1998年考研英语试题及答案

SectionIStructureandPartABeneatheachofthefollowingsentences,therearefourchoices,[B],[C]and[D].Choosetheonethatbestcompletesthesentence.MarkyouranswerontheANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(5points)IhavebeentotheGreatWallthree since1979.”Therefore,youshouldchooseIworkedsolateintheofficelastnightthatIhardlyhadtimethelastbus.tohavetohavingAsitturnedouttobeasmallhouseparty, soneedn’tdressdidnotneedhavedresseddidnotneeddressneedn’thavedressedIapologizeif you,butIassureyouitwashadshouldhavemighthaveAlthoughateenager,Fredcouldresist nottodo.tobehavingbeenbeingtohavebeenfoodshortage istocanwillhasngyourisasurewaytoimproveyourtestscores,andthisisespeciallytrue itcomestoclassroomtests.aprofessionaltobereeducatednomatter hedoes.I’vekeptupafriendshipwithagirlwhomIwasatschooltwentyyearsago.Hewasn’taskedtotakeonthechairmanshipofthesociety,insufficientlypopularwithallmembers.beingtobehaving forthetimelyinvestmentfromthegeneralpublic,ourwouldnotbesothrivingasitis.HaditnotWereitBeitShoulditnotbePartBEachofthefollowingsentenceshasfourunderlinedpartsmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].IdentifythepartofthesentencethatisincorrectandmarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(5points)Anumberof[A]foreignvisitorsweretaken[B]totheindustrialexhibition,which[C]theysaw[D]manynewproducts.Part[C]iswrong.Thesentenceshouldread,“Anumberofforeignvisitorsweretakentotheindustrialexhibition,wheretheysawmanynewproducts.”Soyoushouldchoose[C].AccordingtoDarwin,randomchangesthatenhanceaAabilityforB

naturallyselectedandpassed

NeitherrainnorsnowA

thepostmanfromdeliveringour

wesoC

lookforwardtoDIftheywillnotA

acheck,weshallB

topaytheCthoughitwouldD

muchtroubleforbothHavingA

robbedB

economicimportance,thosestatesareClikelytocountforveryD

ininternationalpoliticalThemessagewillA

neitherthemarketnor ernmentcapableofdealingwithallofC

uncontrollableDThelogicofscientificdevelopmentisA

thatB

ofmenworkingC

thesameprobleminfar-D

arelikelytoarriveatthesameansweratthesameYetnotalloftheseracesareinlectualinferiorA

Europeanraces,B

somemayevenhaveC

freshnessandthatcanrenewtheD

ofmoreadvancedA

todayaremoreB

ampleC

everycityintheseveraltimesDTheuniverseworksinawaysofarA

fromwhatcommon

allowC

wordsofanykindmustnecessarilybetoexinit.TheintegrationofindependentstatescouldbestA

