新闻传播学专业英语考研复试

经典word整理文档，仅参考，双击此处可删除页眉页脚。本资料属于网络整理，如有侵权，请联系删除，谢谢！bylinen.署名文章carry．刊登column．专栏；栏目copydesk．新闻编辑部copyeditor．文字编辑correction．更正启事)correspondencecolumn读者来信专栏correspondent驻外记者；常驻外埠记者covervt;采写covergirln.封面女郎covertcoverage隐性采访秘密采访cropvt．剪辑(图片)crusade．宣传攻势cutn．插图vt(字数)cutlinen．插图说明exclusive．独家新闻expose．揭丑新闻；新闻曝光extra．号外eye-account．目击记;记者见闻faxedphoto传真照片feature．特写；专稿feedback．信息反馈filen．发送消息；发稿fillern．补白FirstAmendment美国宪法)第一修正案内容有关新闻、出版自由等)folo(=follow-up)．连续报道FourthEstate第四等级(新闻界的别称)freedomofthePress新闻自由free-lancer．自由撰稿人fullposition醒目位置humaninterest人情味in-depthreporting深度报道killvt．退弃(稿件；枪毙(稿件)layoutn．版面编排；版面设计leadn．导语masterhead．报头报名Merereportisnotenoughtogo．仅是传闻不足为凭．newsclue新闻线索Nonewsisgood．没有消息就是好消息；不闻凶讯便是吉。nosefornews新闻敏感pipeline．匿名消息来源popularpaper大众化报纸；通俗报纸pressn．报界；新闻界pressconference新闻发布会;记者招待台presslaw新闻法pressrelease新闻公告;新闻简报PRman公关先生profilen.人物专访；人物特写proofreader．校对员pseudoevent假新闻reader'sinterest读者兴趣rejectvt．退回()softnews软新闻stringern．特约记者;通讯员subheadn．小标题；副标题supplement．号外副刊增刊suspendedinterest悬念thumbnail．豆腐干”(文章)timeliness．时效性;时新性tip．内幕新闻；秘密消息trimn.删改(稿件)update．更新(新闻内容)，增强()watchdogn.&vt.舆论监督weekly．周报wireservice．通讯社传播Communication内向/IntrapersonalCommunication冗余/Redundancy传播的数学理论MathematicalTheoryofCommunicationCommunicationChannelEffectiveCommunicationEffects使用与满足模式UsesandGratificationsModel使用与依从模式UsesandDependencysModel口传系统SystemofOralCommunication地球村GlobalVillageCultureImperialism跨文化传播InterculturalCommunication守门人Gatekeeper最合适效果跨度OptimalEffectsPan时间跨度TimeSpan选择性接触SelectiveExposure选择性注意SelectiveAttention选择性理解SelectivePerception选择性记忆SelectiveRetention可信性提示CredibilityHeuristic喜爱提示LikingHeuristic共识提示ConsensusHeuristic市场驱动新闻学theMarket-DrivenJournalism意识形态Ideology霸权Hegemony权力话语PowerDiscourse视觉文本VisualText文本Text超级文本Hypertext结构主义Constructionism解构主义Deconstructionism文化工业CultureIndustry大众文化MassCulture文化研究CulturalStudies批判学派/批判理论CriticalTheory法兰克福学派FrankfurtSchool女权主义/女性主义Feminism符号学Semiotics/Semiology符号Sign能指与所指Signified/Signifier非语言符号NonverbalSign非语言传播NonverbalCommunication意指Signification话语理论TheoriesofDiscourse文化期待CultureExpectations文化批判CultureCriticizing范式Paradigm叙事范式NarrativeParadigm强语境HighContext弱语境LowContext功能理论Functionalism话语分析DiscourseAnalysis传播的商品形式theCommodityFormsofCommunication受众商品AudienceCommodity商品化Commodification空间化Spatialization结构化Structuration媒介集中化MediaConglomeration传媒产业MediaIndustry注意力经济AttentionEconomy媒介竞争MediaCompetition受众分割AudienceSegmentation媒介资本MediaCapital传播政治经济学PoliticalEconomyofCommunication传播研究CommunicationResearch抽样Sampling调查研究方法SurveyResearch内容分析法ContentAnalysis实验分析法ExperimentalResearch定性研究法QualitativeResearchMethods个案研究法CaseStudy效度与信度Validity/Reliability变量Variables实地观察法FieldObservation虚拟社群VirtualCommunity扩散研究DiffusionResearch媒介事件MediaEvents民族志Ethnography传播生态EcologyofCommunication真实虚构Reality/Fiction拟态环境PseudoEnvironment刻板成见Stereotyping晕轮效应HaloEffects二元价值评判TwoValuedEvaluation公共关系PublicRelation阐释理论InterpretiveTheory大众传媒massmedia传播者communicator传播communication