案例成果c9t1阅读

READINGPASSAGE

Youshouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions1-13,whicharebasedonReadingPassage1below.WilliamHenryThemanwhoinventedsyntheticWilliamHenryPerkinwasbornonMarch12,1838,inLondon,England.Asaboy,Perkin’scuriositypromptedearlyinterestsinthearts,sciences,photography,andengineering.Butitwasachancestumblinguponarun-down,yetfunctional,laboratoryinhislategrandfather’shomethatsolidifiedtheyoungman’senthusiasmforchemistry.AsastudentattheCityofLondonSchool,Perkinbecameimmersedinthestudyofchemistry.Histalentanddevotiontothesubjectwereperceivedbyhisteacher,ThomasHall(Q1),whoencouragedhimtoattendaseriesoflecturesgivenbytheeminentscientistMichaelFaradayattheRoyalInstitution.Thosespeechesfiredtheyoungchemist’senthusiasmfurther,andhelaterwentontoattendtheRoyalCollegeofChemistry,whichhesucceededinenteringin1853,attheageof15.(Q2)AtthetimeofPerkin’senrolment,theRoyalCollegeofChemistrywasheadedbythenotedGermanchemistAugustWilhelmHofmann.Perkin’sscientificgiftssooncaughthofmann’sattentionand,withintwoyears,hebecameHofmann’syoungestassistant.(Q3)Notlongafterthat,Perkinmadethescientificbreakthroughthatwouldbringhimbothfameandfortune.(Q4)Atthetime,quininewastheonlyviablemedicaltreatmentformalaria.Thedrugisderivedfromthebarkofthecinchonatree,nativetoSouthAmerica,(Q5)andby1856demandforthedrugwassurpassingtheavailablesupply.Thus,whenHofmannmadesomepassingcommentsaboutthedesirabilityofasyntheticsubstituteforquinine,itwasunsurprisingthathisstarpupilwasmovedtotakeupthechallenge.Duringhisvacationin1856,Perkinspenthistimeinthelaboratoryonthetopfloorofhisfamily’shouse.Hewasattemptingtomanufacturequininefromaniline,aninexpensiveandreadilyavailablecoaltarwasteproduct.(Q6)Despitehisbesthowever,hedidnotendupwithquinine.Instead,heproducedamysteriousdarksludge.Luckily,Perkin’sscientifictrainingandnaturepromptedhimtoinvestigatethesubstancefurther.Incorporatingpotassiumdichromateandalcoholintotheanilineatvariousstagesoftheexperimentalprocess,hefinallyproducedadeeppurplesolution.And,provingthetruthofthefamousscientistLouisPasteur’swords‘chancefavoursonlythepreparedmind’,Perkinsawthepotentialofhisunexpectedfind.(Q7)Historically,textiledyesweremadefromsuchnaturalsourcesasntsandanimalexcretions.Someofthese,suchastheglandularmucusofsnails,weredifficulttoobtainandoutrageouslyexpensive.Indeed,thepurplecolourextractedfromasnailwasoncesoexpensivethatonlytherichcouldaffordit.(Q8)Further,naturaldyestendedtobemuddyinhueandfadequickly.ItwasagainstthisbackdropthatPerkin’sdiscoverywasPerkinquicklygraspedthathispurplesolutioncouldbeusedtocolourfabric,thusmakingittheworld’sfirstsyntheticdye.Realisingtheimportanceofthisbreakthrough,helostnotimeinpatentingit.ButperhapsthemostfascinatingofallPerkin’sreactionstohisfindwashisnearlyinstantrecognitionthatthenewdyehadcommercialPerkinoriginallynamedhisdyeTyrianPurple,butitlaterbecamecommonlyknownasmauve(Q10)(fromtheFrenchforthentusedtomakethecolourviolet).HeaskedadviceofScottishdyeworksownerRobertPullar,(Q11)whoassuredhimthatmanufacturingthedyewouldbewellworthitifthecolourremainedfast(i.e.wouldnotfade)andthecostwasrelativelylow.So,overthefierceobjectionsofhismentorHofmann,heleftcollegetogivebirthtothemodernchemicalindustry.Withthehelpofhisfatherandbrother,PerkinsetupafactorynotfarfromLondon(Q11).UtilisingthecheapandplentifulcoaltarthatwasanalmostunlimitedbyproductofLondon’sgasstreetlighting,thedyeworksbeganproducingtheworld’sfirstsyntheticallydyedmaterialin1857.The receivedacommercialboostfromtheEmpressEugenieofFrance,whenshedecidedthenewcolourflatteredher.(Q12)Verysoon,mauvewasthenecessaryshadeforallthefashionableladiesthatcountry.Nottobeoutdone,England’sQueenVictoriaalsoappearedinpublicwearingamauvegown,thusmakingitalltherageinEnglandaswell.Thedyewasboldandfast,andthepublicclamouredformore.Perkinwentbacktothedrawingthatcountry.Nottobeoutdone,England’sQueenVictoriaalsoappearedinpublicwearingamauvegown,thusmakingitalltherageinEnglandaswell.Thedyewasboldandfast,andthepublicclamouredformore.PerkinwentbacktothedrawingAlthoughPerkin’sfamewasachievedandfortuneassuredbyhisfirstdiscovery,the hisresearch.Amongotherdyeshedevelopedandintroducedwereanilinered(1859)andanilineblack(1863)and,inthelate1860s,Perkin’sgreen.ItisimportanttonotethatPerkin’ssyntheticdyediscoverieshad esfarbeyondthemerelydecorative.Thedyesalsobecamevitaltomedicalresearchinmanyways.Forinstance,theywereusedtostainpreviouslyinvisiblemicrobesandbacteria,allowingresearcherstoidentifysuchbacilliastuberculosis,cholera,andanthrax.Artificialdyescontinuetoyacrucialroletoday.And,inwhatwouldhavebeenparticularlypleasingtoPerkin,theircurrentuseisinthesearchforavaccineagainstmalaria.(Q13)Questions1-DothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeinformationgiveninReadingPassageInboxes1-7onyouranswersheet, ifthestatementagreeswiththe inthestatementcontradictstheNOT ifthereisnoinformationonMichaelMichaelFaradaywasthetorecognisePerkin’sabilityasastudent原文：Histalentanddevotiontothesubjectwereperceivedbyhisteacher,Thomasanddevotion对应ability，thesubject定位到上句末尾指代chemistryperceive对应recognize，此时已经完全可以将该句定位到这里，接着发现题目中人名MichaelFaraday与原文中ThomasHall不符，故该题答案为FALSE.出题陷阱出题陷阱 李Histalentanddevotiontothesubjectwereperceivedbyhisteacher,Thomas他的老师ThomasHallMichaelFaradaysuggestedPerkinshouldenrolintheRoyalCollegeof解析：NOTRoyalCollegeofChemistryattend二词将该题目定位到原文第二段末尾：Thosespeechesfiredtheyoungchemist’senthusiasmfurther,andhelaterwentontoattendtheRoyalCollegeofChemistry,whichhesucceededinenteringin1853,atageageof15.（那 进一步激发了这位年轻化学家的热情。后来，在1853年他成功进他成功进 MichaelFaraday建议(suggest)Perkin去读大学的事情。故该题答案为NOTGIVEN.那 进一步激发了这位年轻化学家的热情。后来，在1853年，他成功进Thosespeechesfiredtheyoungchemist’senthusiasmfurther,andhelaterwentontoattendtheRoyalCollegeofChemistry,whichhe那 进一步激发了这位年轻化学家的热情。后来，在1853年，他成功进 15PerkinemployedAugustWilhelmHofmannashisHofmannassistant二词将题目定位到第三段中这句：Perkin’sscientificgiftsassistant.（PerkinHofmann的注意力，不到两年，他成Hofmann）PerkinHofmann最年轻的助手而不是雇佣(employ)Hofmann为助手。