1999年全国入学统一考试英语试题及解析

1999年入学统一考试英语试Section StructureandPartBeneatheachofthefollowingsentences,therearefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Choosetheonethatbestcompletesthesentence.MarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(5points)Anyonewithhalfaneyeontheunemploymentfiguresknewthattheassertionabouteconomicrecovery justaroundthecornerwasuntrue.wouldtoSmokingissoharmfulto alhealththatitkills peopleeachyearthanautoaccidents.sevenmoreseventimesoversevensevenIt’seasytoblamethedeclineofconversationonthepaceofmodernlifeandthevaguechanges to

ceinourever-changingThisisanexcitingareaofstudy,andone whichnewapplicationsarebeingdiscoveredalmostdaily. canbeseenfromthecomparisonofthesefigures,theprincipleinvolvestheactiveparticipationofthepatientinthemodificationofhiscondition.AlthoughIhadbeeninvitedtotheopeningceremony,Iwasunableto suchshortCaliforniahasmorelightthanitknows todowithbuteverythingelseisexpensive.Thesolutionworksonlyforcoupleswhoareself-employed,don’thavesmallchildrenandgetalong tospendmostoftheirtimetogether.sotoowellwellMarlinisayoungmanofindependentthinkingwhoisnotabout complimentstohispoliticalhavingtotohaveTheseproposalssoughttocegreaterrestrictionsontheuseandcopyingofdigitalinformationthan intraditionalmedia.toPartBEachofthefollowingsentenceshasfourunderlinedpartsmarked[A],[B],[C],and[D].IdentifythepartofthesentencethatisincorrectandmarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(5YourmathinstructorwouldhaveA

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fuels,thecarswon’tcatchoninabigwaywhendriverscanfillthemupat gasPartBeneatheachofthefollowingsentences,therearefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Choosetheonethatbestcompletesthesentence.MarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(10points)Animportantpropertyofascientifictheoryisitsabilityto furtherresearchandfurtherthinkingaboutaparticulartopic.Althougharchitecturehasicqualities,itmustalsosatisfyanumberofimportantpractical Lifeinsuranceisfinancialprotectionfordependentsagainstloss bread-winner’sdeath.atthecostonthevergeasaresultforthesakeIneducationthereshouldbeagood amongthebranchesofknowledgethatcontributetoeffectivethinkingandwisejudgment.TheAmericandreamismost duringtheperiodsofproductivityandwealthgeneratedbyAmericancapitalism.[A]Povertyisnot inmostcitiesalthough,perhapsbecauseofthecrowdedconditionsincertainareas,itismorevisiblethere.Peoplewholiveinsmalltownsoftenseemmorefriendlythanthoseliving populatedAsawayof themailswhiletheywereaway,theJohnsonsaskedthecleaningladytosendlittleprintedslipsaskingthesenderstowriteagainlater.pickingcopassinggettingTom’smothertriedhardtopersuadehimto fromhisintentiontoinvesthissavingsinstockmarket.pullgivedrawbackAnincreasingproportionofourpopulation,unabletolivewithoutmedical , eprogressivelymorerelianton Thesecausesproducedthegreatchangeinthecountrythatmodernized ofhighereducationfromthemid-1860’stothemid-[C][D]Nobodyyetknowshowlongandhowseriouslythe inthefinancialsystemwilldragdowntheeconomy.scCrisiswouldbetherighttermtodescribethe inmanyanimalThecityisanimportantrailroad andindustrialandconventionProf.White,myrespectedtutor,frequentlyremindsmeto myselfofeverychancetoimprovemyEnglish.Researchersdiscoveredthatntsinfectedwithagiveoffagas diseaseinneighboringCorporationsandlaborunionshave greatbenefitsupontheiremployeesandmembersaswellasuponthegeneralpublic.Themovementofthemoonconvenientlyprovidedtheunitofmonth,which