2020广东高考英语二轮复习课件：25.阅读主旨大意题的解题技巧(共39张PPT)

专题三

阅读理解主旨大意题的特点及解题技巧

主旨大意题考查的范围：1.基本大意2.文章标题3.主题或段落大意4.意图目的等。

它要求考生在理解全文的基础上能较好地运用概括、归纳和简单逻辑思维的方法，对短文进行高度概括或总结。【一般题干设问形式】

1)Whatisthegeneral/mainideaofthepassage?____________.

2)What’sthetopicofthearticle?____________.

3)Thispassageismainlyabout____________.4）Whattopicisthepassagechieflyconcerned?____________.5）Whichofthefollowingbestdescribesthemainpointofthepassage?________.6)Thebesttitle/headlineforthispassagemightbe_____________.

7)Thetext(passage)couldbeentitled______________.

8)Whichofthefollowingwouldbesuitableasatitleforthepassage?9)whichoneistheauthor’sattitude？______________.【易错原因】

一般是一叶障目，以偏概全或张冠李戴。也就是说考生一看到某个选项与文中的某句话意义吻合就马上轻率地决定该选项为正确答案，殊不知有可能自己没有考虑全面；也许考生选的某一选项只是概括了短文的部分意思，不是全文大意；也有的考生看到某个选项跟自己的主观想象吻合就轻易地下了结论，而没有三思而后行，没有充分考虑再决定最佳选项。【应对策略】做这类题，首先要找出文章的主题句。找出文章的主题句，也就明确了文章要讲什么，再通过速读全文，就可以把握文章的中心思想了。切记文章中没有讲的不能无根据地以自己的臆断选择答案，而要根据文章中摆明的事实来判断。

主题句位置一般位于段首（文章结构为总分），于段尾（文章结构为分总），于段首+段尾（文章结构为总分总），于段中（文章结构为引题，点题，分述）。对于没有主题句的文章，考生可以概括各段段意，进行归纳概括其大意。但要注意，不能以偏概全，也不能在概括时过于宽泛，要恰如其分。通过关键词句来概括(如议论文中寻找表达作者观点态度的词句，记叙文寻找概括情节和中心的动词或反映人物特点的形容词等。说明文要注意那些表示举例、对比，下定义等关键词）文中出现两种或两种以上的不同观点时，务必牢记作者的观点才是体现全文中心的。再把这个意思与设题的选项一一对照，就会得到最佳对应的标题。1.主题句在文首

这类文章写法上的特点是：文章的第一句起着点题的作用，概括了文章的主要内容或信息，下文接着对主题句所涉及的话题进行具体的阐述。典例1(请用5分钟读完）

AJINTAN,JIANGSU:The20students—18boysand2girls—hadathousandreasonstobeproudofthemselves.Theyhadjustclimbedtheirwaytothetoprung(阶梯)outof4millionstudentstakingpartintheFifthNationalHuaLuogengGoldCupMathematicsContest(竞赛)onTuesdayevening.

The20goldmedalwinnersareallprimaryandmiddleschoolstudentsundertheageof14."Manyoftheproblemsareofcollegelevelandthesepupilscanfigurethemout.Itisjustunbelievable!"saidateacherfromGuangdongprovince.

NamedafterChina'smostfamousmathematician,HuaLuogeng,theconteststartedin1986,oneyearafterhisdeath.Inlessthan10years,ithasbeenrecognizedbytheStateEducationCommission

[kəˈmɪʃn](国家教委)asthecountry'sbiggestandbestcontestofitskind.设题:Thisnewsstoryismainlyabout____A.whentheconteststartedB.howthecontestgotitsnameC.the20pupilswhohavewongoldmedalsinthecontestD.the5thNationalHuaLuogengGoldCupMathematicsContest答案D。【解题思路】这是一篇报道，文章的第一段只有两句话：“20个学生(2女18男)有充分的理由为自己感到自豪，因为他们夺得了第五届华罗庚杯数学竞赛的金奖，是4百万参赛学生中的佼佼者”，下文接着对竞赛的有关情况进行报道。（文章的第一句起着点题的作用，概括了文章的主要内容或信息，下文接着对主题句所涉及的话题进行具体的阐述。）因此，第一段实际上就是这篇报道的主题句。A.whentheconteststarted、B.howthecontestgotitsname、C.the20pupilswhohavewongoldmedalsinthecontest分别只包含了报道的部分信息，显然不合题意；D选项the5thNationalHuaLuogengGoldCupMathematicsContest

