2021译林版高中英语选择性必修四课文翻译

#Unit1HonestyandresponsibilityTolivealifeofhonestyandintegrityisaresponsibilityofeverydecentperson.——NoamChomsky过诚实正直的生活是每一个正派人的责任。——诺姆•乔姆斯基Reading(p2-3)Aftertwentyyears二十年后Thepolicemanonthebeatwalkedalongthestreetashealwaysdid.Itwasbarelyteno'clockatnight.Whenhehadwalkedabouthalfwayaroundacertainblock,thepolicemansuddenlysloweddown.Inthedoorwayofastorestoodaman,withanunlitcigarinhismouth.Asthepolicemanwalkeduptohimthemanspokeupquickly.巡逻的警察像往常一样沿着街道走着。还不到晚上十点。当他走过一个街区大约一半的时候，警察突然放慢了速度。在一家商店的门口站着一个男人，嘴里叼着一支未点燃的雪茄。当警察走近他时，那人很快地大声说起了话。“It'sallright,officer,”hesaid.“I'mjustwaitingforafriend.It'sanappointmentmadetwentyyearsago.Thereusedtobearestaurantwherethisstorestands—‘BigJoe'Brady'srestaurant.”“没事的，警官，”他说。“我只是在等一个朋友。这是一个二十年前做的约定。这家商店所在的地方以前有一家餐馆——‘大乔布雷迪'餐馆。”“Itwashereuntilfiveyearsago,”saidthepoliceman.“Itwastorndownthen.”“五年前它还在这里，”警察说。“后来它被拆除了。”Themaninthedoorwaystruckamatchandlithiscigar.Thelightshowedapaleface,withkeeneyes,asquarejawandalittlewhitescarnearhisrighteyebrow.Hisscarfpinwasalargediamond,oddlyset.站在门口的人划了一根火柴，点燃了雪茄。灯光显得苍白他的脸，一双敏锐的眼睛，一个方下巴，右眉毛附近有一条白色的小伤疤。他的领巾别针是一颗大钻石，镶嵌得很奇怪。“Twentyyearsagotonight,"saidtheman,“IdinedherewithJimmyWells,mybestfriend.HeandIwerejustliketwobrothers.IwaseighteenandJimmywastwenty.ThenextmorningIwastoleaveNewYorkandtraveltotheWesttomakemyfortune.Well,weagreedthatnightthatwewouldmeethereagainexactlytwentyyearsfromthatdateandtime,nomatterwhatourconditionsmightbeorfromwhatdistancewemighthavetocome.Wefiguredthatintwentyyearseachofusoughttohavebuiltalifeandmadeourfortunes.”“20年前的今晚，”那人说，“我和我最好的朋友吉米•威尔斯在这里吃过饭。他和我就像两兄弟。当时我18岁，吉米20岁。第二天早上，我就要离开纽约，到西部去发家致富。那天晚上，我们约定二十年后在这里再见面，不管我们的情况如何，也不管我们要走多远。我们觉得在二十年里，我们彼此都应建立起自己的生活并发财。”“Itsoundsprettyinteresting,"saidthepoliceman.“Ratheralongtimebetweenmeetings,though.Haven'tyouheardfromyourfriendsinceyouleft?”“听起来很有趣，”警察说。不过，两次见面之间的间隔时间相当长。你离开后就没有收到你朋友的来信吗?”“Well,wekeptintouchforayearortwo,andthenwelostcontact.ButIknowJimmywillmeetmehereifhe'salive,forhealwayswasthetruestandmostreliablefellowintheworld.He'llneverforget.Icameathousandmilestostandinthisdoorwaytonight,andit'sworthwhileifmyoldpartnerturnsup.”“嗯，我们保持了一两年的联系，然后就失去了联系。但我知道，如果吉米还活着，他会来这里见我的，因为他一直是世界上最真诚、最可靠的人。他永远不会忘记。今晚，我从千里之外来到这里，站在这个门口，如果我的老搭档出现了，这是值得的。”Thewaitingmanpulledoutahandsomewatch,setwithsmalldiamonds.Itwasthreeminutestoten.那个等着的男人拿出一块镶嵌着小钻石的漂亮手表。现在是十点差三分。“I'llbeonmyway,”saidthepoliceman.“Hopeyourfriendturnsup.”“我马上就来，”警察说。“希望你的朋友会出现。”“I'llgivehimhalfanhouratleast.Bye,officer.”“我至少给他半个小时。再见,长官。”Themanwhohadcomeathousandmilestokeepanappointmentwiththefriendofhisyouthsmokedhiscigarandwaited.Abouttwentyminuteslater,atallmaninalongovercoat,withcollarturneduptohisears,hurriedtowardhim.这个人从千里之外赶来，是为了和年轻时的朋友约会，他一边抽着雪茄，一边等待着。大约二十分钟后，一个身穿长大衣、衣领翘到耳朵的高个子男人匆匆向他走来。“Isthatyou,Bob?”heasked,doubtfully.“是你吗，鲍勃?”他疑惑地问。“Isthatyou,JimmyWells?”shoutedthemaninthedoorway.“是你吗，吉米•威尔斯?”门口的人喊道。“Blessmyheart!”criedthenewarrival.“Well,well,well!Twentyyearsisalongtime!HowhastheWesttreatedyou,oldman?”“上帝保佑我的心!新来的叫道。“好,好,好!二十年是一段很长的时间!老伙计，西部对你怎么样?”“IthasgivenmeeverythingIaskeditfor.You'vechangedlots,Jimmy.Ineverthoughtyouweretallbytwoorthreeinches.”“它给了我想要的一切。你变了很多，吉米。我从没想过你会长高两三英寸。”“Oh,IgrewabitafterIwastwenty.Comeon,Bob;we'llgotoaplaceIknowandhaveagoodlongtalkaboutoldtimes.”“哦，我二十岁以后长高了一点。来吧,鲍勃;我们要去一个我知道的地方，好好谈谈过去的时光。”