fromonenewmoontotheThejudgeruledthattheevidencewasinadmissibleonthegroundsthatit totheissueatFuelscarcitiesandpriceincreases autodesignerstoscaledownthelargestmodelsandtodevelopcompleynewlinesofsmallcarsandtrucks.Section ClozeForeachnumberedblankinthefollowingpassage,therearefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].ChoosethebestoneandmarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(10points)Industrialsafetydoesnotjusthappen.Companies大41家lowaccidentratesntheirsafetyprograms,workhardtoorganizethem,andcontinueworkingtokeepthem大42家andactive.Whentheworkiswelldone,a大43家ofaccident-operationsisestablished大44家timelostduetoinjuriesiskeptataSuccessfulsafetyprogramsmay大45家greatlyintheemphasiscedoncertainaspectsoftheprogram.Somecegreatemphasisonmechanicalguarding.Othersstresssafeworkpracticesby大46家rulesorregulations.大47家dependonanemotionalappealtotheworker.But,therearecertainbasicideasthatmustbeusedineveryprogramifumresultsaretobeobtained.Therecanbenoquestionaboutthevalueofasafetyprogram.Fromafinancialstandpointalone,safety大48.Thefewertheinjury大49,thebettertheworkman’sinsurancerate.Thismaymeanthedifferencebetweenoperatingat大50家orataloss.[A] [B] [C] [D][A] [B] [C][D][A] [B] [C]circumstance[D][A][B][C][D][A][B][C][D][A][B][C][D][A][B][C][D][A]comes[B]turns[C]pays[D]holds[A][B][C][D][A]anadvantage[B]a [C]an [D]aSectionIIIReadingEachofthepassagesbelowisfollowedbysomequestions.Foreachquestiontherearefouranswersmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Readthepassagescarefullyandchoosethebestanswertoeachofthequestions.ThenmarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(40points)It’saroughworldoutthere.Stepoutsideandyoucouldbreakalegsliponyourdoormat.Lightupthestoveandyoucouldburndownthehouse.Luckily,ifthedoormatorstovefailedtowarnofcomingdisaster,asuccessfullawsuitmightcompensateyouforyourtroubles.Orsothethinkinghasgonesincetheearly1980s,whenjuriesbeganholdingmorecompaniesliablefortheircustomers’misfortunes.Feelingthreatened,companiesrespondedbywritingever-longerwarninglabels,tryingtoanticipateeverypossibleaccident.Today,stedderscarrylabelsseveralincheslongthatwarn,amongotherthings,thatyoumight--surprise!--falloff.Thelabelonachild’sBatmancapecautionsthatthetoy“doesnotenableusertofly.”Whilewarningsareoftenappropriateandnecessary--thedangersofdruginctions,forexample--andmanyarerequiredbystateorfederalregulations,itisn’tclearthattheyactuallyprotectthemanufacturersandsellersfromliabilityifacustomerisinjured.About50percentofthecompanieslosewheninjuredcustomerstakethemtocourt.Nowthetideappearstobeturning.As alinjuryclaimscontinueasbefore,somecourtsarebeginningtosidewithdefendants,especiallyincaseswhereawarninglabelprobablywouldn’thavechangedanything.InMay,JulieNimmons,ofSchuttSportsinIllinois,successfullyfoughtalawsuitinvolvingafootballyerwhowasparalyzedinagamewhilewearingaSchutthelmet.“We’rereallysorryhehaseparalyzed,buthelmetsaren’tdesignedtopreventthosekindsofinjuries,”saysNimmons.Thejuryagreedthatthenatureofthegame,notthehelmet,wasthereasonlawyers,andacademicswhose mendationscarrysubstantialweight--issuednewguidelinesfortortlawstatingthatcompaniesneednotwarncustomersofobviousdangersorbombardthemwithalengthylistofpossibleones.