故答案为FALSE。Perkin’sscientificgiftssooncaughtHofmann’sattentionand,withintwoyears,hebecameHofmann’syoungestassistant.PerkinHofmannPerkinwasstillyoungwhenhemadethediscoverythatmadehimrichand解析discoveryscientificbreakthrough，richandfamous则对应原文中其名词形式fameandfortune，因此将该题定位到第三段末句：Notlongafterthat,Perkinmadethescientificbreakthroughthatwouldbringhimbothfameandfortune.（不久之后，Perkin）Perkin15岁成notlongafterthat(不久之后)Perkin当时还年轻。因此答案为TRUE.Notlongafterthat,Perkinmadethescientificbreakthroughthatwouldbringhimbothfameandfortune.不久之后，Perkin ThetreesfromwhichquinineisderivedgrowonlyinSouth解析：NOTquininethedrugtreeSouthAmerica将题目定位至这一句：Thedrugisderivedfromthebarkofthecinchonatree,nativetoSouth提到提到了nativeto(原生于)而并未提到only一词，题目用 NOTTIP:TIP:判断题题干中出现only,never,always,every,any等过 代词或副词答案一般都为FALSENOTGIVEN。Thedrugisderivedfromthebarkofthecinchonatree,nativetoSouth Perkinhopedtomanufactureadrugfromacoaltarwastecoaltarwasteproduct定位至第五段这一句：Hewasattemptingtomanufacturequininefromaniline,aninexpensiveandreadilyavailablecoaltarproduct.（他试图用aniline苯胺生产quinine奎宁，苯胺是一种不贵而且随处可见且attemptto(试图做某事hopeto，进一步确定定位。Perkinanilinequininequinine在第四段第一句定位，其后第二句提到quinine是一种治疗malaria(疟疾)的drug。因此可以推断该题目为TRUE。Hewasattemptingtomanufacturequininefromaniline,aninexpensiveandreadilyavailablecoaltarwasteproduct.他试图用aniline苯胺生产quininePerkinwasinspiredbythediscoveriesofthefamousscientistLouis解析：NOTLouisPasteur将该题定位到第五段末尾句：And,provingthetruthofthefamousscientistLouisPasteur’swordschancefavoursonlythepreparedmindPerkinsawthepotentialofhisunexpectedfind.（而且，证明了著名科学家LouisPasteurPerkin提出Perkin证明了LouisPasteur的话：“机会只偏爱有准备的人”，此处用现在分词proving作伴随状语，其后说他看到了自己意料之外发现的潜力，并没有提到他受到了Pasteur的启发（beinspiredbyNOTGIVEN。And,provingthetruthofthefamousscientistLouisPasteur’swords‘chancefavoursonlythepreparedmind’,Perkinsawthepotentialofhisunexpectedfind.PerkinQuestions8-AnswerthequestionsChooseNOMORETHANTWOWORDSfromthepassageforeachanswer.Writeyouranswersinboxes8-13onyouranswersheet.BeforePerkin’sdiscovery,withwhatgroupinsocietywasthecolour解析：therich或rich首先用purple一词定位，第五段时间不符合该题目中bforePrkinsdiovry的（第六段purple一词再次定位，则可以找到原文中这句：Indd,thepurpleolorxtrtedfromanilsoneoxpnivethatonlytherichouldfordi.（事实上，从蜗牛身上提取出来的紫色一度太过昂贵，以至于只提取出来的紫色一度太过昂贵，以至于只 才买得起）该句中唯一可定位出来和groupinsociety相关的短语为theric（定冠词+形容词表示一类人因此可以判断答案为therich或richpeople.Indeed,thepurplecolourextractedfromasnailwasoncesoexpensivethatonlytherichcouldaffordit.yyunderstandthathisnewdyeWhatpotentialdidPerkin解析：commercialpotential或者commercialnewdyeinstantrecognition(即时的认知)为形容词为形容词+名词组合刚好对应题目中 yunderstand(立刻理解)的动词+tohisfindwashisnearlyinstantrecognitionthatthenewdyehadcommercialpossibilities.（但是在Perkin刻认识到了他的 有商业潜能）题目中问及刻认识到了他的 有商业潜能）题目中问及whatpotential可以推断此处commercialpotential或者commercialpossibilityButperhapsthemostfascinatingofallPerkin’sreactionstohisfindwashisnearlyinstantrecognitionthatthenewdyehadcommercialpossibilities.Perkin他的他的 有商业潜能10WhatwasthenamefinallyusedtorefertothefirstcolourPerkin该题考查副词。题目中提到了finally暗示文中不止出现一个名字。