Thetwomenwalkedupthestreet,arminarm.ThemanfromtheWestwasbeginningtooutlinethehistoryofhiscareer.Atthecornerstoodadrugstore,brilliantwithelectriclights.Eachofthemturnedtostareattheother'sface.ThemanfromtheWeststoppedsuddenlyandreleasedhisarm.那两个人手挽着手走在街上。这个从西部来的人开始概述他的职业生涯。街角有一家药店，灯火通明。他们每个人都转过身来盯着对方的脸。那个从西部来的人突然停下来，松开了他的手臂。“AsIsuspected,you'renotJimmyWells,”hesaid,impatientlywithanger.“Twentyyearsisalongtime,butnotlongenoughtochangetheshapeofaman'snose.”“正如我所怀疑的，你不是吉米•威尔斯，”他愤怒地说。“二十年是很长的一段时间，但还不足以改变一个人鼻子的形状。”“Itsometimeschangesagoodmanintoabadone,”saidthetallman,takingchargeofthesituation.“You'vebeenunderarrestfortenminutes,‘Silky'Bob.Chicagopolicethoughtyoumighthavedroppedoverourwayandwiredus.Theywanttohaveachatwithyou.Beforewegotothestation,here'sanoteforyou.It'sfromPatrolmanWells.”“它有时会把一个好人变成一个坏人，”控制局面的高个子说。“你已经被捕十分钟了，‘狡猾的'鲍勃。芝加哥警方以为你会顺路过来然后给我们发了电报。他们想和你谈谈。在我们去车站之前，这里有张纸条给你。是巡警威尔斯写来的。”ThemanfromtheWestunfoldedthepaper.Thenotewasrathershort.从西部来的人打开纸。这封信相当短。“Bob:Iwasattheappointedplaceontime.WhenyoustruckthematchtolightyourcigarIsawitwasthefaceofthecriminalwantedinChicago.AnyhowIcouldn'tarrestyoumyself,soIgotaplain-clothesmantodothejob.JIMMY.”(AdaptedfromO.Henry'sshortstoryofthesameti)tle鲍勃：我准时到了约定的地点。当你划着火柴点燃雪茄时，我看到那是一张芝加哥通缉犯的脸。无论如何，我不能亲自逮捕你，所以我找了个便衣去做这件事。吉米。”(改编自欧•亨利的同名短篇小说)Integratedskills(p8)Understandingwhitelies理解善意的谎言Theuglytruth丑陋的真相“Happybirthday,Anne,”saidmygrandma,handingmeabrightlywrappedparcelwithabigredbow.Itwasmybirthdaydinner,aspecialtreat,andthewholefamilywerethere—myparents,grandma,grandad,aunt,uncleandnephew.“生日快乐，安妮，”奶奶说着递给我一个包装得很鲜艳的包裹，上面有一个大大的红色蝴蝶结。这是我的生日晚餐，一个特别的款待，而且所有的家人都在那里——我的父母，奶奶，爷爷，阿姨，叔叔和侄子。“Thanks,Granny!”Isaid,smiling.Itoretheparcelopen.Insidewassomethingverybright,verypink.Ihelditup.ItwastheugliestdressIhadeverseen.“谢谢奶奶!”我笑着说。我把包裹撕开了。里面有个非常亮，非常粉红的东西。我举起它。这是我见过的最丑的衣服。“Ihopeyoulikeit,"saidGrandma.“Youlooksoprettyinpink.Ithinkthisdressisperfectforyou.”“我希望你喜欢，”奶奶说。“你穿粉红色很漂亮。我觉得这件衣服非常适合你。”Franklyspeaking,IwasdisappointedbutIsmiledasbroadlyasIcould.“That'ssokindofyou,Granny,”Isaid,tryingtosoundconvincing.“It'sbeautiful.Thankyousomuch.”坦率地说，我很失望，但我尽可能地笑了。“奶奶，您真是太好了。”我说，试图让自己听起来更有说服力。“这是美丽的。非常感谢你。”Grandmasmiledbackhappilyatme,withdeepwrinklesaroundhereyes.Well.Icouldn'ttellherthetruth.CouldI?奶奶开心地对我笑了笑，她的眼睛周围有深深的皱纹。嗯。我不能告诉她真相。我可以吗?Awhiteliethathurtme一个伤害我的善意的谎言WhenIgavethedresstoAnneforherbirthday,Isawtheexcitementinhereyesasshetoreoffthewrappingpaper.Shepausedbrieflywhenshefirstsawthedress.Thenherbeautifulfacesmiledlovinglyatme.Shetoldmeitwasabeautifuldress.IknowthattheoldandtheyoungdonotalwayssharethesametastesandIwashappythatshelikedit.AllthehoursofsewingwereworthitwhenIsawthelookofjoyonherface.当我把裙子送给安妮作为生日礼物时，我看到她撕掉包装纸时眼中的兴奋。她第一次看到那件衣服时，停顿了一下。然后，她美丽的脸庞充满爱意地对我笑了笑。她告诉我那是条漂亮的裙子。我知道老年人和年轻人的口味并不总是相同的，我很高兴她喜欢它。当我看到她脸上喜悦的表情时，所有的缝纫时间都是值得的。ItwasafewdayslaterthatIlearntthetruth.IwaspassingAnne'sbedroomwhenIheardhertalkingonthephone.“Mygrandmagavemethisverypinkdress,”shesaid.“IreallyappreciateitbutIdon'tthinkI'lleverbewearingit.Imean,whowearspinkthesedays?”Istoodthereinawkwardsilence.ThenIwalkedaway,pretendingnottohaveheardanything.However,Ifeltcheatedanditreallydepressedme.几天后我才知道真相。我路过安妮的卧室时，听到她在讲电话。“我奶奶给了我这件粉红色的裙子，”她说。“我真的很感激它，但我想我永远不会穿它。我的意思是，现在谁会穿粉红色的衣服?”我站在那里，尴尬地沉默着。然后我走开了，假装什么也没听到。然而，我感觉被欺骗了，这真的让我很沮丧。Extendedreading(p11-12)Takingresponsibility承担责任Honouredguests,teachersandstudents,itismypleasureandprivilegetowelcomeyouheretodayandpresentmythoughtsonthisspecialoccasion.