broughtbyB

creatingacentralorganizationwithC

economicPartBeneatheachofthefollowingsentences,therearefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Choosetheonethatbestcompletesthesentence.MarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(10points)ThelostcaroftheLeeswasfound inthewoodsofftheThesentenceshouldread,“ThelostcaroftheLeeswasfoundabandonedinthewoodsoffthehighway.”Therefore,youshouldchooseThemachineneedsacomplete sinceithasbeeninuseforovertenyears.soIonlycaughta ofhim.Idon’tthinkit’swiseofyouto infrontofthedirector,foritmayoffendhim.showshowshowshowThereturnsintheshort maybesmall,butoveranumberofyearstheinvestmentwillbewellrepaid.Athoroughstudyofbiologyrequires withthepropertiesoftreesandnts,andthehabitofbirdsandbeasts.Sheworkedhardathertaskbeforeshefeltsurethattheresults herlongeffort.I’mverygladtoknowthatmybosshasgenerouslyagreedtomydebtinreturnforcertainservices.takecutwriteclearSomejournalistsoftenoverstatethesituationsothattheirnewsmaycreateagreat Accordingtowhatyouhavejustsaid,amItounderstandthathisnewpost noresponsibilitywithitatall?Sometimesthestudentmaybeaskedtowriteabouthistoacertainbookorarticlethathassomebearingonthesubjectbeing sincethelawforbidsthem.Withoutephoneitwouldbeimpossibletocarryonthefunctions everybusinessoperationinthewholecountry.Preliminaryestimationputsthefigureataround$110billion,the$160billiontheisstrugglingtogetthroughtheinproportioninreplyinrelationincontrastHeisnninganothertourabroad,yethispassportwillattheendofthismonth.Alltheoff-shoreoilexplorerswereinhighspiritsastheyreadlettersfromtheirfamilies.Severalinternationaleventsintheearly1990sseemlikely,oratleastweaken,thetrendsthatemergedintheIwasunawareofthecriticalpointsinvolved,somychoicewas.Thelocalpeoplewerejoyfullysurprisedtofindthepriceofvegetablesnolonger accordingtotheweather.Thepursuitofleisureonthepartoftheemployeeswill theirprospectofInwhattoalastminutestayofexecution,acouncilannouncedthatemergencyfundingwouldkeepalivetwoagingSectionIIClozeForeachnumberedblankinthefollowingpassage,therearefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C],and[D].ChoosethebestoneandmarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(10points)UntilrecentlymosthistoriansspokeverycriticallyofIndustrialRevolution. inthelongindustrializationgreatlyraisedoflivingfor man.Buttheyinsistedthatits resultsduringtheperiodfrom1750to1850werewidespreadpovertyandmiseryfor oftheEnglishpopulation. precedinghundredyearsfrom1650to1750,whenEnglandwasstill agriculturalcountry,aperiodofgreatabundanceandThis ,isgenerallythoughttobewrong. historyandeconomics, twothings:thatperiodfrom1650to1750was bygreatpoverty,andthatindustrializationcertainlydidnotworsenandmayhaveactuallyimprovedtheconditionsforthemajorityofthepopulace.Section ReadingEachofthepassagesbelowisfollowedbysomequestions.Foreachquestiontherearefouranswersmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Readthepassagescarefullyandchoosethebestanswertoeachofthequestions.ThenmarkyouranswerontheANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(40points)TextFewcreationsofbigtechnologycapturetheimaginationlikegiantdams.Perhapsitishumankind’slongsufferingatthemercyoffloodanddroughtthatmakestheideaofforcingthewaterstodoourbiddingsofascinating.Buttobefascinatedisalso,sometimes,tobeblind.Severalgiantdamprojectsthreatentodomoreharmthangood.Thelessonfromdamsisthatbigisnotalwaysbeautiful.Itdoesn’thelpthatbuildingabig,powerfuldamhaseasymbolofachievementfornationsandpeoplestrivingtoassertthemselves.leadershipintheArabworldwascementedbytheAswanHighDam.bidforFirstWorldstatusincludesthegiantAtaturkButbigdamstendnottoworkasintended.TheAswanDam,forexample,stoppedtheNilefloodingbutdeprivedEgyptofthefertilesiltthatfloodsleft--allinreturnforagiantreservoirofdiseasewhichisnowsofullofsiltthatitbarelygenerateselectricity.Andyet,themythofcontrollingthewaterspersists.Thisweek,intheheartofcivilizedEurope,SlovaksandHungariansstoppedjustshortofsendinginthetroopsintheircontentionoveradamontheDanube.Thehugecomplexwillprobablyhavealltheusualproblemsofbigdams.ButSlovakiaisbiddingforindependencefromtheCzechs,andnowneedsadamtoproveitself.Meanwhile,in,theWorldBankhasgiventhego-aheadtotheevenmorewrong-headedNarmadaDam.Andthebankhasdonethiseventhoughitsadvisorssaythedamwillcausehardshipforthepowerlessandenvironmentaldestruction.Thebenefitsareforthepowerful,buttheyarefarfromguaranteed.Proper,scientificstudyoftheimpactsofdamsandofthecostandbenefitsofcontrollingwatercanhelptoresolvetheses.Hydroelectricpowerandfloodcontrolandirrigationarepossiblewithoutbuildingmonsterdams.Butwhenyouaredealingwithmyths,itishardtobeeitherproper,orscientific.ItistimethattheworldlearnedthelessonsofAswan.Youdon’tneedadamtobesaved.ThethirdsentenceofParagraph1implies