由name定位原文：PerkinoriginallynamedhisdyeTyrianPurple,butitlaterbecameknownknownasmauve.（Perkin命名为Tyrian 们广泛知道的名字是mauve）该句用originally（起初adv.）排除第一TyrianPurplelatermauve(as之后)，所以可以推断mauve（淡紫色n.）是答案。PerkinoriginallynamedhisdyeTyrianPurple,butitlaterbecamecommonlyknownasPerkinPerkin命名为Tyrian的名字是mauveWhatWhatwasthenameofPerkinconsultedbeforesettinguphisown解析：Robert到了。题目中的consult(咨询)与原文askadvice对应，或者根据后段提出他建 厂主RobertPullar的意见因此答案是RobertPullarHeaskedadviceofScottishdyeworksownerRobertPullar他征求了苏格他征求了苏格 厂主RobertPullar的意见 InwhatcountrydidPerkin’snewlyinventedcolour efirst，第九段提到了两个国家，FranceEnglandreceivedacommercialboostfromtheEmpressEugenieofFrance,shedecidedthenewcolourflatteredher.（Perkin的新颜色使法国皇后Eugenie）（后文）所以该题答案是FrancereceivedacommercialboostfromtheEmpressEugenieofFrance,shedecidedthenewcolourflatteredPerkinPerkin的新颜色使法国皇后Eugenie ，公司因此获得了商业增长Accordingtothepassage,whichdiseaseisnowbeingtargetedbyresearchersusingsyntheticdyes?题目中出现了明显的时间标识——syntheticdyes( )辅助定位，找到其同意替换词artificialdye以及表示时间的副词Artificialdyescontinueto yacrucialroletoday.And,inwhatwouldhaveparticularlypleasingtoPerkin,theircurrentuseisinthesearchforavaccinemalaria.（时至今日malaria.（时至今日人 ）词是whichdisease因此判断需要找到一个名词，该句剩下嫌疑词vaccine和malariamalaria由“针对”一意可判断其后应该为某疾病，所以答案是malaria（疟疾。ArtificialArtificialdyescontinue yacrucialroletoday.And,inwhatwouldhaveparticularlypleasingtoPerkin,theircurrentuseisinthesearchforavaccineagainst 。Youshouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions14-26,whicharebasedonReadingPassage2onthefollowingpages.Questions14-ReadingPassage2hasfiveparagraphs,A-ChoosethecorrectheadingforparagraphsB-Efromthelistofheadingsbelow.Writethecorrectnumber,i-vii,inboxes14-17onyouranswersheet.ListListofiiSeekingthetransmissionofradiosignals AppropriateresponsestosignalsfromotherVastdistancestoEarth’sclosestAssumptionsunderlyingthesearchforextra-terrestrial vReasonsforthesearchforextra-terrestrial Knowledgeofextra-terrestriallife Likelihoodoflifeon Paragraphv解析：vReasonsforthesearchforextra-terrestrialin该段有两个句。第一句出现在句首Theprimryronfortherhisbicurioitythemeurioityboutthenturlorldthatrivesllpreien.（我们搜索外星生物的首要原因是基本的好奇心——正是同样的对于自然世界的好）第二句则出现在转折信号词vrtherereotherronsforbingintrtedinhrlfexitslr.(然而，我们对其它地方是否有生命还有其它原因。)通过这两句话可以判断该v。Theprimaryreasonforthesearchisbasiccuriosity—thesamecuriosityaboutthenaturalworldthatdrivesallpurescience.Paragraph 解析解析 Assumptionsunderlyingthesearchforextra-terrestrial 句为段首第一句：Indiscussingwhetherwearealone,mostSETIscientists 因此该段大意为选项iv：Assumptionsunderlyingthesearch Indiscussingwhetherwearealone,mostSETIscientistsadopttwogroundrules.在讨论我们是否孤独存在这个问题时，大多SETI的科学家采用两条基本原则。Paragraph解析解析 Likelihoodoflifeon 句有干扰，首句Evenwhenwemaketheseassumptions,ourunderstandingofotherlifeformsisstillseverelylimited(即使当我们做出这些假设的时候，我)中间出现However引出重点内容直接跳到末尾句总结整段内容：Thatmeansthatournearestneighboursareperhaps100lightyearsawaywhichisalmostnextdoorinastronomicalterms.(100术语中这几乎就是隔壁。术语中这几乎就是隔壁。)