尊敬的来宾、老师、同学们，我很高兴和荣幸欢迎你们今天来到这里，并在这个特殊的场合表达我的想法。Students,thetimehasarrivedforyoutofullyacceptyourpassageintoadulthood.IhaveseenyougrowfromnervousSenior1studentsintoconfidentyoungadults,whositbeforemetoday,readytoembracethenextphaseofyourlives.Youmustbebothexcitedandanxiousaboutthenewexperiencesthatareinstoreforyou.Don'tworry,foryouareallresponsibleyoungpeople,wellpreparedandwellequippedtosuccessfullymanagethechallengesoftheyearsahead.学生们，是时候让你们完全接受自己的成年了。我看到你们从紧张的高一学生成长为自信的年轻人，今天坐在我面前，准备迎接人生的下一个阶段。你一定对即将到来的新体验既兴奋又焦虑。不要担心，因为你们都是负责任的年轻人，准备好了，准备好了，可以成功地应对未来的挑战。Atschool,youhavegraduallyunderstoodtheimportanceofawell-developedsenseofresponsibility.Youacceptthatyouareresponsibleforyoursuccessesandyourfailures.Hopefully,youhavelearnttotreatresponsibilitynotasaweightthatburdensyou,butratherasafoundationwhichwillsupportyourfuturedevelopment.Ashipwithoutananchorisatthemercyofthewavesandwinds;likewise,apersonwhohasnosenseofresponsibilityisatthemercyoftheirowncarelessandthoughtlessbehaviour.在学校里，你们逐渐明白了责任感的重要性。你接受你的成功和失败是你的责任。希望你已经学会了不要把责任当作负担，而是当作支撑你未来发展的基础。没有锚的船，在风浪的摆布下航行;同样地，一个没有责任感的人会被自己的粗心和轻率的行为所支配。Asstudents,youmusttakeyourstudiesseriouslyandacceptresponsibilityforyourownlearning.Thismeansmeetingdeadlinesforyourschoolwork,followingyourteachers'guidance,andofcourse,alwaysaimingforacademicexcellence.However,yourresponsibilitiesgofarbeyondyourstudies.Asyougothroughyourdailylife,youwillencountermanydifficultsituationswherethingsmaygowrong.Insteadofbeingquicktoblameothers,analysetheproblem,andifitisindeedyourownfault,bereadytoadmityourmistakeandthencorrectit.Thisway,youpractisethevirtueofcourage.Alwaysgiveyourbestinwhateveryousetouttodo,howeverdifficultthatmightbe.Thisway,youpractisethevirtueofdetermination.Behonestbysayingwhatyoumeanandbymeaningwhatyousay.Thisway,youpractisethevirtueofintegrity.Takingresponsibilityinallaspectsofyoureverydaylife,therefore,willhelpbuildastrongcharacter.作为学生，你必须认真学习，对自己的学习负责。这意味着要在截止日期前完成学业，听从老师的指导，当然，还要始终追求学术卓越。然而，你的责任远远超出你的学习。在你的日常生活中，你会遇到许多困难的情况，事情可能会出错。不要动不动就指责别人，要分析问题，如果确实是你自己的错，要准备好承认错误，然后改正。这样，你就锻炼了勇气的美德。无论你打算做什么，无论多么困难，都要全力以赴。这样，你就练习了决心的美德。诚实地说出你的意思，并认真地表达你所说的。这样，你就实践了正直的美德。因此，在你日常生活的各个方面承担责任，将有助于建立一个坚强的性格。Apartfrompersonaldevelopment,assumingresponsibilityforyouractionsisalsoimportantforthebettermentofsociety.Societyisanorganicwhole,andassocialbeings,wehavearesponsibilitytomakeacontribution.Youmayhaveheardthestoryofasmallboywhotriedtosavestarfishleftonthebeachafterastorm,bythrowingthembackintothesea.Passers-bytoldhimthathewaswastinghistime,forhecouldnotpossiblysavethemall.However,theboywasnotdiscouraged,believingthathecouldmakeadifferencetotheonesthathesaved.Asaresult,thepassersbyfeltinspiredandjoinedhiminsavingthestarfish.Similarly,thelittlethingsyoudocanmakeadifference!Forexample,pickingupgarbagearoundyourneighbourhoodcontributestoacleanerenvironment.Reportingaspeedingcarhelpsensureroadsafety.Beingenergy-efficientleadstosavingsofourpreciousnaturalresources.Doingvolunteerworkatalocalnursinghomebringsloveandwarmthtotheelderly.Justlikethe“starfishboy”,youmayeveninspirepeoplearoundyoutodothesame,whichisanaddedbonus.Workingtogether,wehavethepowertograduallybutcontinuouslyadvanceoursociety.除了个人发展，对自己的行为负责对社会的改善也很重要。社会是一个有机整体，作为社会人，我们有责任做出贡献。你可能听过一个小男孩的故事，他试图拯救暴风雨后留在海滩上的海星，他把它们扔回大海。过路的人对他说，他是在浪费时间，因为他不可能把他们都救出来。然而，男孩并不气馁，他相信自己可以改变他所拯救的那些人。结果，路过的人受到鼓舞，和他一起拯救海星。同样，你所做的每一件小事都能带来不同!