peoplewouldbehappyiftheyshuttheireyestotheblindcouldbehappierthantheover-excitedpeopletendtoneglectvitalfascinationmakespeoplelosetheirInParagraph5,“thepowerless”probablyrefers areasshortofdamswithoutpowerpoorcountriesaroundcommonpeopleintheNarmadaDamWhatisthemythconcerninggiantTheybringinmorefertileTheyhelpdefendtheTheystrengtheninternationalTheyhaveuniversalcontroloftheWhattheauthortriestosuggestmaybestbeinterpreted “It’snousecryingoverspilt“Morehaste,less“Lookbeforeyou“HewholaughslastlaughsTextWell,nogainwithoutpain,theysay.Butwhataboutpainwithoutgain?EverywhereyougoinAmerica,youheartalesofcorporaterevival.Whatishardertoestablishiswhethertheproductivityrevolutionthatbusinessmenassumetheyarepresidingoverisforreal.Theofficialstatisticsaremildlydiscouraging.Theyshowthat,ifyoulumpmanufacturingandservicestogether,productivityhasgrownonaverageby1.2%since1987.Thatissomewhatfasterthantheaverageduringthepreviousdecade.Andsince1991,productivityhasincreasedbyabout2%ayear,whichismorethantwicethe1978-87average.Thetroubleisthatpartoftherecentaccelerationisduetotheusualreboundthatoccursatthispointinabusinesscycle,andsoisnotconclusiveevidenceofarevivalintheunderlyingtrend.Thereis,asRobertRubin,thetreasurysecretary,says,a“disjunction”betweenthemassofbusinessanecdotethatpointstoaleapinproductivityandthepicturereflectedbythestatistics.Someofthiscanbeeasilyexined.Newwaysoforganizingtheworkce--allthatre-engineeringanddownsizing--areonlyonecontributiontotheoverallproductivityofaneconomy,whichisdrivenofthechangesthatcompaniesmakeareintendedtokeepthemprofitable,andthisneednotalwaysmeanincreasingproductivity:switchingtonewmarketsorimprovingqualitycanmatterjustasmuch.Twootherexnationsaremorespeculative.First,someoftheevenifitwaswelldone,itmayhavespreadmuchlesswidelythanpeopleLeonardSchlesinger,aHarvardacademicandformerchiefexecutiveofAuBongPain,arapidlygrowingchainofbakerycafes,saysthatmuch“re-engineering”hasbeencrude.Inmanycases,hebelieves,thelossofrevenuehasbeengreaterthanthereductionsincost.Hiscolleague,MichaelBeer,saysthatfartoomanycompanieshaveappliedre-engineeringinamechanisticfashion,chopoutcostswithoutgivingsufficientthoughttolong-termprofitability.BBDO’sAlRosenshineisblunter.Hedismissesalotoftheworkofre-engineeringconsultantsasmererubbish--“theworstsortofambulancechasing.”Accordingtotheauthor,theAmericaneconomicsituation.notasgoodasitatitsturningmuchbetterthanitneartocompleteTheofficialstatisticsonproductivity excludetheusualreboundinabusinessfallshortofbusinessmen’smeettheexpectationofbusinessfailtoreflectthetruestateofTheauthorraisesthequestion“whataboutpainwithout hequestionsthetruthof“nogainwithouthedoesnotthinktheproductivityrevolutionhewondersiftheofficialstatisticsarehehasconclusiveevidencefortherevivalofWhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTmentionedinthe NewwaysoforganizingworkcesmayhelptoincreaseThereductionofcostsisnotasurewaytogainlong-termTheconsultantsareabunchofgood-for-TextSciencehaslonghadanuneasyrelationshipwithotheraspectsofculture.ThinkofGallileo’s17th-centurytrialforhisrebellingbeliefbeforetheCatholicChurchorpoetWilliamBlake’sharshremarksagainstthemechanisticworldviewofIsaacNewton.Theschismbetweenscienceandthehumanitieshas,ifanything,deepenedinthisUntilrecently,thescientificcommunitywassopowerfulthatitcouldaffordtoignoreitscritics--butnolonger.Asfundingforsciencehasdeclined,scientistshaveattacked“anti-science”inseveralbooks,notablyHigherSuperstition,byPaulR.Gross,abiologistattheUniversityofVirginia,andNormanLevitt,amathematicianatRutgersUniversity;andTheDemon-HauntedWorld,byCarlSaganofCornellDefendersofsciencehavealsovoicedtheirconcernsatmeetingssuchas“TheFlightfromScienceandReason,”heldinNewYorkCityin1995,and“ScienceintheAgeof(Mis)information,”whichassembledlastJunenearBuffalo.Anti-scienceclearlymeansdifferentthingstodifferentpeople.GrossandLevittfindfaultprimarilywithsociologists,philosophersandotheracademicswhohavequestionedscience’sobjectivity.Saganismoreconcernedwiththosewhobelieveinghosts,creationismandotherphenomenathatcontradictthescientificworldview.Asurveyofnewsstoriesin1996revealsthattheanti-sciencetaghasbeenattachedtomanyothergroupsaswell,fromwhoadvocatedtheeliminationofthelastremainingstocksofsmallpoxtoRepublicanswhoadvocateddecreasedfundingforbasicresearch.FewwoulddisputethatthetermappliestotheUnabomber,whosemanifesto,publishedin1995,scornsscienceandlongsforreturntoapre-technologicalutopia.Butsurelythatdoesnotmeanenvironmentalistsconcernedaboutuncontrolledindustrialgrowthareanti-science,asanessayinUSNews&WorldReportlastMayseemedtoTheenvironmentalists,inevitably,respondtosuchcritics.Thetrueenemiesofscience,arguesPaulEhrlichofStanfordUniversity,apioneerofenvironmentalstudies,arethosewhoquestiontheevidencesupportingglobalwarming,thedepletionoftheozonelayerandotherconsequencesofindustrialgrowth.Indeed,someobserversfearthattheanti-scienceepithetisdanger ingmeaningless.“Theterm‘anti-science’cantogethertoomany,quitedifferentthings,”notesHarvardUniversityphilosopherGeraldHoltoninhis1993workScienceandAnti-Science.“Theyhaveincommononlyonethingthattheytendtoannoyorthreatenthosewhoregardthemselvesasmoreenlightened.”Theword“schism”(Line4,Paragraph1)inthecontextprobably [A]Paragraphs2and3arewritten discussthecauseofthedeclineofscience’sshowtheauthor’ssympathywithexinthewayinwhichscienceexemplifythedivisionofscienceandtheWhichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtotheEnvironmentalistswereblamedforanti-scienceinanPoliticiansarenotsubjecttothelabelingofanti-The“moreenlightened”tendtotagothersasanti-Taggingenvironmentalistsas“anti-science”is author’sattitudetowardtheissueof“sciencevs.anti-science”is TextEmergingfromthe1980censusisthepictureofanationdevelomoreandmoreregionalcompetition,aspopulationgrowthintheNortheastandMidwestreachesanearstandstill.economyinyearsahead--hasenthronedtheSouthasAmerica’smostdenselypopulatedregionforthefirsttimeinthehistoryofthenation’sheadcounting.Altogether,theUSpopulationroseinthe1970sby23.2millionpeople--numericallythethird-largestgrowtheverrecordedinasingledecade.Evenso,thatgainaddsuptoonly11.4percent,lowestinAmericanannualrecordsexceptfortheDepressionyears.AmericanshavebeenmigratingsouthandwestinlargernumberssinceWorldWarII,andthepatternstillprevails.Threesun-beltstates--Florida,TexasandCalifornia--togetherhadnearly10millionmorepeoplein1980thanadecadeearlier.Amonglargecities,SanDiegomovedfrom14thto8thandSanAntoniofrom15thto10th--withClevelandandWashington.D.C.,dropoutofthetopNotallthatshiftcanbeattributedtothemovementoutofthesnowbelt,censusofficialssay.Nonstopwavesofimmigrantsyedarole,too--andsodidbiggercropsofbabiesasyesterday’s“babyboom”generationreacheditschild-bearingyears.Moreover,demographersseethecontinuingshiftsouthandwestasjoinedbyarelatedbutnewerphenomenon:Moreandmore,Americansapparentlyarelookingnotjustforceswithmorejobsbutwithfewerpeople,too.Someinstances—Regionally,theRockyMountainstatesreportedthemostrapidgrowthrate--37.1percentsince1970inavastareawithonly5percentoftheUSpopulation.Amongstates,NevadaandArizonagrewfastestofall:63.5and53.1percentrespectively.ExceptforFloridaandTexas,thetop10inrateofgrowthiscomposedofWesternstateswith7.5millionpeople--about9persquare.Theflightfromovercrowdednessaffectsthemigrationfromsnowbelttomorebearableclimates.Nowheredo1980censusstatisticsdramatizemoretheAmericansearchforspaciouslivingthanintheFarWest.There,Californiaadded3.7milliontoitspopulationinthe1970s,morethananyotherstate.mostlytootherpartsoftheWest.Oftentheychose--andstillarechoosing--somewhatcolderclimatessuchasOregon,IdahoandAlaskainordertoescapesmog,crimeand sofurbanizationinGolden18.5percent--littlemorethantwothirdsthe1960s’growthfigureandconsiderablybelowthatofotherWesternstates.censusprovided,Americain1970s enjoyedthelowestnetgrowthofpopulationinwitnessedasouthwesternshiftofunderwentanunparalleledperiodofpopulationmovementinthat