江苏专用2019高考英语二轮培优复习专题三阅读理解第二讲主旨大意题习题doc

第二讲│要旨粗心题一、题型解读要旨粗心题是高考英语阅读理解中常考的题型之一，主要考察考生掌握全文主题和理解中心思想的能力。往常以归纳文章或段落粗心以及选择标题等形式出现。要旨粗心题是阅读理解题中的高难度题，能够拉开考生的分数差距，因此此类题目在高考试题中拥有很好的选拔作用，属于能力型题目。要旨粗心题一般分为三类：考点

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精准归纳标题要旨粗心题

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归纳文章粗心考点

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总结段落粗心二、设问方式解答要旨粗心题时要抓住文章的首尾段和每一段的首尾句，要注意贯串文章一直的词语。1.标题归纳类要旨粗心题的主要设题形式Whatisthebesttitleforthispassage?Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthepassage?Thetitlethatbestexpressestheideaofthepassageis________.Themostsuitabletitleofthispassageis________.Whatwouldbethemostsuitabletitleforthetext?Thesuitabletitleofthepassagemaybe________.2.文章粗心类要旨粗心题的主要设题形式Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?Thepassageismainlyabout________.Whichofthefollowingcanbestsummarizethepassage?Whatisthesubjectdiscussedinthepassage?Whatdoesthepassagemainlydealwith?3.段落粗心类要旨粗心题的主要设题形式Themainideaofthesecondparagraphisprobablythat________.Whatisthelastparagraphchieflyconcernedwith?WhatdoesthewritertrytoexpressinParagraph3?WhichofthefollowingcanbestsummarizeParagraph1?WhatisthemainideadiscussedinParagraph2?三、选项特色1.要旨粗心题正确选项的特色(1)涵盖性强，覆盖全文或全段。(2)确立的范围适合，既不太大，也不太小。(3)精准性强，能适合地表达原文的主题和中心思想。2.要旨粗心题扰乱选项的特色过于抽象，不知所云。所给选项内容归纳、归纳的范围过大，高出文章所述内容。以偏概全，主次不分。所给选项只论述了文章的一部分内容，或以文章中的细节信息或个别词作为选项的设置内容，或以次要的事实或细节充任全文的主要看法。(3)偷梁换柱，偷换看法。所给选项被命题者存心识地把本属于A的内容放在B上，若不留意，极易选错答案。惹是生非，生搬硬套。所给选项的重点词语固然在文章中谈到了，但经过认真阅读剖析以后，发现选项的内容与文章的内容毫无联系。精准归纳标题[典例](2016·江苏高考·阅读D)Notsolongago，mostpeopledidn’，onepersonwantedtochangethis.StephenFrancisobservedtheneighteen-year-oldShelly-Annatatrackmeetandwasconvincedthathehadseenthebeginningsoftruegreatness.Hertimeswerenotexactlyimpressive，butevenso，hesensedtherewassomethingtryingtogetout，somethingtheothercoacheshadoverlookedwhentheyhadassessedherandfoundherlacking.HedecidedtoofferShelly-Annaplaceinhisverystricttrainingsessions.Theircooperationquicklyproducedresults，andafewyearslateratJamaica’sOlympictrialsinearly2008，Shelly-Ann，whoatthattimeonlyrankednumber70intheworld，beatJamaica’sunchallengedqueenofthesprint(短跑).70.Whatisthebesttitleforthepassage?A.TheMakingofaGreatAthleteB.TheDreamforChampionshipC.TheKeytoHighPerformanceD.ThePowerofFullResponsibility答案A[要旨粗心题。第一，依据题干能够确立此题为标题归纳类要旨粗心题。整篇文章介绍了牙买加短跑明星弗莱瑟-普利斯由一名鲜为人知的中学一般运动员成长为奥运会金牌得主的故事。成名后，弗莱瑟-普利斯并无止步不前，而是计划为祖国做更多的事情。因此A项“一个伟大的运动员的造就”能覆盖全文，适合地表达原文的主题和中心思想。]【技巧点拨】怎样精准归纳标题？1.利用主题段来归纳标题主题段一般在文章的第一段和最后一段，一般来说第一段常常提出文章的主题或最后一段总结文章的主题，知道了文章的主题也就知道了文章的中心，把中心归纳成一句话或一个短语——文章的标题。2.利用主题句来归纳标题解题的重点是要抓住每一段的首尾句，要注意贯串文章一直的词语。经过找寻文章的主题句，并对主题句进行归纳和提炼，进而确立文章的标题。3.做此类题时，要防止以下三种错误：(1)归纳不够(多表现为部分代替整体，进而减小了范围)；(2)过分归纳(多表现为人为扩大范围)；(3)以事实、细节代替文章粗心。