例如，在你周围捡垃圾有助于一个更清洁的环境。报告超速车辆有助于确保道路安全。节能可以节省我们宝贵的自然资源。在当地的养老院做义工给老人带来了爱和温暖。就像“海星男孩”，你甚至可以激励你周围的人也这样做，这是一个额外的奖励。只要我们共同努力，我们就有能力逐步而持续地推进我们的社会。So,dearstudents,takeyourfirststepintotheadultworldbyacceptingyourresponsibilities,sothatadulthoodwillbeanenjoyableandrewardingexperienceforbothyouandthosearoundyou.Sometimes,responsibilitiesmayweighheavilyonyou.However,justastheChinesesayinggoes,“Jadeisgood-for-nothingifnotcarved.”Amancannotbeperfectedwithouttrials.Sowtheseedsofsuccesstodayandyourharvestwillbegreattomorrow.Iwishyoueverysuccessinyouradultlife!所以，亲爱的学生们，通过接受你们的责任，迈出你进入成人世界的第一步，这样，成年对你和你周围的人来说都将是一段愉快而有益的经历。有时候，责任可能会压在你身上。然而，正如中国谚语所说:“玉不琢，不成器。”没有经受考验的人是不可能完美的。今天播下成功的种子，明天就会收获丰硕的成果。祝你在你的成年生活中成功!UNIT2UnderstandingeachotherWehavetwoearsandonemouthsothatwecanlistentwiceasmuchaswespeak.——Epictetus我们只有两只耳朵和一张嘴巴，所以我们可以听到的是我们所说的两倍。——爱比克泰德Reading(p16-17)Effectivecommunication有效沟通Ifyouheardsomeoneshout“Heyyou!”fromacrosstheroom,howwouldyoureact?Justthesetwowordscancarryalotofinformation.Theycouldbeinterpretedasawelcominggreetingfromaclosefriend,especiallyifaccompaniedbyagentlesmile.Whenspokenbyastranger,theycanfunctionasameansofattractingyourattention.Muchofwhatwecommunicateisdependentnotonlyonthewordsweuse,butalsoonhowweusethem.So.let'slookalittledeeperintothetopicofcommunication.如果你听到有人从房间的另一头喊“嘿,你!”,你会作何反应?仅仅这两个词就可以承载很多信息。它们(这两个词)可以解读成来自亲密朋友的热情问候,特别是如果伴随着亲切的笑容。当陌生人这样说话时,它们可以作为吸引你注意的一种方式。我们交流的大部分内容不仅取决于我们使用的词语,还取决于我们如何使用它们。那么,咱们更深入地探讨一下交流的话题吧。Communicationistheprocessofexchanginginformationbetweenasenderandareceiver.Thesenderencodesamessageandsendsitfacetoface,orthroughvideo,telephone,mailorsocialmedia.Thismessageisthenreceivedanddecodedbythereceiver.Inresponse,thereceiversendsanencodedmessageback,whichisreferredtoasfeedback,Thisfeedbackisdecodedbytheoriginalsenderandtheentirecyclerepeatsitselfuntiltheyhavefinishedcommunicating.沟通是发送者和接收者之间交换信息的过程。发送者对信息进行编码,然后面对面发通或通过视频、电话、邮件或社交媒体发送,然后该消息被接收方接收并解码,作为回应,接收者发回一组编码的信息,这被称为反馈。这个反馈信息被原始发送者解码,然后整个循环重复,直到他们完成通信。Thiscommunicationprocesscanbechallengingbut,withpracticeandpatience,youcanbecomeahighlycompetentcommunicator.Toaccomplishthis,youneedtoknowwithwhomyouarecommunicating.Whatistheirageorposition?Whatistheirrelationshipwithyou?Whatexpectationsandculturalbackgroundsdotheyhave?Onceyouhaveobtainedthisinformationyoucanuseittodeterminehowbesttocommunicatewiththem.Dependingonwhetheryouarecommunicatingwithastranger,friend,familymemberorco-worker,youwillneedtodecidewhichcommunicationchannelbestsuitsthesituation.Furthermore,youwillneedtodeterminetheappropriatestyletouseandhowcomplexyourchoiceofwordsshouldbe.Forexample,ifyouareabusinesspersonnegotiatingwithalargeenterpriseaboutadeal,youshoulddoitfacetoface,usingformallanguageinastraightforwardmanner.这个沟通过程可能是具有挑战性的,但是,通过练习和耐心,你可以成为一个非常称职的沟通者。要做到这一点,你需要知道你在和谁交流,他们的年龄或职位是什么?他们和你的关系如何?他们有什么样的期望和文化背景?一旦你获得了此休息,你可以用它来决定如何最好地与他们沟通。根据你是与陌生人、朋友、家人还是问事沟通,你需要决定哪种沟通渠道最适合这类情况。此外,你还需要确定使用的方式适当,以及你的措辞应该多复杂。例如,如果你是一个商人,正在与一家大企业洽谈一笔交易,你应该面对面地,用正式的语言,以直截了当的方式进行沟通。Yourbodylanguageisequallyimportant,sinceitrevealsalotaboutyourthoughtsandattitudes.Makesureitclearlysupportsthemessageyouwanttodeliver.Asmileshowsyouareattentivetotheissuesbeingdiscussed,whilelookingawaywithyourarmsfoldedcanindicatedisinterestandcreatedistrustorfriction.Additionally,youshouldnotignoretheotherperson'sbodylanguage,whichwillgiveyoucluesastowhethertheconversationisgoingwellornot.Whenyounoticeachangeintheotherperson'sbodylanguage.youshouldadjusthowyouarecommunicatingaccordingly.Ifsomeonelooksatyouwithaconfusedexpression,thiscouldindicatethattheyhavenotcompletelyunderstoodyourpoint.Thenyouwillneedtoclarifyyourmessagebeforemovingon.你的肢体语言同样重要,因为它揭示了你的想法和态度。确保它清楚地支持你想要传递的信息。微笑表明你对正在讨论的问题很关注,而双臂交叉、日光移开可能表明你不感兴趣,这样会造成不信任或导致摩擦。另外,你也不应该忽视对方的肢体语言,因为它会提示你对话是否顺利。当你注意到别人肢体语言的变化时,你应该相应地调整你交流的方式。如果有人带着困惑的表情看着你,这可能表明他们没有完全理解你的观点。那么在继续之前,你需要阐明你的信息。Whilebeingknowledgeableaboutbodylanguageisvital,thevalueofempathyshouldnotbeunderstated.Seektounderstandtheotherperson'semotions,byputtingyourselfintheirshoesandlookingatthesituationfromtheirperspective.Supposeyouarediscussingaprojectwithyourpartner,whohasjustlostanimportantbasketballgameandisinactive.Toengagehimorherinthediscussionandmakeyourcommunicationmoreeffective.youmayexpressyoursympathyby,forinstance,saying,“Iunderstandhowyoufeel...”However,someissuesmaybecomplicatedandyoumayheconfusedaboutwhyothersfeelthewaytheydo.Onlywhenyougiveseriousconsiderationtotheirpointsofviewwillyoubeabletoseewhataccountsfortheiremotionsandempathizewiththem.Youmaynotapproveoftheirideasbutatleastyouwillseewheretheyarecomingfrom,whichmeansyoucanmakeadjustmentstoyourowntoneandchoiceofwordsaccordingly.虽然了解肢体语言很重要,但同情的价值也不应该被低估,通过设身处地从对方的角度看问题来试着理解对方的情绪。假设你和你的伙伴正在讨论一个项目,他/她刚刚输了一场重要的篮球比赛,而且现在不活跃。为了让他或她参与讨论，使你的交流更有效，你可以表达你的同情，例如，说:“我理解你的感受……”但是，有些问题可能很复杂,你可能会困惑为什么其他人会有这样的感觉。只有当你认真考虑他们的观点,你才能明白他们的情绪是如何产生的,并与他们产生共鸣。你可能不赞成他们的想法,但至少你会明白这些想法从何而来,这意味着你可以相应地调整自己的语气和措辞。Effectivecommunicationwillenableyoutosettledifferencesanddisagreementsappropriatelyandimproveyourinteractionswithothers.Goodcommunicationskillswillalsohelpyoubuildtrustandgainrespect,allowingrelationshipstobecomemorepositiveandproductive.So,getpractisingandgoodluck!有效的沟通能让你恰当地解决差异与分歧,并改善你与他人的互动交流。良好的沟通技巧还能帮助你建立信任,获得尊重,使人际关系变得更加积极和富有成效。所以,好好练习,祝你好运!Grammarandusage(p20)SomepeoplesaythattheUKandtheUSAaretwocountriesthatareseparatedbyacommonlanguage.However,afterstudyingineachofthem.Ifounditismorethanthat.Apartfromthedifferencesinlanguagesuchaspronunciationandvocabulary,thereisasignificantgapintermsofcommunicationstyles.有人说英国和美国是被一种共同的语言分开的两个国家。然而,在两个国家(的学校)学习之后,我发现不止那些。除了像发音、词汇这种语言上的差异外,在交际风格上也存在着显著的差异。IspentonetermintheUK,wherethegreatestchallengewastheindirectmannerofspeaking.Britishpeopleareknowntobepolite.Sopolite,infact,thattheywillsometimessaythecompleteoppositeofwhattheyreallymean:acommonopinionis“It'snotbad”,whichusuallytranslatesas“It'sawful”.NosoonerhadIbeguntounderstandhowBritishpeoplecommunicatethanitwastimetoheadbackhome.Butitsurelyleftanimpressiononme.Later,IhadtheopportunitytostudyasanexchangestudentintheUSAforoneyear.Now,whenspeakingtoAmericans,whohaveapreferenceforthedirectstyle,IfoundthatIoftenfailedtogetstraighttothepoint.Thereweretimeswhenquestionslike“Wouldyoumindpassingmethejam,please?”wouldbemetwiththereply“WhywouldImind?”Ihadtolearnawholenewwayofcommunicating.我在英国待过一个学期,在那里最大的挑战是间接的说话方式。英国人以彬彬有礼著称。事实上,他们太礼貌了,以至于有时会说与他们真正想说的完全相反的话:一个普遍的看法——“还不错”,通常被翻译成“太糟糕了”。我刚开始了解英国人的沟通方式就到要回家的时候了。但它确实给我留下了印象。后来,我有机会到美国作为交换生学习一年。现在,当我和偏爱直接风格的美国人说话时,我发现我经常不能直接切入主题。有些时候,像“你介意把果酱递给我吗?”这样的问题会碰到“我为什么介意?”这样的回答。我不得不学习一种全新的交流方式。Bytheendoftheexchangeyear,Ihadasomewhatbetterunderstandingofhowtocommunicateinbothcountries,butIstillhavealottomaster.Asmyexperiencesclearlyshow,learningalanguageisjustthebeginning!到交换年结束的时候,我对如何在两国交流有了一些更好的了解,但我还有很多需要掌握的。