传播模式modelsofcommunication受众audience受众逆反心理audience’sreversalpsychology意见领袖leaderofopinion社会守望socialobservation魔弹论bullettheory报刊的四种理论theoryoffourpresses社会责任理论socialresposibilitytheory大众传播masscommunication传播学theoryofcommunication讯息message拉斯韦尔模式Lasswellmodel劝服persuation把关人gatekeeper人际传播interpersonalcommunication组织传播organizationalcommunication小群体传播smallgroupcommunication从众conformity传播的功能functionsofcommunication卫星传播satellitepropagation世界电视网globaltelevisionnetwork广播电视学studyofbroadcastingandtelevision绝对收视率absoluterateofreception相对收视率relativerateofreception有线电视cabletelevision传播心理学propagandapsychology1)Asforme,Iamonthelatterpartoftheargument.Thereasonsareasfollows.至于我，我支持争论的后半部分。原因如下：2)Frommypointofview,itismorereasonabletosupportthefirstopinionratherthanthesecond.更有道理。3)Thefollowingreasonscanaccountformyinclination.如下的原因可解释我的倾向。4)TomakemyselfasplainasIcan,Ishouldgivemystandardsfor…为使我的观点更加清楚，我给出我关于…的标准。5)Idisbelieve,andthereforestronglyresent,theclaimthat…我不相信，因此强烈反对，这一主张，即…6)Myfinalandperhapsmybestreasonfornotdoingsomethingis…我不做某事最终的，或许最好的理由是…7)Forthesamereason,itmatterstomethat…同样原因，我很在乎…8)Forthesereason,Irecommendthat…出于这些原因，我推荐/建议…（recommend(should)+动词原形）9)Myansweristhat….Ihaveseveralreasons,andthey’regoodones.Thefirstistheonethat…我的回答是…分的理由。第一个是…10)Myviewisthat…我的观点是…11)Likealmosteverybodyelse,Ibelievethat…正如几乎所有人一样，我相信…12)Ijustdon’tgetexcitedovertheideaof…我对…主张并不感到激动。13)I’mnotentirelyconvincedof…我并不完全信服…14)Icannotentirelyagreewiththeideathat…我无法完全同意这一观点…15)I’mnotsuggestingthat…我并不是建议（该句中suggest做建议讲要用虚拟，即(should)+动词原形）16)Idonotchooseto…merelybecauseIfeelthat…我没有选择…知识因为我觉得…17)Ihavenothingagainstsomething.But…我并不反对某事，但…18)Ithinkit’stimeweputastoptosomething.我认为是我们停止某事(it’stime(that)(should)+动词原形)19)Ifindthestatementof…tobetoonarrow.我觉得…的观点过于狭隘。20)Icantellyoufromexperiencethat…凭我的经验可以告诉你…21)Personally,Iamstandingonthesideof……的一边。22)Althoughdoingsomethingmightseemawildidea,Ibelievethat…虽然做某事似乎狂妄，但我相信…23)Atanindividuallevel,Ifeelthat…从我个人的角度出发，我觉得…24)Isincerelybelievethat…我真诚地相信…25)Butforme,Iwouldratherthinkofthematterinan(optimistic)way.至于我，我宁愿以乐观的态度来看待这一问题。26)ButIdonotthinkthatthisviewcanholdwater.但我并不认为这一观点能站得住脚。27)Itisnothalfsoimportanttodosomethingasitistodosomething.和做某事相比，做某事的重要性连一半都不及。28)Therearesomepeoplewhoholdthat….Andontheotherhand,therearesomeotherpeoplewhoarguethat….Bothopinionsareverypopular….ButIcannotaccepteitherview.有一些人认为…，然而还有另外一些人认为…。上述两种观点都很流行，但我两种观点都不能接受。29)Althoughmanypeople(believe)that…,Idoubtwhetherthe(argument)bearsfurther(analysis).虽然有许多人相信否经得起进一步的推敲。30)Inmyopinion,itismoreadvisabletodosomethingthantodosomething.在我看来，做…比做更明智。31)Inthenationwidediscussion,manypeoplesuggestthat….ButIarguethat………(该句suggest引导的从句应用虚拟。)32)Asopposedtowidelyheldbelief,Ibelievethat…与普遍接受的看法不同，我认为…33)Fromapersonalperspective,Ialsopreferto…从个人的角度来看，我也喜欢…34)Finally,tospeakfrankly,thereisalsoamorepracticalreasonwhyIwouldchooseto…最后，坦白地讲，我选择…还有一个更为现实的原因。