[ˈkɒntest]与主题句的意思完全一致，因此是正确答案。2.主题句在文中这类文章写法上的特点是：开始部分是引题，接着是点题，最后是对主题进行叙述，主题句常常起着承上启下的作用。典例2

(请用6分钟读完）Fatonhumanbeingsisdistributedindifferentways.Somefatpeoplehavealargestomachandnowaistline(腰围)—whichmakesthemlookround,ratherlikeapples.Othersarefatterbelowthewaist,whichmakesthemappearpear-shaped.

Therearetwotypesoffat:external[ɪkˈstɜ:nl]fat(fatundertheskin)andinternalfat(fatinsidethebodywall).Doctors,whohavebeenexaminingtherelationshipbetweenhealthandfatness,havefoundthatthe'pears'havelessinternalfat,butthe'apples'havemoreinternalfatthanexternalfat.Thisseemstobewhatcausesthehealthproblems.

Thebesttreatmentforfatnessistoreducetheinternalfat.Butunfortunatelyitseemsthatdieting(节食)simplymakesanapple-shapedpersonintoasmallerappleandapear-shapedpersonintoasmallerpear.Atthemomentthereisnoknownwayofreducingtheinternalratherthanexternalfat.设题:Thetextismainlyabout_____.A.fatnessandhealthB.waystoloseweighC.people'sfiguresD.distributionoffatness答案A。【解题思路】该文的第一段交代了脂肪在体内的分布状况Fatonhumanbeingsisdistributedindifferentways.Somefatpeoplehavealargestomach[ˈstʌmək]

andnowaistline—whichmakesthemlookround,ratherlikeapples.Othersarefatterbelowthewaist,whichmakesthemappearpear[peə(r)]-shaped；第二段交代了脂肪的种类及不同种类的脂肪与健康之间的关系Therearetwotypesoffat:external[ɪkˈstɜ:nl]fat(fatundertheskin)andinternalfat(fatinsidethebodywall).Doctors,whohavebeenexaminingtherelationshipbetweenhealthandfatness,havefoundthatthe'pears'havelessinternalfat,butthe'apples'havemoreinternalfatthanexternalfat.Thisseemstobewhatcausesthehealthproblems.

第三段讲的是减肥应该减掉哪一类脂肪以及节食存在的问题Thebesttreatmentforfatnessistoreducetheinternalfat.Butunfortunatelyitseemsthatdieting(节食)simplymakesanapple-shapedpersonintoasmallerappleandapear-shapedpersonintoasmallerpear.Atthemomentthereisnoknownwayofreducingtheinternalratherthanexternalfat.很明显，第二段，特别是第二段的第二句Doctors,whohavebeenexaminingtherelationshipbetweenhealthandfatness,havefoundthatthe'pears'havelessinternalfat,butthe'apples'havemoreinternalfatthanexternalfat.，起着承上启下的作用，是该文的主题句。A选项符合主题句的意思，应该是正确答案（A.fatnessandhealth）；B选项waystoloseweigh与文章的意思无关；可以排除；C.people‘sfigures.D选项distributionoffat分别只与文章的部分信息有关，也可以排除。3.主题句在文末这种写法的特点是：在叙述完某件事情或某个话题之后，用一句话交代事情的结果或对前面的叙述进行归纳。典例3--

In1901,H.G.Wells,anEnglishwriter,wroteabookdescribingatriptothemoon.Whentheexplorers(探险者)landedonthemoon,theydiscoveredthatthemoonwasfullofundergroundcities.Theyexpressedtheirsurprisetothe"moonpeople"theymet.Inturn,the"moonpeople“expressedtheirsurprise."Why,"theyasked,"areyoutravelingtoouterspacewhenyoudon'tevenuseyourinnerspace?"

