AVL-丰田Yaris 混动对标报告-2022-11-技术资料

BenchmarkingtheHighly-EfficientToyota

Yaris1.5Hybrid

HubertFriedl|ManfredKogler|LukasLeonhartsberger

AVLListGmbH(Headquarters)

Public

Today’sPresenters

HubertFRIEDLManfredKOGLERLukasLEONHARTSBERGER

SeniorProductManager,Business

DevelopmentPowertrainEngineering

@AVLListGmbH

DoctorateinMechanicalEngineering

TechnicalUniversityVienna

35yearsofexperienceinAutomotive

Industry

TeamLeaderVehicleBenchmarking

@AVLListGmbH

GraduationfromUniversityofApplied

Science–AutomotiveEngineeringin

Graz/Austria

20yearsofexperienceinAutomotive

Industry

ProjectManagerSparkIgnitionEngine

Development@AVLListGmbH

MechanicalEngineeringandBusinessEconomicsatGrazUniversityofTechnology

12yearsofexperienceinAutomotive

Industry

AVLBenchmarking

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AboutAVL

ObjectivesofBenchmarkInvestigations

VehicleAttributeBenchmark

EngineBenchmark

SummaryandConclusions

Agenda

1

2

3

4

5

AVLBenchmarking

September

Webinar

Public

2022

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AboutAVL

ObjectivesofBenchmarkInvestigations

VehicleAttributeBenchmark

EngineBenchmark

SummaryandConclusions

Agenda

1

2

3

4

5

AVLBenchmarking

September

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Public

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AVLCOMPANYPRESENTATION

FactsandFigures

GlobalFootprint

Representedin26countries

45Affiliatesdividedover93locations

45GlobalTechandEngineeringCenters(includingResidentOffices)

POWERTRAINENGINEERINGSERVICES

Founded

YearsofExperience

INSTRUMENTATIONANDTESTSYSTEMS

EmployeesWorldwide

EngineersandScientists

ADVANCEDSIMULATIONTECHNOLOGIES

OfTurnoverInvestedin

InhouseR&D

GrantedPatentsinForce

2-Wheelers

AVLFieldsofActivities

SolutionsforallCustomerSegment

Passenger

Cars

Construction

Locomotive

2Wheelers

Agriculture

Marine

Racing

Commercial

Vehicles

PowerPlants

ELECTRIFICATION

AUTOMATED

DRIVING

SOFTWARE

INTELLIGENCE

SECURITY

EFFICIENTDEVELOPMENT

AVLBenchmarking

September

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AboutAVL

ObjectivesofBenchmarkInvestigations

VehicleAttributeBenchmark

EngineBenchmark

SummaryandConclusions

Agenda

1

2

3

4

5

AVLBenchmarking

September

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ObjectivesofBenchmarkInvestigations

BenchmarkingtheHighly-EfficientToyotaYarisHybrid

ThelatestgenerationYarisisthefirstmodelbuiltontheToyotaNewGlobalArchitecture(TNGA)platform,whichwillprovidethebasisforallToyotacompactcarsinthefuture.Thenew1.5-litrethree-cylinderenginesfeaturehighestthermalefficiencyprovidingsubstantialfueleconomyimprovement.

ForAVL´sbenchmarkinvestigationsbothsistermodelsfeaturingpureICEwithMT6transmissionrespectivelyaHybridpowertrainhavebeentestedandcomparedtoeachother.

Takeaways:

•DiscoverhowtheM15A-FXEengineobtainsmarket-leadingthermalefficiencywithinthehybridpowertraininthenewTNGAplatform.

•GaininsightintoToyota'soperatingstrategiesforoptimizedfuelconsumption.

•Learnaboutthecomplexityofintegratedtechnologiesforpositivedriverperception.

•FindoutwheretheToyotaYarissitsinitscompetitivelandscape.

•GaininsightintoAVL'sbenchmarkingmethodologies,servicesandsolutions.

AVLBenchmarking

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AboutAVL

ObjectivesofBenchmarkInvestigations

VehicleAttributeBenchmark

EngineBenchmark

SummaryandConclusions

Agenda

1

2

3

4

5

AVLBenchmarking

September

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VehicleAttributeBenchmark

2021ToyotaYarisHybridDHE,85kW

vs.