“Importantinformationcangetburiedinaseaoftrivialities,”saysalawprofessoratCornelllawSchoolwhohelpeddraftthenewguidelines.Ifthemoderateendofthelegalcommunityhasitsway,theinformationonproductsmightactuallybeprovidedforthebenefitofcustomersandnotasprotectionagainstlegalliability.Whatwerethingslikein1980swhenaccidentsCustomersmightberelievedoftheirdisastersthroughInjuredcustomerscouldexpectprotectionfromthelegalCompanieswouldavoidbeingsuedbyprovidingnewJuriestendedtofindfaultwiththecompensationscompaniesManufacturersasmentionedinthepassagetendto satisfycustomersbywritinglongwarningsonehonestindescribingtheinadequaciesoftheirmakethebestuseoflabelstoavoidlegalfeelobligedtoviewcustomers’safetyastheirfirstThecaseofSchutthelmetdemonstratedthat someinjuryclaimswerenolongersupportedbyhelmetswerenotdesignedtopreventproductlabelswouldeventuallybesomesportsgamesmightlosepopularitywithTheauthor’sattitudetowardstheissueseemstobe InthefirstyearorsoofWebbusiness,mostoftheactionhasrevolvedaroundeffortstotaptheconsumermarket.Morerecently,astheWebprovedtobemorethanafashion,companieshavestartedtobuyandsellproductsandserviceswithoneanother.Suchbusiness-to-businesssalesmakesensebecausebusinesspeopletypicallyknowwhatproductthey’relookingfor.Nonetheless,manycompaniesstillhesitatetousetheWebbecauseofdoubtsaboutitsreliability.“Businessesneedtofeeltheycantrustthepathwaybetweenthemandther,”sayssenior ystBlaneErwinofForresterResearch.Somecompaniesarelimitingtheriskbyconductingonlinetransactionsonlywithestablishedbusinesspartnerswhoaregivenaccesstothe ’sprivateintranet.AnothermajorshiftinthemodelforInternetcommerceconcernsthetechnologyavailableformarketing.Untilrecently,Internetmarketingactivitieshavefocusedonstrategiesto“pull”customersintosites.Inthepastyear,however,softwarecompanieshavedevelopedtoolsthatallowcompaniesto“push”informationdirectlyouttoconsumers,transmittingmarketingmessagesdirectlytotargetedcustomers.Mostnotably,thePointcastNetworkusesascreensavertodeliveracontinuallyupdatedstreamofnewsandadvertisementstosubscribers’computermonitors.Subscriberscancustomizetheinformationtheywanttoreceiveandproceeddirectlytoa Website.CompaniessuchasVirtualVineyardsarealreadystartingtousesimilartopushmessagestocustomersaboutspecialsales,productofferings,orotherevents.ButpushtechnologyhasearnedthecontemptofmanyWebusers.Onlineculturethinkshighlyofthenotionthattheinformationflowingontothescreencomestherebyspecificrequest.Oncecommercialpromotionbeginstofillthescreenuninvited,thedistinctionbetweentheWebandevisionfades.That’saprospectthathorrifiesNetpurists.ButitishardlyinevitablethatcompaniesontheWebwillneedtoresorttopushstrategiestomakemoney.TheexamplesofVirtualVineyards, ,andotherpioneersshowthataWebsitesellingtherightkindofproductswiththerightmixofinctivity,hospitality,andsecuritywillattractonlinecustomers.Andthecostofcomputingpowercontinuestofall,whichisagoodsignforanyenterprisesettingupshopinsilicon.Peoplelookingback5or10yearsfromnowmaywellwonderwhysofewcompaniestooktheonlineplunge.WelearnfromthebeginningofthepassagethatWebbusiness hasbeenstrivingtoexpanditsintendedtofollowafancifultriedbutinvaintocontrolthehasbeenboomingforoneyearorSpeakingoftheonlinetechnologyavailableformarketing,theauthorimplies thetechnologyispopularwithmanyWebbusinesseshavefaithinthereliabilityofonlinethereisaradicalchangeinitisaccessiblelimitedlytoestablishedIntheviewofNetpurists, thereshouldbenomarketingmessagesinonlinemoneymakingshouldbegivenprioritytoonthetheWebshouldbeabletofunctionastheevisionthereshouldbenoonlinecommercialinformationwithoutWelearnfromthelastparagraphthat pushinginformationontheWebisessentialtoInternet