正如我的经历清楚地表明,学习一门语言只是开始!Integratedskills(p23)PopularityoflearningChinese汉语学习的流行Mary-JoSaundersgoestokindergarteneverymorning,justlikemanyotherfive-year-oldsinNewYork.Today,sheislearningapoem.WhatisspecialisthatitisaChinesepoemandthatsheisabletoreciteitwithoutanaccent.SoonsheisgoingtolearnChinesehandwritingtoo.“Learningtheworld'smostspokenlanguagemightgiveMary-Joaheadstartinherfuturecareer,“sayshermotherAlison.“Ithinkit'sgoodforhertostretchherselfbylisteningtoandpronouncingnewsounds,aswellaslearningtoreadandwriteChinesecharacters.”MoreandmoreambitiousparentsintheworldaresigningtheirchildrenupforChineseclasses.Keenfortheirsonsanddaughterstosucceedinlife.theyseebeingfluentinasecondorthirdlanguageasanadvantage.LearningChineseisbecomingsopopularthatthelanguagehasbeenincludedintheeducationsystemsofmorethan75countries.Over4,000overseasuniversitiesofferChineselanguagecoursesandabout25millionpeoplearelearningChineseoutsideChina.ItiseasytounderstandwhyChineseisbecomingsopopular.LearningChinesemayhelppeoplegetmorejobopportunities.Chinaisalreadyaglobaleconomicpower,anditsinfluenceisgrowing.Forexample.thereisChina'sBeltandRoadInitiative,whichmotivatesmanycountriesalongtheSilkRoadtocooperatemoreclosely.Ithascreatedthousandsoflocaljobs,manyofwhichneedpeoplewithaknowledgeofChinese.AnotherreasonisthatstudyingChineseprovidesaccesstowonderfulChinesehistoryandculture.AdamTurner,aschoolheadteacherintheUK,citesthisasoneofthemostappealingaspectsoftherecentlyaddedChinesecourse.“StudentslovethemysteryofChina,”heexplains.“Theywanttoknowallaboutitstraditions,dynastiesandartforms.LearningChinesehelpsthemseelifefromanewperspectiveandbroadentheirmindstotheoutsideworld.”玛丽乔•桑德斯每天早上都去幼儿园,就像纽约许多其他五岁的孩子一样。今天，她在学一首诗。特别的是,这是一首中国诗,并且她可以不带口音地吟诵。不久地也要学习中文书法。“学习世界上说得最多的语言可能会让玛丽乔在未来的职业生涯中领先,”她的母亲艾莉森说。“我认为,通过听新音、发新音,以及学习读和写汉字来锻炼自己,对她来说是有好处的。”世界上越来越多雄心勃勃的父母给孩子报名上中文课。希望自己的子女能在生活中取得成功,他们认为会流利地说第二或第三种语言是一种优势。学习汉语变得如此流行,以至于超过75个国家的教育系统中都包含了汉语。4000多所海外大学开设了汉语课程,约2500万人在国外学习汉语。很容易理解为什么汉语变得如此受欢迎。学习汉语可以帮助人们获得更多的工作机会。中国已经是一个全球经济大国,其影响力正在增长。比如,中国的“一带一路”倡议推动了丝绸之路沿线许多国家更亲密地合作。它为当地创造了数千个就业机会,其中许多需要懂中文的人。另一个原因是学习汉语提供了让你了解令人惊叹的中国的历史和文化的机会。英国一所学校的校长亚当•特纳称，这是最近新增的中文课程最吸引人的地方之一。“学生们喜欢中国的神秘,”他解释说,“他们想了解它的所有传统、王朝和艺术形式。学习中文帮助他们从一个新的视角看待生活,并且拓宽他们的视野,让他们看到外面的世界。”Extendedreading(p25-26)Borrowedwords外来词“Therestaurant'sfriedtofuisdelicious.”Isthereanythingspecialaboutthissentence?Well,allthewordsexcept“the”and“is”areborrowedfromotherlanguages!Thiscomesasnosurprise,giventhatEnglishhasborrowedwordsfrommorethan300differentlanguages,includingLatin,Greek,FrenchandChinese.However,Englishisnotaloneinborrowingwordsfromotherlanguages—borrowedwordscanbefoundinalmostalllanguages.Forexample.EnglishwordsthatareborrowedintotheChineselanguageinclude“bacon”.“这家餐馆的炸豆腐很美味”这个句子有什么特别之处吗?好吧，除了“the”和“is”之外，所有的单词都是从其他语言中借来的!这并不奇怪,鉴于英语中有超过300种不同语言的外来词,包括拉丁语、希腊语、法语和汉语。然而,英语并不是唯一一种从其他语言中借用词汇的语言——几手所有语言中都有借用词汇的现象。例如,借用到汉语中的英语单词包括“bacon”“tank”和“golf”。Wordborrowingcomesaboutwhentwocultureswithdifferentlanguagesinteract.Thistendstohappenwhenthereisnosuitablewordforanobjectorideainthenativetongue.Thisphenomenonhasbeenoccurringforthousandsofyears.Inthecurrentageofglobalization,whencommunicationstechnologybringsdifferentculturesclosertogether,wordsareevenmorelikelytobeborrowedstraightfromthesourcelanguageatafasterpacethaneverbefore,especiallythoserelatedtotechnologicaldevelopments,suchas“email”and“Internet”.