2021ToyotaYaris(ICE)Conv.PT,92kW

Benchmarkingin13+FunctionalVehicleAttributes

Performance

Driveability

Handling

RideComfort

ADAS/ADQuality

TractionControlQuality

VehicleAcoustics

ChassisDyno

Testing

Real-WorldDriving

VehicleEfficiency&Consumption

ChargingExperience

ThermalPerf.&Eff.

DrivingResistance

and

Dimensions,Space&Roominess

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ehcl

hss

VehicleAttributeBenchmark

2021ToyotaYarisICEandHybrid–MainSpecs(1/2)

Yaris

ICE

Yaris

Hybrid

Market

Europe

BasePrice

[€]

20.390

23.450

Wheelbase

[mm]

2560

Length

[mm]

3940

Widthexcl.Mirrors

[mm]

1745

Height

[mm]

1500

e

TrunkCapacity

[l]

286

i

TrunkCapacityincl.BackSeats

[l]

768

V

CurbWeight

[kg]

1065

1151

GrossVehicleWeight

[kg]

1555

1615

Payload

[kg]

900

900

NumberofSeats

[-]

5

0-100kphaccelerationtime

[s]

9.0

9.7

Topspeed

[kph]

180

175

is

Suspensionfront/rear

Coil/Coil

Brakesfront/rear

Disc/Drum

Disc/Disc

a

TireSize

185/65R15

205/45R17

C

Turningradius

[m]

10.4

Public/11

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ain

VehicleAttributeBenchmark

2021ToyotaYarisICEandHybrid–MainSpecs(2/2)

YarisICE

Yaris

Hybrid

Enginecode

[-]

M15A-FKS

M15A-FXE

Max.system

power

[kW]

9285

Max.ICEpower

[kW]

92@6600rpm

68@5500

Max.electricpower

[kW]

-59

Displacement/#ofcylinders

[ccm]/[-]

1490/3

Compressionration

[-]

14.0:1

rtr

Fuelinjection[-]DirectmultipointinjectionPortinjection

we

Max.

ICEtorque

[Nm]

153

120

Po

Max.E-motortorque

[Nm]

-

141

Batterycapacity

[kWh]

-

0.9

Transmissiontype

[-]

6-spd

MT

CVT

Emissionclass

[-]

Euro6d/1832AP

CO2emission(WLTP)

[g/km]

118

97

FuelConsumptionComb.(WLTP)

[l/100km]

5.0

4.3

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Below

average

Average

Competitive

Leading

InteriorsoundqualityatFullloadacceleration

Interiorsoundqualityatsteadystateconditions

Standing

Yaris

ICE

YarisHybrid

Energyconsumption&Range

FuelconsumptionWLTC[l/100km]5.144.28

CO2emissionsRDE[g/km]12391

Roadload:A0[N]B0[N/kph]C0[N/kph²]

62.70

0.970

0.026

113.0

0.467

0.032

InteriorSoundQuality

InteriorsoundqualityatPartloadacceleration

VehicleAttributeBenchmark

ExecutiveResultsandStandingof2021ToyotaYarisICEandHybrid

Standing

Yaris

ICE

YarisHybrid

Below

average

Average

Competitive

Leading

Performance

0to100kph[s]

Elasticities:40–70[kph]60–100[kph]

11.5

5.5

10.5

11.7

5.0

9.8

max.Accelerationlevel[m/s²]3.5

4.1

Topspeed[kph]180

weight[kg]

Curb

1065

175

1151

DriveabilityDR…AVL-DRIVERating

Driveaway[DR]6.77.6

AccelerationDeceleration TipinTipout

Gearshift

[DR]

7.3

[DR]

7.2

[DR]

7.6

[DR]

8.0

[DR]

6.2

7.6

7.2

7.7

9.0

7.2

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AccelerationChassis[m/s²]

TheYarisICEshowsarelativelylowinitialaccelerationlevelof3.5m/s²withquitealotofwheelslipwhileupshiftingfrom1-2and2-3gear.Thesprintfrom0to100kphin11.52sdoesn’tmeettheOEM’sperformancevaluesof9.0s.

TheYarisHybridreaches100kphwithin11.7sonlyinbraketorquestart,butalsofailstomeettheOEM’spublishedvalueof9.7s.Anormalfullloadlaunch(w/obraketoque)showsa0-100kphdurationof13.19s.

