millionindirectGDPgeneratedbytheproduction’sownactivities,itsexpendituresupportedafurtherC$1.4millionaroundOntariothroughitsexpenditureattheprovincelevel.

TheproductionoftheshowalsohadasignificantimpactonemploymentinOntario.In2019,SeasonTwoof“TheUmbrellaAcademy”supported

Fig.5:ThetotalGDPandemploymentcontributionsupportedbySeasonTwoof“TheUmbrellaAcademy”inOntario,bychannelofimpact

140

120

100

80

60

40

20

0

1,120

320

41.0

180

24.6

620

45.4

111

ContributiontoONGDPJobssupportedinON(FTE)

1,400

1,200

1,000

800

600

400

200

0

DirectIndirectInduced

Source:OxfordEconomics

EconomicImpactsofTheUmbrellaAcademySeasonTwoinOntario

atotalof1,120FTEjobsacrossOntario.Theproductionitselfemployedanestimated620FTEworkers,or55%ofthetotal.Thelocalspendingongoodsandservicessupportedanother180FTEjobsalongtheOntariosupplychainor16%ofthetotal.Afurther320FTEjobs,or29%ofthetotal,weresupportedbythespendingofwagesbyproductioncrewsandemployeesattheshow’ssuppliersintheprovince.

Togiveasenseofscale,thetotalemploymentsupportedbySeasonTwoof“TheUmbrellaAcademy”inOntariowasequivalentto2%ofallFTEemploymentintheagriculturesectorinOntario.

In2019,forevery100peopleemployedintheproductionitself,afurther80jobsweresupportedacrosstheprovincethroughsecondaryeffects.

AccordingtoNBCUniversal,SeasonTwoof“TheUmbrellaAcademy”isestimatedtohave

benefittedfromnearlyC$5.7millioninfederaltaxincentivesand$18.5millioninprovincialtaxincentives.TheincentivesprovidedbytheGovernmentofOntarioareestimatedtohaveproducedC$6inprovincialGDPperdollarofOntariotaxincentivereceivedbytheproduction.

Theremainderofthissectiondescribesthethreechannelsofimpactinmoredetail.

3.3DIRECTIMPACT

Duringtheproductionperiod,SeasonTwoof“TheUmbrellaAcademy”directlyemployed

anestimated620full-timeequivalent(FTE)workersinOntario.

Weestimatethat“The

UmbrellaAcademy”

productionmadeaC$45.4milliondirectcontributiontoOntarioGDPin2019,whichcamefromthepaymentofemployeecompensationtoOntario-basedstaff.2

1,120FTE

JobssupportedacrossOntario

asaresultofSeasonTwoof

“TheUmbrellaAcademy”

13

2ThecontributiontoGDPgeneratedbyacompanyoraprojectcanbecalculatedasthesumofitssurplus(profits)andemployeecompensation.Thisapproach,knownastheincomeapproach,isconsistentwiththeprinciplesofnationalaccounting.Inthiscase,weassumethattheprofitsdonotaccrueasGDPinOntariobecauseNBCUniversalisheadquarteredintheUSandisthereforelikelytorepatriateitsprofits.Employeecompensationoflocalworkers,instead,directlycontributestoOntarioandCanada’sGDP.

EconomicImpactsofTheUmbrellaAcademySeasonTwoinOntario

14

3.4INDIRECTIMPACT

Theproduction’spositivecontributiontoOntario’seconomy,however,extendspastthecontributionitmakesdirectlythroughitsownoperations.Thisisrelatedtothepurchasesofgoodsandservicesmadefromotherfirmsinordertoproducetheshow.ThisspendingstimulatesadditionaleconomicactivityalongtheOntariosupplychain.Thisisreferredtoastheindirectimpact.

UsingStatisticsCanada’sinput-outputtableforOntarioandtheSeasonTwoproductionexpendituredata(excludingpayroll)providedbyNBCUniversal,OxfordEconomicsestimatedthattheprocurementassociatedwith“TheUmbrella

Academy”SeasonTwostimulatedaC$24.6millioncontributiontoOntarioGDPalongthesupplychain.

Overhalfofthisindirectimpactwasintherentalandleasingandinformation

andculturalsectors,wheretheshow’ssupplychainspendingstimulatedaGDPcontributionofC$8.4million(34%)andC$4.1million(17%),respectively(Fig.5).

Theshow’sexpenditureoninputsofgoodsandservicesfromOntario-basedsuppliersalsostimulated180FTEjobsintheprovince.