该 我们探索外星生物成功的概率，故该题大为为vii:Likelihoodoflifeon Thatmeansthatournearestneighboursareperhaps100lightyearsaway,whichisalmostnextdoorinastronomicalterms.100光年之外，在天文学术语中这几乎就是隔Paragraph解析:解析: Seekingthetransmissionofradiosignals 用 句信号词Itturnsoutthat（无中文对等表达，可以翻译成原来）位到该句Itturnsoutthat,foragivenamountoftransmittedpowerradiowavesinfrequencyfrequencyrange1000to3000MHztravelthegreatestdistance,andsoallsearchesdatedatehaveconcentratedonlookingforradiowavesinthisfrequencyrange.(前为止所有的搜索都集中在寻找在这个波段的无线电波上。)可知该 radiowaves，答案iSeekingthetransmissionofradio Itturnsoutthat,foragivenamountoftransmittedpower,radiowavesinthefrequencyrange1000to3000MHztravelthegreatestdistance,andsoallsearchestodatehaveconcentratedonlookingforradiowavesinthisfrequencyrange.原来，在给定传输能量的情况下，10003000MHz的无线电波传输距离最长， Paragraph解析 VastdistancestoEarth’sclosest首一句是句：Thereisconsiderabledebateoverhowweshouldreactifwedetectasignalfromanaliencivilisation.（就假如我们侦测到来自外星文明的信号该如项ii:Appropriateresponsestosignalsfromothercivilisations。Thereisconsiderabledebateoverhowweshouldreactifwedetectasignalfromanaliencivilisation.ISTHEREANYBODYOUTTheSearchforExtra-terrestrialInThequestionofwhetherwearealoneintheUniversehashauntedhumanityforcenturies,butwemaynowstandpoisedonthebrinkoftheanswertothatquestion,aswesearchforradiosignalsfromotherinligentcivilisations.Thissearch,oftenknownbytheacronymSETI(Q19)(searchforextra-terrestrialinligence),isadifficultone.itisonlynowthatwehavereachedtheleveloftechnologywherewecanmakeadeterminedattempttosearchallnearbystarsforanysignoflife.ATheprimaryreasonforthesearchisbasiccuriosity—thesamecuriosityaboutthenaturalworldthatdrivesallpurescience.(Example)WewanttoknowwhetherwearealoneintheUniverse.Wewanttoknowwhetherlifeevolvesnaturallyifgiventherightconditions,orwhetherthereissomethingveryspecialabouttheEarthtohavefosteredthevarietyoflifeformsthat,weseearoundusonthenet.Thesimpledetectionofradiosignalwillbesufficient;toanswerthismostbasicofallquestions.Inthissense,SETIisanothercoginthemachineryofpuresciencewhichiscontinuallypushingoutthehorizonofourknowledge.However,thereareotherreasonsforbeinginterestedinwhetherlifeexistselsewhere.(Example)Forexample,wehavehadcivilisationonEarthforperhapsonlyafewthousandyears,andthethreatsofnuclearwarandpollutionoverthelastfewdecadeshavetoldusthatoursurvivalmaybetenuous.Willwelastanothertwothousandyearsorwillwewipeourselvesout?Sincethelifetimeofanetlikeoursisseveralbillionyears,(Q18)wecanexpectthat,ifothercivilisationsdosurviveinourgalaxy,theirageswillrangefromzerotoseveralbillionyears.Thusanyothercivilisationthatwehearfromislikelytobefarolder,onaverage,thanourselves.Themereexistenceofsuchacivilisationwilllusthatlong-termsurvivalispossible,andgivesussomecauseforoptimism.Itisevenpossiblethattheoldercivilisationmaypassonthebenefitsoftheirexperienceindealingwiththreatstosurvivalsuchasnuclearwarandglobalpollution,andotherthreatsthatwehaven’tyetBIndiscussingwhetherwearealone,mostSETIscientistsadopttwogroundrules.