ctivity,hospitalityandsecurityareimportanttoonlineleadingcompaniesbegantotaketheonlineplungedecadessettingupshopsinsiliconisindependentofthecostofcomputingAninvisibleborderdividesthosearguingforcomputersintheclassroomonthebehalfofstudents’careerprospectsandthosearguingforcomputersintheclassroomforbroaderreasonsofradicaleducationalreform.Veryfewwritersonthesubjecthaveexploredthisdistinction--indeed,contradiction--whichgoestotheheartofwhatiswrongwiththentoputcomputersintheclassroom.Aneducationthataimsatgettingastudentacertainkindofjobisatechnicaleducation,justifiedforreasonsradicallydifferentfromwhyeducationisuniversallyrequiredbylaw.Itisnotsimplytoraiseeveryone’sjobprospectsthatallchildrenarelegallyrequiredtoattendschoolintotheirteens.Rather,wehaveacertainconceptionoftheAmericancitizen,acharacterwhois pleteifhecannotcompetentlyassesshowhislivelihoodandhappinessareaffectedbythingsoutsideofhimself.Butthiswasnotalwaysthecase;beforeitwaslegallyrequiredforallchildrentoattendschooluntilacertainage,itwaswidelyacceptedthatsomewerejustnotequippedbynaturetopursuethiskindofeducation.Withoptimismcharacteristicofallindustrializedcountries,wecametoacceptthateveryoneisfittobeeducated.Computer-educationadvocatesforsakethisoptimisticnotionforapessimismthatbetraystheirotherwisecheeryoutlook.Bankingontheconfusionbetweeneducationalandvocationalreasonsforbringingcomputersintoschools,computeredadvocatesoftenemphasizethejobprospectsofgraduatesovertheireducationalachievement.Therearesomegoodargumentsforatechnicaleducationgiventherightkindofstudent.ManyEuropeanschoolsintroducetheconceptofprofessionaltrainingearlyoninordertomakesurechildrenareproperlyequippedfortheprofessionstheywanttojoin.Itis,however,presumptuoustoinsistthattherewillonlybesomanyjobsforsomanyscientists,somanybusinessmen,somanyaccountants.Besides,thisisunlikelytoproducetheneedednumberofeverykindofprofessionalinacountryaslargeasoursandwheretheeconomyisspreadoversomanystatesandinvolvessomanyinternationalcorporations.But,forasmallgroupofstudents,professionaltrainingmightbethewaytogosincewell-developedskills,allotherfactorsbeingequal,canbethedifferencehavingajobandnot.Ofcourse,thebasicsofusinganycomputerthesedaysareverysimple.Itdoesnottakealifelongacquaintancetopickupvarioussoftwareprograms.Ifonewantedto eacomputerengineer,thatis,ofcourse,anentirelydifferentstory.Basiccomputerskillstake--attheverylongest--acoupleofmonthstolearn.Inanycase,basiccomputerskillsareonlycomplementarytothehostofrealskillsthatarenecessaryto inganykindofprofessional.Itshouldbeobserved,ofcourse,thatnoschool,vocationalornot,ishelpedbyaconfusionoveritspurpose.Theauthorthinksthepresentrushtoputcomputersintheclassroomis dubiouslyradicallyThebeliefthateducationisindispensabletoallchildren isindicativeofapessimismincameintobeingalongwiththearrivalofisdeeplyrootedinthemindsofcomputeredoriginatedfromtheoptimisticattitudeofindustrializedItcouldbeinferredfromthepassagethatintheauthor’scountrytheEuropeanmodelofprofessionaltrainingis dependentuponthestartingageofworthtryinginvarioussocialoflittlepracticalattractivetoeverykindofAccordingtotheauthor,basiccomputerskillsshouldbe includedasanauxiliarycourseinhighlightedinacquisitionofprofessionalmasteredthroughalife-longequallyemphasizedbyanyschool,vocationalorWhenaScottishresearchteamstartledtheworldbyrevealing3monthsagothatithadclonedanadultsheep,Clintonmovedswiftly.Declaringthathewasopposedtousingthisunusualanimalhusbandrytechniquetoclonehumans,heorderedthatfederalfundsnotbeusedforsuchanexperiment--althoughnoonehadproposedtodoso--andaskedanindependentpanelofexpertschairedbyPrincetonHaroldShapirotoreportbacktotheWhiteHousein90days