VehicleAttributeBenchmark

Performance–FullLoadFromStandstill

YarisHybrid,braketorquestart:4.1m/s²

YarisHybrid,nobraketorquestart4.0m/s²

YarisICE:3.5m/s²

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Performance0-100kph[s]

Performancemax.Acceleration[m/s²]

YarisHybrid

IC

Competitors

Competitors

(ICE)

(Hybrid)

Ya

ris

rid

Hyb

IC

E

aris

Y

VehicleAttributeBenchmark

Performance–StandinginCompetitiveLandscape

17

16

15

14

13

12

11

10

9

8

7

6

5

4

Yari

s

E

678910111213141516171819202122

Weight-to-Power-ratio[-]

6,00

5,75

5,50

5,25

5,00

4,75

4,50

4,25

4,00

3,75

3,50

3,25

3,00

678910111213141516171819202122

Weight-to-Power-ratio[-]

Public/15

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VehicleAttributeBenchmark

Driveability–AssessmentofDrivingCharacter

DriveAway

•YarisHybrid:Smoothdriveawaywithsometimestheperceptionofatractionreductionandalittleresponseissuesatrollingstart.

•YarisICE:Needsaskillfuldrivertoavoidjerkingatengagementpoint,especiallyathillstart.

Acceleration

•YarisHybrid:Smoothaccelerationmaneuversandagoodresponseandcorrelationatloadincrease.

•YarisICE:Alittlejerkingatfullloadacceleration,agoodresponseatloadincreaseandawelldistributedpedalmap.

TipIn

•YarisHybrid:VerysmoothandcomfortableTipInswithsometimesalittleaxincreasedelay.

•YarisICE:Goodresponsewithsometimesaverynoticeablekickandaccelerationdisturbances.

AVLBenchmarking

Scatterband

Driveabilityratingsofmainoperationmodes

(weightedaverage)

Overalldriveabilityrating

(weightedaverage)

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ratingsofsuboperationmodes(weightedaverage)

AVLBenchmarkingScatterband

Driveabilityratingsofmaino(weightedaverage)

perationmodes

Driveability

VehicleAttributeBenchmark

Driveability–DriveAway

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Driveabilityratingsofsinglecriteria

(weightedaverage)

VehicleAttributeBenchmark

Driveability–DriveAway–StandingStart

Driveabilityratingsofsuboperationmode

(weightedaverage)

AVLBenchmarkingScatterband

YarisICE:

TheICEnearlyalwaysreactswithajerkingbehavioratdriveawaystandingstart.

YarisHybrid:

Verysmoothdriveawayfromstandingstart.With

increasingpedalpositiondriveawayisgettingmoreand

moreunsteady.

Public/18

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VehicleAttributeBenchmark

Driveability–DriveAway–StandingStart

YarisHybrid:

Verysmoothdriveawayfromstandingstart.With

increasingpedalpositiondriveawayisgettingmoreand

moreunsteady.

Public/19

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Drivingresistance[N]

Scband

VehicleAttributeBenchmark

EnergyManagement,EfficiencyandConsumption–DrivingResistance

1200

1000

800

600

400

200

0

A

VLB

ench

marki

ng

atter

0102030405060708090100110120130140150

VehicleSpeed[kph]

Drivingresistancecoefficients

Yaris

ICE

Yaris

Hybrid

A0[N]

62.7

113.0

B0[N/kph]

0.97

0.467

C0[N/kph²]

0.026

0.032

TheYarisICEshowssignificantbetterdrivingresistanceresultsthantheHybridversion,mainlyinfluencedbyvehiclemass,tiredimensionsandofcoursethepowertraintypeitself.

YarisICE

Yaris

Hybrid

Tire

brandandtype

ContinentalEcoContact6

BridgestoneEcopia

Tire

dimension

185/65R15

205/45R17

Tirepressurefront/rear[bar]

2.3/2.2

2.3/2.2

Vehicletestingmass[kg]

1065

1151

AVLBenchmarking

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Fuelconsumption

14

VehicleAttributeBenchmark

EnergyManagement,EfficiencyandConsumption–WLTCTesting

l/100km

012

456

3

5

5,

4,2

4,3

8

g/km

0

20

60

80

40

100

120

140

CO2

97

1

00

,21

117,96

118

CO

NOx

THC

NMHC

THC+NOx

NMHC+NOx

[mg/km]