(Q14)First,UFOs(UnidentifiedFlyingObjects)aregenerallyignoredsincemostscientistsdon’tconsidertheevidenceforthemtobestrongenoughtobearseriousconsideration(althoughitisalsoimportanttokeepanopenmindincaseanyreallyonvincingevidenceemergesinthefuture).Second,wemakeaveryconservativeassumptionthatwearelookingforalifeformthatisprettywelllikeus,(Q22)sinceifitdiffersradicallyfromuswemaywellnotrecogniseitasalifeform,quiteapartfromwhetherweareabletocommunicatewithit.Inotherwords,thelifeformwearelookingformaywellhavetwogreenheadsandsevenfingers,butitwillneverthelessresembleusinthatitshouldcommunicatewithitsfellows,beinterestedintheUniverse,liveonanetorbitingastarlikeourSun,andperhapsmostrestrictively,haveachemistry,likeus,basedoncarbonandwater.CEvenwhenwemaketheseassumptions,ourunderstandingofotherlifeformsisstillseverelylimited.(Q15)Wedonotevenknow,forexample,howmanystarshavenets,andwecertainlydonotknowhowlikelyitisthatlifewillarisenaturally,giventherightconditions.However,whenwelookatthe100billionstarsinourgalaxy(theMilkyWay),and100billiongalaxiesintheobservableUniverse,itseemsinconceivablethatatleastoneofthesenetsdoesnothavealifeformonit;infact,thebesteducatedguesswecanmake,usingthelittlethatwedoknowabouttheconditionsforcarbon-basedlife,leadsustoestimatethatperhapsonein100,000starsmighthavealife-bearingnetorbitingit.Thatmeansthatournearestneighboursareperhaps100lightyearsaway,whichisalmostnextdoorinastronomicalterms.(Q15)DAnaliencivilistationcouldchoosemanydifferentwaysofsendinginformationacrossthgalaxy,butmanyoftheseeitherrequiretoomuchenergy,orelseareseverelyattenuatedwhiletraversingthevastdistancesacrossthegalaxy.Itturnsoutthat,foragivenamountoftransmittedpower,radiowavesinthefrequencyrange1000to3000MHztravelthegreatestdistance,andsoallsearchestodatehaveconcentratedonlookingforradiowavesinthisfrequencyrange.(Q16)Sofartherehavebeenanumberofsearchesbyvariousgroupsaroundtheworld,includingAustraliansearchesusingtheradioescopeatParkes,NewSouthWales.(Q23)Untilnowtherehavenotbeenanydetectionsfromthefewhundredstarswhichhavebeensearched.(Q24)Thescaleofthesearcheshadsbeenincreaseddramaticallysince1992,whentheUSCongressvotedNASA$10millionperyearfortenyearstoconduct,athoroughsearchforextra-terrestriallife.(Q24)Muchofthemoneyinthisprojectisbeingspentondevelothespecialhardwareneededtosearchmanyfrequenciesatonce.Theprojecthastwoparts.Onepartisatargetedsearchusingtheworld’slargestradioescopes,theAmerican-operatedescopeinArecibo,PuertoRicoandtheFrenchescopeinNancyinFrance.Thispartoftheprojectissearchingthenearest1000likelystarswithhighsensitivityforsignalsinthefrequencyrang1000to3000MHz.(Q20)Theotherpartoftheprojectisanundirectedsearchwhichismonitoringallofspacewithalowersensitivity,usingthesmallerantennasofNASA’sDeepSpaceNetwork.EThereisconsiderabledebateoverhowweshouldreactifwedetectasignalfromanaliencivilisation.(Q17)Everybodyagreesthatweshouldnotreplyimmediay.