当两种不同语言的文化相互作用时,就会出现词汇借用。这种情况往往发生在母语中没有合适的词来表示一个物体或想法的时候。这种现象已经发生了几千年。在当今的全球化时代,通信技术使不同的文化更紧密地联系在一起,词汇甚至更有可能直接从源语言借用的速度比以往任何时候都快,特别是那些与技术发展有关的词汇,如“电子邮件”和“互联网”。Thoughborrowingwordshasbecomefaster,theprocessisstillcomplex,andittakestimebeforenewwordsareintegratedintoeverydayspeech.Atfirst,theborrowedwordisonlyusedbybilingualspeakers.Itthenspreadstopeoplewhodonotknowtheoriginallanguage,andtheywillchangethepronunciationtofitthewaytheyspeak,almostunknowingly.Anexampleofthisistheword“kungfu”,whichreferstoChinesemartialarts.ThiswordcomesfromChinesegongfu,Overtime,thesoundsthataredifficulttopronouncehavebeenreplacedwithmorefamiliarones.Thelongeraborrowedwordhasbeeninuse,themoreitsoundsandevenlookslikethenativelanguage.虽然借词已变得更快,但是过程仍然复杂,新词需要一段时间才能融入日常用语中。起初,只有双语者才会使用外来词。然后,它传播给了不了解源语言的人,他们会在几乎不知不觉中改变发音,以适应自己的说话方式。”KungfU”这个词就是这样一个例子，它指的是中国武术，这个词来自汉语“功夫,，。随着时间的推移，那些难发的青已经被更熟悉的音取代,一个外来词使用的时间越长,它听起来,甚至看起来就越像母语。Borrowedwordsareanoutcomeoflanguagedevelopmentthatcanhardlybeavoided,butsomelanguagecommunitiesopposeadoptingwordsfromothercultures.Therearecountriesthatmakeinterventionstokeeptheirnativelanguagepureinordertodefendtheiridentity.TheFrenchspecificallyhaveanofficialorganizationthatcreatesnewwordsinordertoavoidborrowedwords.Somelanguageshaveanextremelysmallnumberofspeakers,suchastheNativeAmericanNavajolanguage,usedonlybythemembersofthetribe.Underthiscircumstance,itbecomesamatterofsurvivalforthenativelanguagetorejectoutsideinfluences.虽然外来词是语言发展几乎难以避免的结果,但是一些语言群体反对从其他文化中吸收词汇。有些国家采取干预措施,以保持其母语的纯正,以捍卫其身份。法国人专门有一个创造新词的官方组织,以避免外来词。有些语言的使用者人数非常少,例如关洲土著纳瓦霍语就只有部落成员使用。在这种情况下,母语抵制外来的影响就成了关乎生存的问题。Whilesomecommunitiesarepessimisticabouttheexchangebetweenlanguages,therearealsoothercommunitiesthatreadilywelcomeborrowedwords.English,especially.isbasedonamixofLatin,GreekandGermaniclanguages.TheEnglish-speakingcommunitydoesnothesitateaboutabsorbingforeignwordsintoitsdailyvocabulary.Infact,therehaveneverbeenanyformalacademicrestrictionsonnewborrowedwords.Borrowingwordsallowsthelanguagetocontinuetodevelop,enablingthecommunitytohaveamoreefficientlanguagewhichmakesitpossibleforthemtosharetheirexperienceswithnew-foundease.Itisalsothroughthosewordsthatnovelideasarespreadanddifferentbeliefsareexchangedmoreconvenientlyandquickly.尽管有些群体对语言之间的互借感到悲观,但是也有其他群体对外来词持欣然欢迎的态度。尤其是英语,它是以拉丁语、希腊语和日耳曼语的混合语言为基础,英语使用者群体在日常词汇中毫不犹豫地吸收外来词。事实上,对于新的外来词从来没有任何正式的学术限制。外来词可以让语言继续发展,让语言使用者群体拥有一种更有效的语言,使他们能够以新的方式轻松地分享他们的经历。也正是通过那些词,新思想的传播、不同观点的交流得以更加便捷。AccordingtothelinguistEdwardSapir,“Itwouldbedifficulttopointtoacompletelyisolatedlanguage”Forbetterorforworse,thetendencytoborrowwordshasnevergoneoutofstyle.Themoreinternationalandglobalizedtheworldbecomes,themorelanguagecharacteristicswillbesharedbetweennationsandcultures.语言学家爱德华•萨玉尔说,“很难指出出一种完全孤立的语言……”不管是好是坏，借词的趋势从未过时。世界越国际化、越全球化,越多的语言的特征就会在民族和文化之间共享。UNIT3CareersandskillsAlloccupationsareequal,withnodifferenceinstatusorworth.Anyonethatisbeneficialtothepublicispraiseworthy.—HuangYanpei职业平等，无高贵，无贵贱。苟有益于人群。皆是无上上品。——黄炎培Reading(p30-31)Worktolive,livetowork为了生活而工作,为了工作而生活Ifyouwereaskedthequestion.“Doyouworktoliveorlivetowork?”,whatwouldyouranswerbe?Somemightsaythatweworkbecausewehaveto,notleastbecauseweneedthesalarythatenablesustobefinanciallyindependent.Itiscertainlytruethatmostofusdojointhelabourforceonceourstudiesarecompleted.Indeed,itcouldbearguedthatoureducationgearedtowardspreparingusforalifeofwork.However,earninglivingisbynomeanstheonlyreasonwhywework—thereareotherimportantreasonsthatmotivateustoentertheworldofwork.