020406080100120140

103,21

120,8

57,72

4,84

8,9

3,49

9,5

10,74

10,7

15,76

24,6

9,25

8,9

YarisICE(1sttest)

21,1

YarisICE(CoC)

19,25

YarisHybrid

14,08

YarisHybrid(CoC)

13,94

15,58

17,42

160

148,7

AVLBenchmarking

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Velocity[kph]

Altitude[m]

interstate

up

Time[s]

highway

city

city

RDECycleOverview

Warm

Ambienttemp.25[°C]

A/Cauto22°C,headlightson

Settings

CityPart

RDE

97.9

km

VehicleAttributeBenchmark

EnergyManagement,EfficiencyandConsumption–Real-WorldDriving(TotalTrip)

Graz

AVLBenchmarking

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VehicleAttributeBenchmark

EnergyManagement,EfficiencyandConsumption–Real-WorldDriving(TotalTrip)

Totaltrip

0

60

2040

120140160180200

80100

CO2[g/km]

CO[mg/km]

NO[mg/km]

NO2[mg/km]

NOx[mg/km]

125,96

123,04

123,15

90,97

98,31

97,07

95,06

140,81

116,99

108,73

27,07

30,13

28,03

31,78

YarisICE(20210714)

YarisICE(20210715)

YarisICE(20210716)

YarisHybrid(20210723)

YarisHybrid(20210727)

8,73

YarisHybrid(20210730)

3,30

YarisHybrid(20210729)

0,24

0,76

0,34

0,46

1,07

1,11

2,84

2,96

2,96

4,10

4,03

4,07

3,98

6,58

5,79

5,82

5,45

8,49

ExamplegivenforEcomode,

moderatedrivingstyle.Insights

intotheoperationstrategy.

AVLBenchmarking

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FileName:RDE_mod_eco_300721.dat

HVBatt.LVAux

VehicleVelocity[kph]

SOC[%]

KeepSOC

BatteryAnalysis

Operation

ModeAnalysis-Time

BasicDriveability

ABSOLUTE

1511s

0s

1217s

1630s

1000s

86s

375s

654s

94s

PERCENTUAL

23.0%

0.0%

18.5%

24.8%

15.2%

1.3%

5.7%

10.0%

1.4%

COASTTIMES

HMICih1sshare

TIMEANALYSIS

Driving,EMonly

Driving,ICEonly

Driving,Boost

Driving,LoadpointshiftBraking,ICEoffBraking,ICEcoastBraking,ICEchargeStandstill,alloffStandstill,charge

BATTERYSOC

ACTIVERUNTIMES

ICE3353s

MG25073s

EnergyThroughput

Batt.IN2.29kWh

BattOUT-2.24kWh

Delta0.05kWh

startendmaxminswing

76.5%74.0%77.4%38.7%38.7%

ICEefficiency

ABSOLUTE

CHARGING

Driving,EMonly

Driving,ICEonly

Driving,Boost

Driving,LoadpointshiftBraking,ICEoffBraking,ICEcoastBraking,ICEchargeStandstill,alloffStandstill,charge

DISCHARGING

Driving,EMonly

Driving,ICEonly

Driving,Boost

PERCENTUAL

0.2%

0.0%

0.0%

48.8%

39.0%

2.8%

9.1%

0.0%

0.0%

PERCENTUAL

60.2%

0.0%

31.3%

0.0%

1.6%

0.0%

0.5%

5.9%

0.4%

0.01

kWh

0.00

kWh

0.00

kWh

1.12

kWh

0.89

kWh

0.06

kWh

0.21

kWh

0.00

kWh

0.00

kWh

ADDITIONALANALYSIS

ICEStartCount106-

ICERuntimeperstart33s

Decalsare

VehicleAttributeBenchmark

EnergyManagement,EfficiencyandConsumption–OperationStrategyAnalysis

100

160

Traction-E-Drive

Traction-ICEOnly

75

120

Traction-Boost

Traction-Loadpointshift

Braking-ICEOFF

50

80

Braking-ICECoast

Braking-ICECharge

40

25

Standstill-allOFF

Standstill-Charging

VehicleSpeed

0

0

BatterySOC

550060006500

45005000

300035004000

Time[s]