H.G.Wellscouldonlyimaginetraveltothemoon.In1969,humanbeingsreallydidlandonthemoon.Peopletodayknowthattherearenoundergroundcitiesonthemoon.However,thequestionthatthe"moonpeople"askedisstillaninterestingone.Agrowingnumberofscientistsareseriouslythinkingaboutit.Undergroundsystemsarealreadyinplace.Manycitieshaveundergroundcarparks.Insomecities,suchasTokyo,SeoulandMontreal,therearelargeundergroundshoppingareas.

The"Chunnel",atunnel(隧道)connectingEnglandandFrance,isnowcomplete.Butwhataboutundergroundcities?Japan'sTaiseiCorporationisdesigninganetworkofundergroundsystem,called"AliceCities."Thedesignersimagineusingsurfacespaceforpublicparksandusingundergroundspaceforflats,offices,shopping,andsoon.

Asolardome(太阳能穹顶)wouldcoverthewholecity.

Supportersofundergrounddevelopmentsaythatbuildingdownratherthanbuildingupisagoodwaytousetheearth'sspace.Thesurface,theysay,canbeusedforfarms,parks,gardens,andwilderness.H.G.Wells'"moonpeople"wouldagree.Wouldyou?设题:Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?A.AliceCities—citiesofthefutureB.SpacetravelwithH.G.WellsC.EnjoylivingundergroundD.Buildingdown,notup答案D。【解题思路】文章以月球人的问题Whyareyoutravelingtoouterspacewhenyoudon'tevenuseyourinnerspace?引起话题，接着讲叙了人类目前对地下空间的利用现状，结尾以地下空间开发的支持者的话点题buildingdownratherthanbuildingupisagoodwaytousetheearth’sspace。A选项AliceCities—citiesofthefuture只是本文话题的部分意思，不是主要话题；B选项SpacetravelwithH.G.Wells与文章的意思无关；文章主要是讲地下空间的开发利用，而不是讲如何享受地下生活，因此C选项Enjoylivingunderground与文章的主题也无关；D选项Buildingdown,notup符合文章的主要内容，与主题句的意思一致，因此，是该题的正确答案。4.没有主题句，需要联系前后文归纳总结的。典例4

NooneissurehowtheancientEgyptiansbuiltthepyramidsnearCairo.Butanewstudysuggeststheyusedalittlerock‘n’roll.Long-agobuilderscouldhaveattachedwoodenpolestothestonesandrolledthemacrossthesand,thescientistssay.

“Technically,Ithinkwhatthey’reproposingispossible,”physicistDanielBonnsaid.

PeoplehavelongpuzzledoverhowtheEgyptiansmovedsuchhugerocks.Andthere’snoobviousanswer.Onaverage,eachofthetwomillionbigstonesweighedaboutasmuchasalargepickuptruck.TheEgyptianssomehowmovedthestoneblockstothepyramidsitefromaboutonekilometeraway.

ThemostpopularviewisthatEgyptianworkersslidtheblocksalongsmoothpaths.Manyscientistssuspectworkersfirstwouldhaveputtheblocksonsleds(滑板).Thentheywouldhavedraggedthemalongpaths.Tomaketheworkeasier,workersmayhavelubricated['lu:brɪkeɪtɪd]thepathseitherwithwetclayorwiththefatfromcattle.Bonnhasnowtestedthisideabybuildingsmallsledsanddraggingheavyobjectsoversand.Evidencefromthesandsupportsthisidea.Researchersfoundsmallamountsoffat,aswellasalargeamountofstoneandtheremainsofpaths.However,physicist[ˈfɪzɪsɪst]

Joseph[ˈdʒəuzif]Westthinkstheremighthavebeenasimplerway,wholedthenewstudy.Westsaid,“Iwasinspiredwhilewatchingatelevisionprogramshowinghowsledsmighthavehelpedwithpyramidconstruction.Ithought,‘Whydon’ttheyjusttryrollingthethings?”Asquare

[skweə(r)]

couldbeturnedintoaroughsortofwheelbyattachingwoodenpolestoitssides,herealized.That,henotes,shouldmakeablockofstone“aloteasiertorollthanasquare”.Sohetriedit.

Heandhisstudentstiedsomepolestoeachoffoursidesofa30-kilogramstoneblock.Thatactionturnedtheblockintosomewhatawheel.Thentheyplacedtheblockontheground.Theywrappedoneendofaropearoundtheblockandpulled.Theresearchersfoundtheycouldeasilyrolltheblock