Fig.6:GDPcontributionstimulatedbytheprocurementofgoodsandservicesfromOntariosuppliers,byindustrialsector

Rentalandleasing,finance,insurance,

andrealestatecompaniesInformationandculturalindustriesRetailtrade

Utilities

Professional,scientificandtechnicalservicesOther

Source:OxfordEconomics

8.4

4.1

2.7

2.5

1.5

5.3

8

4

0

C$,Millions

EconomicImpactsofTheUmbrellaAcademySeasonTwoinOntario

3Housingserviceshereincludethehousingcostspaidtorentanaccommodation,ortheimputedrentifthehouseholdownsthe15

dwellingitoccupies.

3.5INDUCEDIMPACT

Duringtheproductionperiod,UCPpaidlocallaborC$45.4millioningrosswagesandsalaries.Inadditiontothis,thepeoplewhosejobsarestimulatedbythelocalspendingongoodsandservicesarealsopaidadditionalwagesandsalaries.

Productioncrews,andworkersemployedthroughoutthesupplychain,spendaproportionoftheirwagesat

retail,leisure,andotheroutletsinOntario.Thisstimulateseconomicactivityandemploymentatthesefirms,butalsoalongtheirsupplychains.Thisisreferredtoastheshow’sinducedimpact.

Weestimatethewage-financedspendingoflocalproductioncrewsandworkersatOntario-basedsuppliersstimulatedaC$41millioncontributiontoOntarioGDPduringtheproductionperiod.Ofthisfigure,acombined43%

ofthisoccurredinthehousingandfinancialservicessectors,whereGDPcontributionsofC$9.4millionandC$8.1millionwerestimulated,respectively(Fig.6).3

Weestimatethewagefinancedconsumerspendingofproductioncrewsandworkerswithintheshow’ssupplychainsupported320FTEjobsacrossOntarioin2019.

Fig.7:GDPcontributionstimulatedbythepaymentofwagestoOntario-basedworkers,byindustrialsector

Housingservices

Rentalandleasing,finance,insurance,real

estateandholdingcompanies

Retailtrade

InformationandculturalindustriesWholesaletrade

AccommodationandfoodservicesProfessional,scientificandtechnicalservicesManufacturing

HealthcareandsocialassistanceTransportationandwarehousing

Other

Source:OxfordEconomics

9.4

8.1

4.5

1.8

1.7

1.7

1.7

1.7

1.4

1.4

7.5

0

5

10

C$,Millions

PhotoCredit:©2022NBCUniversal.AllRightsReserved.

EconomicImpactsofTheUmbrellaAcademySeasonTwoinOntario

4.WIDERIMPACTS

Inadditiontotheeconomicimpactsthatarisethroughproductionspending,televisionseriessuchas“TheUmbrellaAcademy”canproduceimpactsthatextendbeyondthejobsandGDPtheysupport.

4.1FACILITIESAND

INFRASTRUCTURE

TheburgeoningfilmindustryinCanada,specificallyinOntario,hasattractedincreasedjobopportunitiesandinvestmentsoutsideofspecificTVproductions.Unusedorvacantfacilitiesandbuildingscanbeconvertedintoincreasedstudiospace,ascanbeseeninthecaseofoneofthefilminglocationsfor“TheUmbrellaAcademy”.Forexample,CinespaceFilmStudioscontinuestogrowitsphysicalandeconomicpresenceandisexpectedtoexpandevenfurtherinthecomingyears.4

4.2FILM-INDUCEDTOURISM

Asitisoftenthecasewhenexistingbuildingsandfacilitiesareusedasfilminglocations,manylocalitiesaroundTorontomaystartattractingvisitorsandfansoftheshowasaresultofthefilming.Filminducedtourismisawell-knownphenomenonandithasincreasinglybeenviewedasanimportantcomponentoftourismmarketing.5CitytouristguidesoftenincludefilminglocationsofpopularTVseries.6

4.3PERSONALSPENDING

FROMOUT-OF-PROVINCE

CASTANDCREW

Inaddition,TVshows

productionsbringnon-

residentworkerstoacity/

region.Whilethisisnot

countedaspartofthe

economicfootprintofthe

show,itisimportantto

acknowledgethatthiscould

supportfurthereconomic

impacts.Forexample,non-

residentcastmembers

mayspendpartoftheir

compensationlocallytovisit

localattractionsorleisure

outletsintheirsparetime.

Theymayevenreceivevisits

fromfriendsandrelatives

whileintheregion,thereby

supportingfurthereconomic

activity.