CONSUMPTION

lFuelggokm

05001000150020002500

CYCLEINFO-TIME

TotalTime

CYCLEINFO-DISTANCE

s

s

s

6567

5835

733

mode,

TotalDistance93.1km

TimeWithoutStandstill

StandstillTime

5kW

0-50kph50-90kph>90kph

3437s

2023s

1108s

52.3%30.8%16.9%

0-50kph50-90kph>90kph

kmkmkm

24.7%39.9%35.4%

23.037.232.9

drivingstyle

level>38%

ofpureEVdriving

increasebyloadpointmoving

usedforrecuperation

ABSOLUTE

PERCENTUAL

18.3%

0.0%

26.7%

31.9%

12.9%

2.1%

8.1%

0.0%

0.0%

DISTANCEANALYSIS

Driving,EMonly

Driving,ICEonly

Driving,Boost

Driving,LoadpointshiftBraking,ICEoffBraking,ICEcoastBraking,ICEchargeStandstill,alloffStandstill,charge

WheelEnergyAnalysis

Driving-13.77kWh

Recuperation1.78kWh

RECUPERATIONENERGYFLOW

Wheel1.78kWh

HVBatt.1.08kWh

ABSOLUTE

17.0km 0.0km24.9km29.7km12.0km 2.0km 7.6km 0.0km0.0km

kWhkWhkWhkWhkWhkWhkWhkWhkWh

-1.350.00-0.700.00-0.04-0.00-0.01-0.13-0.01

Driving,Loadpointshift

Braking,ICEoff

Braking,ICEcoast

Braking,ICEcharge

Standstill,alloff

Standstill,charge

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VehicleAttributeBenchmark

2021ToyotaYarisHybrid

DHE,85kW

>450

PCvehiclesindatabase

allmainvehiclesegments

FromsmallPCtoSUVs,

Pick-upsandLCV

vs.

>30

newvehiclesperyear

>13

Vehicleattributes

2021ToyotaYaris(ICE)

Conv.PT,92kW

costefficient

reuseandresellofexistingbenchmarkdata

Moreon

/benchmarking-program

2021RenaultClioe-tech

DHT,103kW

/25

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AboutAVL

ObjectivesofBenchmarkInvestigations

VehicleAttributeBenchmark

EngineBenchmark

SummaryandConclusions

Agenda

1

2

3

4

5

AVLBenchmarking

September

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3-cylinderNAengine

with68kWmax.power

Highstroketoboreratio

s/b=1.21

Highcompressionratio

CR=14

EGRsystem

Lowfriction

AbouttheEngine

MainHybridEngineAttributes

Howdoesthethermal

efficiencyofthenewToyota

Yarishybridenginelook

comparedtootherengines?

HowthenewToyotahybrid

engineobtainsmarket-leading

thermalefficiency?

HowAVLdidthebenchmarking

ofthenewToyotaengine?

AVLBenchmarking

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SpecificPower–[kW/l]

ToyotaYaris

Europe

R&D

Renault

Geely

SOP,

SOPDev.

Japan,China

Nissane-power(serieshybrid)

R&D

Newconventional1.5l

NewHEV1.5l

GasolineEngineDevelopmentTrends

EUROPEvs.ASIA

Spec.Powerversusmax.Efficiency

SOP,

SOPDev.

MY20-MY22engines

Conceptengines

BrakeThermalEfficiency(BTE)–[%]

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Lowfriction

•Nobalanceshaftforhybridengine

•Bearingdesignoptimization

•Pistonoilringtensionreductionto15N

•PFIinjectionsystem

•Electriccamphaseronintakeside

•Electriccoolantpump

•Verylowoilviscosity0W8oil

KeyFeatures

ForHighestThermalEfficiency

Combustionsystem

•3-cylinder(0.5l/cylinder)

•HighCR(CR=14)

•Stroketobore:s/b=1.21

•HighEGRrates

•Atkinsoncycle

•Hightumbleports

•Volumetricefficiencyimprovement

AVLBenchmarking

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SweetspotBSFC–Lambda=1

AVLScatterband

Public

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MeanFlowCapacity(MySigma*beta)

(relatedtoborediameterD)

SPEED[rpm]

Int[%]IGN[A]

P_ZYL[kPa]dQ1[%/deg]INJ1[A]

Designbenchmark

Portflowmeasurement

andcomparisontoAVLscatterband

Valveliftcurvemeasurement

••

••

••

•

PI[kPa]

Zeits

kPa746,728746,0

2,553

HE

V_40_

a_01.