如果有人问你“你是为了生活而工作还是为了工作而生活?”,你的答案会是什么?有人可能会说,我们工作是因为我们必须工作,尤其是因为我们需要薪水来实现经济状立。的确,我们中的大多数人一定成学业就加入了劳动大军。事实上,可以说,我们的教育是为了让我们为职业生涯做好准备。然而,谋生绝不是我们工作的唯一原因——还有其他重要的原因促使我们进入工作的世界。Throughtheworkwedo.ourgoalscanbeattainedandourdreamsachieved.Allofushavehaddreamsofonekindoranotherandworkoftenenablesustopursuethosedreams,HenryDavidThoreausaid,“...ifoneadvancesconfidentlyinthedirectionofhisdreams,andendeavorstolivethelifewhichhehasimagined,hewillmeetwithasuccessunexpectedincommonhours.”YangLiwei,forexample,drivenbyhispassionforflying,becameapilotandthenChina'sfirstastronautinspace.Whereverourinterestsmaylieandwhateverourcareerchoicesmightbe,workallowsustheopportunitytobeengagedinsomethingwearefondof,andconsequently,itcangiveusagreatsenseofachievementandsatisfaction.通过我们所做的工作,我们的目标可以达成,我们的梦想可以实现。我们每个人都有这样或那样的梦想,工作常常使我们能够追求那些梦想，亨利•戴维•梭罗曾说过:“……一个人若自信地朝他梦想的方向行进，努力过他设想的那种生活,那么他就会在平常的时刻与成功不期而遇。”以杨利伟为例,出于对飞行的热爱,他成了一名飞行员,然后成了中国第一位进入太空的航天员。无论我们的兴趣在哪里,无论我们的职业选择是什么,工作让我们有机会从事我们喜欢的事情,因此,它可以给我们一种巨大的成就感和满足感。Workcanalsohelpdevelopourskills,thusprovidingroomforpersonalgrowth.Whenwework,wemustpractiseourskillsconstantlyandcontinuouslyuntilweexcelinwhatwedo.Ourrapidlychangingworkplacemakesitnecessaryforustokeepupanddevelopnewskills.Twentyyearsago,positionsinsocialtechnologiesorenergyefficiencydidnotevenexist,anditisdifficulttoanticipatethenewpositionswhichwillemergetwentyyearsfromnow,However,itiscertainthatnoonecanaffordtobesatisfiedwiththestatusquo.Inordertobetteradaptourselvestonewcircumstances,wemustbereadyandwillingtoacquirenewskills.Thiscanaddtooursenseofachievementandourknowledgethatwearedevelopingasindividualswhilewemovealongourchosencareerpath.工作也可以帮助我们发展技能,从而为个人成长提供空间。当我们工作时,我们边须不断地练习我们的技能,直到我们在我们所做的事情中出类拔萃。我们瞬息万变的工作环境使我们有必要跟上并发展新的技能。二十年前,社会技术或能源效率方面的职位甚至还不存在,而且也难以预料二十年后将会出现的新职位。然而,可以肯定的是,没有人能够满足于现状。为了更好地造应新的环境,我们必须做好准备并愿意获得新的技能。这可以增加我们的成就感,并让我们知道,在我们选择的职业道路上,我们作为个人在发展。Notonlydoesworkbenefituspersonally,italsocontributestothehealthofsociety.Atthemostbasiclevel,differenttypesofjobsarelikegearsinamachine.Theyworktoensurethatthemachinewecall“society”functionsproperly.Inasuccessful,stableandproductivesociety,alljobsareequallyimportantandnooneissuperiortoanother,soweshouldnothaveprejudiceagainstanyofthem.Whetherwearescientists,lawyers,doctors,publicservants,consultants,clerks,receptionistsorbutchers,weallmakeourrespectivecontributions.Moreover,therearepeoplewhochoosetostepoutoftheircomfortzoneandcommitthemselvestoworkingforthebenefitofothers.Forexample,teachersinremoteruralareasaredevotedtochangingthelivesofthepeoplewithlessaccesstotheadvantagesenjoyedbymanyothers.Inthisway,weworktoadvanceourcommunitiesandbringsuccesstoournation.工作不仅使我们个人受益,而且有益于社会的健康。在最基本的层面上,不同类型的工作就像机器上的齿轮。它们的作用是确保我们称之为“社会”的机器正常运特。在一个成功、稳定而有成效的社会里,所有的工作都同等重要,没有哪一份工作优于别的工作,因此我们对任何一份工作都不应该抱有偏见。无论我们是科学家。律师、医生、公务员、顾问、职员、接待员还是居夫,我们都做出了各自的贡献。此外,有些人选择走出自己的舒适区,致力于为他人的利益而工作。例如,偏远农村地区的教师致力于改变人们的生活,因为他们很少能享受到其他许多人所享有的好处。通过这种方式,我们努力推进我们的社区,为我们的国家带来成功。Whereverlifetakesusandwhateverchoicesarelaidoutbeforeus,somethingworthrememberingisthatourwork,whendonewell,willnotonlyhelpusmakealivingbutalsohelpmakealifeforourselvesandforothers.Wecantakeprideintheknowledgethathardworkisessentialforourindividualwell-beingaswellasforthebenefitofoursocietyasawhole.无论生活把我们带到哪里,无论摆在我们面前的选择是什么,值得记住的是,当我们的工作做得好时,它不仅