(Q26)Quiteapartfromtheimpracticalityofsendingareplyoversuchlargedistancesatshortnotice,itraisesahostofethicalquestionsthatwouldhavetobeaddressedbytheglobalcommunitybeforeanyreplycouldbesent.Wouldthehumanracefacethecultureshockiffacewithasuperiorandmucholdercivilisation?Luckily,thereisnourgencyaboutthis.Thestarsbeingsearchedarehundredsoflightyearsaway,soittakeshundredsofyearsfortheirsignaltoreachus,andafurtherfewhundredyearsforourreplytoreachthem.It’snotimportant,then,ifthere’sadelayofafewyears,ordecades,whilethehumanracedebatesthequestionofwhethertoreply,andperhapscarefullydraftsaQuestions18-AnswerthequestionsChooseNOMORETHANTHREEWORDSAND/ORANUMBERfromthepassageforeachanswer.Writeyouranswersinboxes18-20onyouranswer Whatisthelifeexpectancyof解析：severalbillion由由lifeexpectancy的同义词lifetime以及Earth的替换表 netlikeours定位A段该句：Sincethelifetimeofa netlikeoursisseveralbillionyears,...(因为像我 是几十亿年……)因此答案是severalbillionyears.Sincethelifetimeofa Sincethelifetimeofa netlikeoursisseveralbillion因为像我们地球这样的行星 是几十亿年ligentligentcivilisationsareSETIWhatkindofsignalsfromothersearching解析：radio由缩写由缩写SETI定位至文章副标题：...,aswesearchforradiosignalsfrom ligentcivilisations.Thissearch,oftenknownbytheacronymSETI...(可知该题答案为radiosignals,aswesearchforradiosignalsfromotherin ligentcivilisations.Thissearch,oftenknownbytheacronymSETI...Howmanystarsaretheworld’smostpowerful escopes由mostpowerfulD段该句：Onepartisatargetedsearchusingthelargestescopes,...Thispartoftheprojectissearchingthenearest1000starswithhighsensitivityforsignalsinthefrequencyrang1000to3000MHz.(对1000到3000兆赫有高敏感度的望远镜搜寻附近1000颗有可能的恒星)该题1000。Onepartisatargetedsearchusingtheworld’slargestradioescopes,...Thispartoftheprojectissearchingthenearest1000likelystarswithhighsensitivityforsignalsinthefrequencyrang1000to3000MHz.分是用对1000到3000兆赫有高敏感度的望远镜搜寻附近1000颗有可能的恒星。Questions21-DothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeviewsofthewriterinReadingPassageInboxes21-26onyouranswersheet, ifthestatementagreeswiththeviewsofthe ifthestatementcontradictstheviewsoftheNOT ifitisimpossibletosaywhatthewriterthinksabout Aliencivilisationsmaybeabletohelpthehumanraceto eseriousdealwith等 Itisevenpossiblethattheoldercivilisationmaypassonthebenefitsoftheirexperienceindealingwiththreatstosurvivalsuchasnuclearwarandglobalpollution,andotherthreatsthatwehaven’tyetdiscovered.这些这些更古老的文明甚至有可能将其在应对生 过程中所积累下来的有益我们尚未发现的潜 SETIscientistsaretryingtofindalifeformthatresembleshumansinmanyisprettywelllikeus等同于resembleshumansinmanyways.Second,wemakeaveryconservativeassumptionthatwearelookingforalifeformthatisprettywelllikeus.TheAmericansandAustralianshaveco-operatedonjointresearch解析：NotSoSofartherehavebeenanumberofsearchesbyvariousgroupsaroundtheincludingAustraliansearchesusingthe escopeatParkesNewSouthWales.威尔士威尔士 用无线电天文望远镜进行的搜寻SofarSETIscientistshavepickedupradiosignalsfromseveralUntilnowtherehavenotbeenanydetectionsfromthefewhundredstarswhichhavebeensearched.TheNASAprojectattractedcriticismfromsomemembersof解析：Not由专有名词CongressNotgiven，Thescaleofthesearcheshasbeenincreaseddramaticallysince1992,whentheUSCongressvotedNASA$10millionperyearfortenyearstoconductathoroughsearchforextra-terrestriallife.