000

35_20

40rpm

_780kP

00_80

20

0_01.0

00

HybridEngineBenchmark

Methodology/Workflow

0,20,40,60,811,21,41,61,822,22,42,62,833,23,43,6

TumbleNumber

Customer

CustomerCustomerAVLOtto

08/2025008/2025008/20250VLOtto)

CH#132CH#132CH#132Linear(A

,Cyl.1E,Cyl.2E,Cyl.3E

VLCStdVLCStdVLCStd

Gasolin

GasolinGasolin

AVLGasAVLGas

olineNAolineTC

eNA

eTCe

0,200

0,180

0,160

0,140

0,120

0,100

0,080

0,060

0,040

.

.

.

Fullinstrumentation

Fuelmassflowmeasurementinvehicle,Emission,

lambda,p,T,indication,electricsignals,CAN

EGRratedetermination

3000

2600

2200

1800

PiOTshift2

PiOTshift3kPa

PiOTshift1kPa

SPEED

SPEED

P2

Pa

IMEP3kPa

IMEP1kPa

IMEP3kPa

IMEP2kPa

kPa

844,

,480

,191

IMEP1IME

k

1000

900800700

600

__

__

_

_

r

pm

rpm

54

093798

78

9,9917

99,546

787

778,2

24

786,671

2045,7

57199

9,776

17,520,022,525,027,530,032,535,037,540,042,545,047,5

Zeit[s]

0,02,55,07,510,012,515,0

10

5

0

Measurementsonchassisdynoandroad

20

10

0

15

10

5

0

50

25

0

7000

6000

stationaryenginemapping,cyclemeasurement

Combustionassessment(indicationsystem)

5000

4000

3000

2000

1000

0

-50

-40

-20

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

-30

Kurbelwinkel[Grad]

AVLBenchmarking

September

Webinar

Public

/31

2022

|27

|

|

MD[Nm]

(%):

efficiency

150

140

130

120

110

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

EngineEfficiencyandPerformance

ChassisDynoMeasurements

Fuelconsumption41%brakethermalefficiencyEnginepower68kW

BTEBreakthermal

BTE[%]

45

42

40

37

35

32

30

27

25

22

20

35,5

3

6,5

38,1

37,8

,

37,7

37

7

35,335

,0

40

6

3

9,738,

38,67

40,840,

40,7,

3

40,1

40,29,6

38,7

37,336,5

3

35,

6,6

32

,7

29

,730,5

2

5,9

2

0210917_

TOY_YAR

IS_HEV_

GridMeasu

rement.txt

50010001500200025003000350040004500500055006000650070007500

SPEED[rpm]

WLTC

CVS

CoCpaper

SOCstart

Unit

l/100km

l/100km

%

WLTC_09082021

4,28

4,3

21,6

WLTC_291021

4,22

4,3

46

Source:HironoriKitadani,RyoKaneda,SatoshiMizoguchi,YoshitsuguShinohara,JunTakeuchiToyotaMotorCorporation,Toyota,Japan;Thenew1.5LgasolineenginefromtheTNGA*series*ToyotaNewGlobalArchitecture

AVLBenchmarking

September

Webinar

Public

/32

2022

|27

|

|

PublicationBemchmark

0

5

3

MD[Nm]

MD[Nm]

3

3

40

3

BTEBreakthermal

BTE[%]

32

,5

36

,2

36

,36

32

5,9

31

,2

,4

34

36,7

,7

,

,8

36

,8

39

,139

,839

,839

,939

,33

34

7,4

,0

40,3

32

,831

,83

36

37

,6

,339

,6

40

,340

,3

,739

2

,

,36

,4

33

,831

,932

38

2

,

,

,38

,437

,636

,735

,5

3,532

,031

,029

36

,437

,136

,536

,536

,134

,633

,4

34

,635

,134 3

,83

,631

,930

,228

,327

0

32

,232

,031

,831

,029

,026

,224

,

,924

25

,524

,825

,725

2

0210818_

TOY_YAR

IS_ICEV_

GridMeas

urement.tx

t

efficiency

(%):

3

BTE(

Break

ther

ma

leff

icie

n

BTE[%]

35,5

3

6,5

,0

38,1

37,8

37,7

37

,7

40

6

3

9,73