归纳文章粗心[典例](2016·江苏高考·阅读B)Chimps(黑猩猩)willcooperateincertainways，likegatheringinwarpartiestoprotecttheirterritory.Butbeyondtheminimumrequirementsassocialbeings，theyhavelittleinstinct(本能)tohelponeanother.Chimpsinthewildseekfoodforthemselves.Evenchimpmothersregularlydeclinetosharefoodwiththeirchildren，whoareablefromayoungagetogathertheirownfood.Inthelaboratory，chimpsdon’tnaturallysharefoodeither.Ifachimpisputinacagewherehecanpullinoneplateoffoodforhimselfor，withnogreatereffort，aplatethatalsoprovidesfoodforaneighborinthenextcage，hewillpullatrandom—hejustdoesn’tcarewhetherhisneighborgetsfedornot.Chimpsaretrulyselfish.Humanchildren，ontheotherhand，arenaturallycooperative.Fromtheearliestages，theydesiretohelpothers，toshareinformationandtoparticipatein，almostallwillimmediatelytrytohelp.Thereareseveralreasonstobelievethattheurgestohelp，informandsharearenottaught，butnaturallypossessedinyoungchildren.Oneisthattheseinstinctsappearataveryyoungagebeforemostparentshavestartedtotraintheirchildrentobehavesocially.Anotheristhatthehelpingbehaviorsarenotimprovedifthechildrenarerewarded.Athirdreasonisthatsocialintelligencedevelopsinchildrenbeforetheirgeneralcognitive(认知的)skills，atleastwhencomparedwithchimps.IntestsconductedbyTomasello，thehumanchildrendidnobetterthanthechimpsonthephysicalworldtestsbutwereconsiderablybetteratunderstandingthesocialworld.Thecoreofwhatchildren’smindshaveandchimps’don’tiswhatTomasellocallssharedintentionality.Partofthisabilityisthattheycaninferwhatothersknoworarethinking.Butbeyondthat，evenveryyoungchildrenwanttobepartofasharedpurpose.Theyactivelyseektobepartofa“we，”agroupthatintendstoworktowardasharedgoal.60.Thepassageismainlyabout________.A.thehelpingbehaviorsofyoungchildrenB.waystotrainchildren’ssharedintentionalityC.cooperationasadistinctivehumannatureD.thedevelopmentofintelligenceinchildren答案C[要旨粗心题。本文属于科普说明文。作者从猩猩的自私行为导入到人类无私帮助别人的本能，剖析了人类愿意帮助别人、愿意与别人合作的本能的原由。A、B、D项都属于文章的部分内容，并不是心中思想。故C项正确。]【技巧点拨】怎样归纳文章粗心？1.做归纳文章粗心题时，有效的方法就是辨识主题句。主题句拥有简短性、归纳性的特色，文章的中心思想常常是每段主题句的综合。若文章无主题句，这就需要我们依照文中的事实、细节、看法去进行剖析、推测和归纳，进而归纳出文章粗心。2.在选择答案时，依据自己总结的粗心，就能够用清除法将扰乱项逐一清除。总结段落粗心[典例]Mostpositiveemotionsareassociatedwithapproachbehaviour：wemoveclosertopeoplewelike.Mostnegativeemotions，incontrast，areassociatedwithavoidancebehaviour：wemoveawayfrompeopleandthingsthatwedislikeorthatmakeusanxious.Butangerisanexceptiontothispattern.Theangrierweare，themorelikelywearetomovetowardstheobjectofouranger.Thiscorrespondstowhatpsychologistsrefertoasoffensiveanger：theangrypersonmovescloserinordertoinfluenceandcontrolthepersonorsituationcausinghisanger.Thisapproach-and-confrontbehaviourisaccompaniedbyaleftwardprefrontalasymmetry(不对称)ofEEGactivity.Interestingly，thisasymmetrylessensiftheangrypersoncanexperienceempathy(同感)towardstheindividualwhoisbringingforththeangryresponse.Indefensiveanger，incontrast，theEEGasymmetryisdirectedtotherightandtheangrypersonfeelshelplessinthefaceoftheanger-inspiringsituation.64.Whatisthekeymessageofthelastparagraph?A.Howangerdiffersfromotheremotions.B.Howangerrelatestootheremotions.C