mendationsanationalonhumancloning.Thatgroup--theNationalBioethicsAdvisoryCommission(NBAC)--hasbeenworkingfeverishlytoputitswisdomonpaper,and NBACwillaskthatClinton’s90-daybanonfederalfundsforhumancloningbeextendedindefiniy,andpossiblythatitbemadelaw.ButNBACmembersarenningtowordthe mendationnarrowlytoavoidnewrestrictionsonresearchthatinvolvesthecloningofhumanDNAorcells--routineinmolecularbiology.Thepanelhasnotyetreachedagreementonacrucialquestion,however,whethertomendlegislationthatwouldmakeitacrimeforprivatefundingtobeusedforhumanInadraftprefacetothe mendations,discussedatthe17Maymeeting,Shapirosuggestedthatthepanelhadfoundabroadconsensusthatitwouldbe“morallyunacceptabletoattempttocreateahumanchildbyadultnuclearcloning.”Shapiroexinedduringthemeetingthatthemoraldoubtstemsmainlyfromfearsabouttherisktothehealthofthechild.Thepaneltheninformallyacceptedseveralgeneralconclusions,althoughsomedetailshavenotbeensettled.NBACnstocallforabanonfederalernmentfundingforanyattempttoclonebodycellnucleitocreateachild.Becausecurrentfederallawalreadyforbidstheuseoffederalfundstocreateembryos(theearlieststageofhumanoffspringsilentonembryoresearch.NBACmembersalsoindicatedthattheywillappealtoprivayfundedresearchersandclinicsnottotrytoclonehumansbybodycellnucleartransfer.Buttheyweredividedonwhethertogofurtherbycallingforafederallawthatwouldimposeacompletebanonhumancloning.Shapiroandmostmembersfavoredanappealforsuchlegislation,butinaphoneinterview,hesaidthisissuewasstill“upintheWecanlearnfromthefirstparagraph federalfundshavebeenusedinaprojecttoclonetheWhiteHouserespondedstronglytothenewsofNBACwasauthorizedtocontrolthemisuseofcloningtheWhiteHousehasgotthe mendationsonThepanelagreedonallofthefollowingexcept thebanonfederalfundsforhumancloningshouldbemadeathecloningofhumanDNAisnottobeputundermoreitiscriminaltouseprivatefundingforhumanitwouldbeagainstethicalvaluestocloneahumanNBACwillleavetheissueofembryoresearchundiscussedbecause embryoresearchisjustacurrentdevelopmentofthehealthofthechildisnotthemainconcernofembryoanembryo’slifewillnotbeendangeredinembryotheissueisexplicitlystatedandsettledintheItcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthat someNBACmembershesitatetobanhumancloningcomplealawbanninghumancloningistobepassedinnoprivayfundedresearcherswillrespondpositivelytoNBAC’stheissueofhumancloningwillsoonbeScience,inpractice,dependsfarlessontheexperimentsitpreparesthanonthepreparednessofthemindsofthemenwhowatchtheexperiments.SirIsaacNewtonsupposedlydiscoveredgravitythroughthefallofanapple.Appleshadbeenfallinginmanycesforcenturiesandthousandsofpeoplehadseenthemfall.ButNewtonforyearshadbeencuriousaboutthecauseoftheorbitalmotionofthemoonandnets.Whatkeptthemince?Whydidn’ttheyfalloutofthesky?Thefactthattheapplefelldowntowardtheearthandnotupintothetreeansweredthequestionhehadbeenaskinghimselfaboutthoselargerfruitsoftheheavens,themoonandthenets.Howmanymenwouldhaveconsideredthepossibilityofanapplefallingupintothetree?Newtondidbecausehewasnottryingtopredictanything.Hewasjustwondering.Hismindwasreadyfortheunpredictable.Unpredictabilityispartoftheessentialnatureofresearch.Ifyoudon’thaveunpredictablethings,youdon’thaveresearch.Scientiststendtoforgetthiswhenwritingtheircutanddriedreportsforthetechnicaljournals,buthistoryisfilledwithexamplesofit.Intalkingtosomescientists,particularlyyoungerones,youmightgathertheimpressionthattheyfindthe“scientificmethod”asubstituteforimaginativethought.I’veattendedresearchconferenceswhereascientisthasbeenaskedwhathethinksabouttheadvisabilityofcontinuingacertainexperiment.Thescientisthasfrowned,lookedatthegraphs,andsaid“thedataarestillinconclusive.”