Whilewehavenotmeasured

thewiderimpactsofthe

productionof“TheUmbrella

Academy”inthisstudy,itis

worthobservingthatfilm

andTVproductionscanalso

createadditionaleconomic,

communityandsocialbenefits.

Thesemaycomprisethe

creationofjobopeningsfor

apprenticesorstudents,the

developmentofbusiness

ventures,theformation

ofspin-offfirms,and

contributionstocommunity

andculture.

4Seeforexample,AndreaYu(2021)TorontoLife:ThelocalfilmandTVindustryisbooming.

5Seeforexample,Jeeyeon(Jeannie)Hahm&YouchengWang(2011)Film-InducedTourismasaVehicleForDestinationMarketing:Isit17

WorththeEfforts?,JournalofTravel&TourismMarketing,28:2,165-179orBeeton,Sue.“Understandingfilm-inducedtourism.”Tourismanalysis11,no.3(2006):181-188.

6Seeforexample,TourismHamilton:UmbrellaAcademyHamiltonLocations.

PhotoCredit:©2022NBCUniversal.AllRightsReserved.

EconomicImpactsofTheUmbrellaAcademySeasonTwoinOntario

APPENDIX:METHODOLOGY

TheimpactofthefilmingofSeasonTwoof“TheUmbrellaAcademy”ontheOntarioeconomyiscalculatedusinganeconomicimpactassessment.Thisinvolvesquantifyingtheproduction’seconomiccontributiontoOntarioacrossthreechannelsofexpenditure.Thechannelsofimpactare:

•Directimpact–relatestotheemploymentandeconomicactivitygeneratedatthefilminglocationsacrossOntario.

•Indirectimpact–capturestheeconomicactivitystimulatedbytheprocurementofinputsofgoodsandservicesfromOntario-basedsupplychain.

•Inducedimpact–comprisesthewidereconomicbenefitsthatarisefromthepaymentofwagesbythetelevisionseries,andthefirmsinitsOntariosupplychains,tostaffwhospenda

proportionofthisincomeinlocalretail,leisure,andotheroutlets.

Thetotalimpactisthesumofthethreechannels.

Thisapproachenablesustobuildapictureoftheseries’overallcontributiontoOntarioacrosstwokeymetrics:

•Thegrossvalue-addedcontributiontoOntarioGDP.7

•EmploymentmeasuredonaFTEbasis.

Theresultsarepresentedonagrossbasis.Theythereforeignoreanydisplacementofactivityfromotherfirmsoractivities.Nordotheyconsiderwhattheresourcescurrentlyusedbytheshow’sproduction,orstimulatedbyitsexpenditure,couldalternativelyproduceintheirsecondmostproductiveusage.

Dataonthedirectimpactof“TheUmbrellaAcademy”SeasonTwo—includingtheshow’scontributiontoGDPandjobscreated—wereprovideddirectlybyNBCUniversal.DirectGDPcontributioninOntarioistakentobeequaltolocalemployeecompensation.

ToestimatetheindirectandinducedGDPimpactsoftheshow,OxfordEconomicsusedthe2017StatisticsCanadaprovincialinput-outputtableforOntario(thelatestavailable).Abasicdomesticinput-outputtablegivesasnapshotofaneconomyatagivenpointintime.Themodelshowsthemajorspendingflowsfrom“finaldemand”(i.e.,consumerspending,governmentspending,investment,andexportstotherestoftheworld);intermediatespendingpatterns(i.e.,whateachsectorbuysfromeveryothersector—thesupplychaininotherwords);howmuchofthatspendingstayswithinthedomestic/provincialeconomy;andthedistributionofincomebetweenemploymentincomeandotherincome(mainlyprofits).Inessence,aninput-outputtableshowswhobuyswhatfromwhomintheeconomy.

Toestimatetheindirectimpact,weusedvendor-levelinformationontheamountspentand

typeofgoodsandservicespurchasedfromOntario-basedbusinessesoverthecourseoftheproductionofSeasonTwo.Inordertocalculatetheinducedimpact,wetookthefiguresforwagespaidtoworkers,asprovidedbyNBCUniversal,andthenallocatedthosetothesectorswheretheywouldhavespentthosewagesinlinewiththeproportionsintheOntarioinput-outputtable.WethenusedthosefigurestoshowhowmanydollarsofGDPtheshow’sproductionsupportedintheOntarioeconomyforeveryC$1ofdirectGDPcontribution;andhowmanyjobswerestimulatedacrosstheprovinceforeach100peopledirectlyemployedontheproduction.

7WhereGDPisthemainindicatorofeconomicactivityinCanada.Itisusedtomeasuretherateofgrowthordeclineofthe