itstressestheclimaticinfluenceonpopulationithighlightsthecontributionofcontinuouswavesofitrevealstheAmericans’newpursuitofspaciousWecanseefromtheavailablestatistics Californiawasoncethemostthinlypopulatedareainthewholethetop10statesingrowthrateofpopulationwerealllocatedintheWestcitieswithbetterclimatesbenefitedunanimouslyfromArizonarankedsecondofallstatesinitsgrowthrateof.peopleinfavorofthetrendofadvocatesofmigrationbetweenscientistsengagedinthestudyofconservativesclingingtooldpatternsofTextScatteredaroundtheglobearemorethan100smallregionsofisolatedvolcanicactivityknowntogeologistsashotspots.Unlikemostoftheworld’svolcanoes,theyarenotalwaysfoundattheboundariesofthegreatdriftingtesthatmakeuptheearth’ssurface;onthecontrary,manyofthemliedeepintheinteriorofate.Mostofthehotspotsmoveonlyslowly,andinsomecasesthemovementofthetespastthemhaslefttrailsofdeadvolcanoes.Thehotspotsandtheirvolcanictrailsaretonesthatmarkthepassageofthetes.Thatthetesaremovingisnowdispute.AfricaandSouthAmerica,forexample,aremovingawayfromeachotherasnewmaterialisinjectedintotheseafloorbetweenthem.Thecomplementarycoastlinesandcertaingeologicalfeaturesthatseemtospantheoceanareremindersofwherethetwocontinentswereoncejoined.Therelativemotionofthetescarryingthesecontinentshasbeenconstructedindetail,butthemotionofonetewithrespecttoanothercannotreadilybetranslatedintomotionwithrespecttotheearth’sinterior.Itisnotpossibletodeterminewhetherbothcontinentsaremovinginoppositedirectionsorwhetheronecontinentisstationaryandtheotherisdriftingawayfromit.Hotspots,anchoredinthedeeperlayersoftheearth,providethemeasuringinstrumentsneededtoresolvethequestion.Fromanysisofthehot-spotpopulationitappearsthattheAfricanteisstationaryandthatithasnotmovedduringthepast30millionyears.Thesignificanceofhotspotsisnotconfinedtotheirroleasaframeofreference.Itnowappearsthattheyalsohaveanimportantinfluenceonthegeophysicalprocessesthatpropelthetesacrosstheglobe.Whenacontinentaltecometorestoverahotspot,thematerialrisingfromdeeperlayerscreatesabroaddome.Asthedomegrows,itdevelopsdeepfissures(cracks);inatleastafewcasesthecontinentmaybreakentirelyalongsomeofthesefissures,sothatthehotspotinitiatestheformationofanewocean.Thusjustasearliertheorieshaveexinedthemobilityofthecontinents,sohotspotsmayexintheirmutabilityTheauthorbelieves themotionofthetescorrespondstothatofthethegeologicaltheoryaboutdriftingteshasbeenprovedtobetruethehotspotsand tesmoveslowlyinoppositeThatAfricaandSouthAmericawereoncejoinedcanbededucedfromthefactthat thetwocontinentsarestillmovinginoppositetheyhavebeenfoundtosharecertaingeologicaltheAfricantehasbeenstablefor30millionover100hotspotsarescatteredallaroundtheThehotspottheorymayproveusefulinex thestructureoftheAfricantherevivalofdeadthemobilityofthetheformationofnewThepassageismainly thefeaturesofvolcanictheimportanceofthetheoryaboutdriftingthesignificanceofhotspotsingeophysicaltheprocessoftheformationofvolcanoesSectionIVEnglish-TranslationReadthefollowingpassagecarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsentencesinto.YourtranslationmustbewrittenclearlyontheANSWERSHEET2.(15points)Theywere,byfar,thelargestandmostdistantobjectsthatscientistshadeverdetected:astripofenormouscosmiccloudssome15billionlight-yearsfromearth.71)Butevenmoreimportant,itwasthefarthestthatscientistshadbeenabletolookintothepast,forwhattheywereseeingwerethepatternsandstructuresthatexisted15billionyearsago.Thatwasjustaboutthemomentthattheuniversewasborn.Whattheresearchersfoundwasatoncebothamazingandexpected:theUSNationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministration’sCosmicBackgroundExplorersalite--Cobe--haddiscoveredlandmarkevidencethattheuniversedidinfactbeginwiththeprimevalexplosionthathasknownastheBigBang(thetheorythattheuniverseoriginatedinanexplosionfromasinglemassofenergy).72)TheexistenceofthegiantcloudswasvirtuallyrequiredfortheBigBang,firstputforwardinthe1920s,tomaintainitsreignasthedominantexnationofthecosmos.Accordingtothetheory,theuniverseburstintobeingasasubmicroscopic,unimaginablydenseknotofpureenergythatflewoutwardinalldirections,emittingradiationasitwent,condensingintoparticlesandthenintoatomsofgas.Overbillionsofyears,thegaswascompressedbygravityintogalaxies,stars,ntsandeventually,evenhumans.Cobeisdesignedtoseejustt