“Weknowthat,”themenfromthebudgetofficehavesaid,“butwhatdoyouthink?Isitworthwhilegoingon?Whatdoyouthinkwemightexpect?”Thescientisthasbeenshockedathavingevenbeenaskedtospeculate.Whatthisamountsto,ofcourse,isthatthescientisthas ethevictimofhisownwritings.Hehasputforwardunquestionedclaimssoconsistentlythathenotonlybelievesthemhimself,buthasconvincedindustrialandbusinessmanagementthattheyaretrue.Ifexperimentsarennedandcarriedoutaccordingtonasfaithfullyasthereportsinthesciencejournalsindicate,thenitisperfectlylogicalformanagementtoexpectresearchtoproduceresultsmeasurableindollarsandcents.Itisentirelyreasonableforauditorstobelievethatscientistswhoknowexactlywheretheyaregoingandhowtheywillgetthereshouldnotbedistractedbythenecessityofkeeoneeyeonthecashregisterwhiletheothereyeisonthemicroscope.Nor,ifregularityconformitytoastandardpatternareasdesirabletothescientistasthewritingofhispaperswouldappeartoreflect,ismanagementtobeblamedfordiscriminatingagainstthe“oddballs”amongresearchersinfavorofmoreconventionalthinkerswho“workwellwiththeteam.”TheauthorwantstoprovewiththeexampleofIsaacNewtonthat inquiringmindsaremoreimportantthanscientificscienceadvanceswhenfruitfulresearchesarescientistsseldomforgettheessentialnatureofunpredictabilityweighslessthanpredictioninscientificTheauthorassertsthatscientists shouldn’trece“scientificmethod”withimaginativeshouldn’tneglecttospeculateonunpredictableshouldwritemoreconcisereportsfortechnicalshouldbeconfidentabouttheirresearchItseemsthatsomeyoungscientists haveakeeninterestinoftenspeculateonthethinkhighlyofcreativestickto“scientificTheauthorimpliesthattheresultsofscientificresearch maynotbeasprofitableastheyarecanbemeasuredindollarsandrelyonconformitytoastandardaremostlyunderestimatedbySectionIVEnglish-Readthefollowingpassagecarefullyandthentranslateunderlinedsentencesinto.YourtranslationmustbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.(15Whiletherearealmostasmanydefinitionsofhistoryastherearehistorians,modernpracticemostcloselyconformstoonethatseeshistoryastheattempttorecreateandexinthesignificanteventsofthepast.Caughtinthewebofitsowntimeandce,eachgenerationofhistoriansdeterminesanewwhatissignificantforitinthepast.Inthissearchtheevidencefoundisalways pleteandscattered;itisalsofrequentlypartialorpartisan.Theironyofthehistorian’scraftisthatitsalwaysknowthattheireffortsarebutcontributionstoanunendingInterestinhistoricalmethodshasarisenlessthroughexternalchallengetothevalidityofhistoryasaninlectualdisciplineandmorefrominternalquarrelsamonghistoriansthemselves.Whilehistoryoncerevereditsaffinitytolitureandphilosophy,theemergingsocialsciencesseemedtoaffordgreateropportunitiesforaskingnewquestionsandprovidingrewardingapproachestoanunderstandingofthepast.Socialsciencemethodologieshadtobeadaptedtoadisciplineernedbytheprimacyofhistoricalsourcesratherthantheimperativesofthecontemporaryworld.73)Duringthistransfer,traditionalhistoricalmethodswereaugmentedbyadditionalmethodologiesdesignedtointerpretthenewformsofevidenceinthehistoricalstudy.Methodologyisatermthatremainsinherentlyambiguousinthehistoricalprofession.74)Th