，199219921000 Ifasignalfromouterspaceisreceived,itwillbeimportanttorespond由由respondpromptly同义表达reply y定位至E段：）不应立即与题aliencivilisation.Everybodyagreesthatweshouldnotreply Thereisconsiderabledebateoverhowweshouldaliencivilisation.Everybodyagreesthatweshouldnotreply READINGPASSAGEYoushouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions27-40,whicharebasedonReadingPassage3below.ThehistoryoftheIfyougobackfarenough,everythinglivedinthesea.Atvariouspointsinevolutionaryhistory,enterprisingindividualswithinmanydifferentanimalgroupsmovedoutontotheland,sometimeseventothemostparcheddeserts,takingtheirownprivateseawaterwiththeminbloodandcellularfluids.Inadditiontothereptiles,birds,mlsandinsectswhichweseeallaroundus,othergroupsthathavesucceededoutofwaterincludescorpions,snails,crustaceanssuchaswoodliceandlandcrabs,millipedesandcentipedes,spidersandvariousworms.Andwemustn’tforgetthents,withoutwhosepriorinvasionofthelandnoneoftheothermigrationscouldhavehappened.(Q27)Movingfromwatertolandinvolvedamajorredesignofeveryaspectof reproduction.(Q28)Nevertheless,agoodnumberofthoroughgoinglandanimalslaterturnedaround,abandonedtheirhard-earnedterrestrialre-tooling,andreturnedtothewateragain.Sealshaveonlygonepartwayback.Theyshowuswhattheintermediatesmighthavebeenlike,onthewaytoextremecasessuchaswhalesanddugongs.Whales(includingthesmallwhaleswecalldolphins)anddugongs,withtheirclosecousinsthemanatees,ceasedtobelandcreaturesaltogetherandrevertedtothefullmarinehabitsoftheirremoteancestors.Theydon’tevencome

tobreed.Theydo,however,stillbreatheair,havingneverdevelopedanythingequivalenttothegillsoftheirearliermarineincarnation.(Q29)Turtleswentbacktotheseaaverylongtimeagoand,likeallvertebratereturneestothewater,theybreatheair.(Q31)However,theyare,inonerespect,lessfullygivenbacktothewaterthanwhalesordugongs,forturtlesstilllaytheireggsonbeaches.Thereisevidencethatallmodernturtlesaredescendedfromaterrestrialancestorwhichlivedbeforemostofthedinosaurs.TherearetwokeyfossilscalledProganochelysquenstedtiand appeartobeclosetotheancestryofallmodernturtlesndtortoises.Youmightwonderhowwe lwhetheranimalslivedonlandorinespeciallyifonlyfragmentsarecontemporariesofthedinosaurs,finsandstreamlinedbodies.Thelooklikedolphinsandtheysurelylivedlikedolphins,inthewater.(Q30&Q33)Withturtlesitisalittlelessobvious.Onewaytolisbymeasuringthebonesoftheirforelimbs.WalterJoyceandJacquesGauthier,atYaleUniversity,obtainedthreemeasurementsintheseparticularbonesof71speciesoflivingturtlesandtortoises.（Q34）TheyusedakindtriangulargraphpapertoplotthethreeAllthelandtortoisespeciesformedatightclusterofpointsintheupperpartofthetriangle;(Q36)allthewaterturtlesclusterinthelowerpartofthetriangulargraph.Therewasnooverlap,exceptwhentheyaddedsomespeciesthatspendtimebothinwaterandonland.Sureenough,theseamphibiousspecies（Q37）showuponthetriangulargraphapproxima yhalfwaybetweenthe‘wetcluster’ofseaturtlesandthe‘drycluster’oflandtortoises.(Q38)Thenextstepwastodeterminewherethefossilsfell.The t