35)Somepeoplethinkthat….Tobefrank,Icannotagreewiththeiropinionforthereasonsbelow.一些人认为…，坦白地讲，我不赞同他们的观点，理由如下：36)Thesituationisnotrare.ItisoneofmanyexamplesIhaveencountered.这种情景并不少见，它也是我遇到的许多情况之一。37)ThereisanotherreasonwhyIcastmypreferencefor…我倾向于…还有另外一个原因。1.OpinionLeadersActiveininformationnetworks,havemanyinformationchannels,sotheycanoftenprovideinformationandadviceforothersandcaninfluenceothers.2.TheSpiralofSilenceForacontroversialissue,peoplewillwatchthe"climateofopinion"beforetheymakecommentsjudgingtheiropinionwhetherthe"majorityopinion",whenpeoplefeelthattheirviewsare"majority"orinthe"advantage",itwilltendtoboldlyexpressthisopinion;whenfoundhisviewsare"afew"orina"disadvantage"theyoftenremain"silent."Themorepeopleremainsilent,themorefeelthattheirviewsarenotwellaccepted,thusaresult,themoretheytendtoremainsilent.Repeatedseveraltimes,theyformrepresenting"dominant"statusviewsandmorepowerful,whileholding"inferior"opinionsofpeoplesoundmoreandmoreweak,suchacycle,forminga"onemoreloudly,andtheothermoreandmoresilentspiraldowntheprocess."3.GatekeeperLewinwasfirstproposedthisidea.Theinformationwasscreenedandfilteredbycommunicator.Communicatorsdecidewhatwecanseeandhowwecansee.4.SelectiveexposurehypothesisAudienceinthecontactinformationofthemassmediaisnotindiscriminate,butmorewillingtochoosethecontentsthatarethesameorsimilartotheiropinion,andforthecontentsofthisconfrontationorconflict,thereisatendencytoavoid.5.KnowledgeGapTheoryBecausethepeoplewhohavehighereconomicstatusisusuallymuchfastertogetinformationthanthoseoflowsocioeconomicstatus,therefore,themoreinformationistransmittedbythemassmedia,theknowledgegapbetweenthetwotypesofpeopleismoretendtoexpand.6.AgendaSettingTheoryMassmediareportanissueornotdirectlyaffectpeople'sperceptiononthesubject.Massmediahighlightsanissuewillcausepeopletopaymoreattentiontotheissue.Massmediaonarangeoftopicsgivedifferentlevelsofcoverageaccordingtoacertainorderofpriority,itwillaffectpeople’sjudgmentaboutimportanceofthese.7.MagicbullettheoryThemessagesentbythemassmediaislikeamagicbullet,buttheaudienceasthetargetwithoutprotection,sotheaudiencecaneasilybeknockeddownbythemessagesentbythemassmedia.Thetheoryisthatmassmediahavepowerfulforcewhichcandirectlyaffectaudience.AnIntroductiontoCommunicationcommunicationn.传播journalismn.新闻学transfern.&v.传递，迁移informationn.信息circulationn.流通，运行，循环，传播conveyv.传送，传递feedbackn.反馈，反应mediumn.媒体，媒介，中介STUDYPREVIEWcommunicationisanimportantwordinourtoday’sacademicstudyinjournalism,sociology,psychology,economics&politics.It’salsoheardmore&moreofteninourdailylife.Sowhatiscommunication?Communication:Thetransferofsocialinformation&thecirculationofsocialinformationsystems.Social:Whenwesay“communication”inourstudy,weusuallymeanhumancommunication,notanimalcommunication;a“communication”happeninginasociety,notinotherenvironmentssuchasnatural,physicalorbiologicalones.Whywestudy“humancommunication”?Communicationisthetoolthatmakessocietiespossible.Itisnoaccidentthatcommunicationandcommunityhavethesamewordroot.Withoutcommunication,therewouldbenocommunities;andwithoutcommunity,therecouldbenocommunication.ThesociologistCharlesCooleycalledcommunication“themechanismthroughwhichhumanrelationsexistanddevelop_allthesymbolsofthemind,togetherwiththemeansofconveyingthemthroughspaceandpreservingthemintime”.Transferofinformation:When“communication”happens,informationflowsfromonepersontoanother,andthenthereceivermaygivesomefeedbacktothegiver.Duringthisprocess,theinformationis,andthegiverandreceivercanplaytheoppositerole.Also,communicationneedssomemedium,whichissomethingbothpartsofacommunicationcanunderstand.Forexample,twoormorepeoplecometogether,tryingtosharesomeinformation.Buttheyarefromdifferentcountriesandhavedifferentlifeexperiences.Soiftheywanttounderstandoneanother,theymustusesomemediumsuchasEnglishlanguage,orevenbodylanguage.Inmoderntimes,wordsareimportanttoolsormediaforcommunication.Butcommunicationisnotconductedentirely,orevenmostly,inwords.Agesture,afacialexpression,apitchpattern,alevelofloudness,anemphasis,akiss,ahandontheshoulder,ahaircutorlackofone_allthesecarryinformation.TypesofCommunicationKeyWords&Expressions:massmedia大众传播媒体masscommunication大众传播intrapersonalcommunication自我传播interpersonalcommunication人际传播groupcommunicationaudience受众，观众，听众encode编码群体传播code代码transmit传输，传达，传播decode解码internalize使内在化STUDYPREVIEWThecommunicationinwhichthemassmediaengageisonlyoneformofcommunication.Onewaytobeginunderstandingtheprocessofmasscommunicationistodifferentiateitfromotherformsofcommunication.IntrapersonalCommunicationWeengageinintrapersonalcommunicationwhenwetalktoourselvestodevelopourthoughtsandideas.Thisintrapersonalcommunicationprecedesourspeakingoracting.Intrapersonalcommunicationisanexchangeofinformationwehavewithourselves,suchaswhenwethinkoverournextmoveinavideogameorsingtoourselvesintheshower.Typingintoacomputeriselectronicallymediatedintrapersonalcommunication.InterpersonalCommunicationWhenpeopletalktoeachother,theyareengagingininterpersonalcommunication.Inthissimplestform,interpersonalcommunicationisbetweentwopeoplephysicallylocatedinthesameplace.Itcanoccur,however,iftheyarephysicallyseparatedbutemotionallyconnected,likeloversoncellphones.Thedifferencebetweentheprefixesintra-andinter-isthekeydifferencebetweenintrapersonalandinterpersonalcommunication.Justasintrasquadathleticgamesarewithinateam,intrapersonalcommunicationiswithinone’sself.Justasintercollegiategamesarebetweenschools,interpersonalcommunicationisbetweenindividuals.Interpersonalcommunicationincludesexchangesinwhichtwoormorepeopletakepart,butthetermisusuallyreservedforsituationsinwhichjusttwopeoplearecommunicating.Havingaface-to-faceconversationoverlunchandwritingalettertoafriendareeverydayexamples.Wheninterpersonalcommunicationiselectronicallymediated,asinatelephoneconversation,thetermpoint-to-pointcommunicationissometimesused.GroupCommunicationTherecomesapointwhenthenumberofpeopleinvolvedreducestheintimacyofthecommunicationprocess.That’swhenthesituationbecomesgroupcommunication.Aclubmeetingisanexample.Soisaspeechtoanaudienceinanauditorium.MassCommunicationCapableofreachingthousands,evenmillions,ofpeopleismasscommunication,whichisaccomplishedthroughamassmediumliketelevisionornewspapers.Masscommunicationcanbedefinedastheprocessofusingamassmediumtosendmessagestolargeaudiencesforthepurposeofinforming,entertainingorpersuading.Inmanyrespectstheprocessofmasscommunicationandothercommunicationformsisthesame:Someoneconceivesamessage,essentiallyanintrapersonalact.Themessagethenisencodedintoacommoncode,suchaslanguage.Thenit’stransmitted.Anotherpersonreceivesthemessage,decodesitandinternalizesit.Internalizingamessageisalsoanintrapersonalact.Inotherrespects,masscommunicationisdistinctive.Craftinganeffectivemessageforthousandsofpeopleofdiversebackgroundsandinterestsrequiresdifferentskillsthanchattingwithafriendacrossthetable.Encodingthemessageismorecomplexbecauseadeviceisalwaysused-forexample,aprintingpress,acameraorarecorder.Oneaspectofmasscommunicationthatshouldnotbeamysteryisthespellingoftheoften-misusedwordcommunication.Thewordtakesno“s”ifyouareusingittorefertoa.Ifyouarereferringtoacommunicationasathing,suchasaletter,amovie,atelegramoratelevisionprogram,ratherthanaprocess,thewordiscommunicationinsingularformandcommunicationinplural.Whenthetermmasscommunicationreferstoaprocessitisspelledwithoutthe“s”.communication:ExchangeofrapersonalCommunication:TalkingtoerpersonalCommunication:Usuallytwopeoplefacetoface.groupCommunication:Morethantwopeople;inperson.massCommunication:Manyrecipients;notfacetoface;aprocess.ComponentsofMassCommunicationSTUDYPREVIEWMasscommunicationistheprocessthatmasscommunicatorsusetosendtheirmassmessagestomassaudiences.Theydothisthroughthemassmedia.ThinkoftheseastheFiveMs:masscommunicators,massmessages,massmedia,masscommunicationandmassaudience.MassCommunicatorsTheheartofmasscommunicationisthepeoplewhoproducethemessagesthatarecarriedinthemassmedia.Thesepeopleincludejournalists,scriptwriters,lyricists,televisionanchors,radiodiscjockeys,publicrelationspractitionersandadvertisingcopywriters.Thelistcouldgoonandon.Masscommunicatorsareunlikeothercommunicatorsbecausetheycannotseetheiraudience.DavidLettermanknowsthathundredsofthousandsofpeoplearewatchingasheunveilshislatestTop10list,buthecan’tseethemorhearthemchuckleandlaugh.Hereceivesnoimmediatefeedbackfromhismassaudience.Thiscommunicatingwithanunseenaudiencedistinguishesmasscommunicationfromotherformsofcommunication.Storytellersofyoretoldtheirvocabularyaccordingtohowtheysensedtheywerebeingreceived.Masscommunicatorsdon’thavethatadvantage,althoughastudioaudience.MassMessagesAnewsitemisamassmessage,asareamovie,anovel,arecordedsongandabillboardadvertisement.Themessageisthemostapparentpartofourrelationshiptothemassmedia.Itisforthemessagesthatwepayattentiontothemedia.Wedon’tlistentotheradio,forexample,tomarvelatthetechnology.Welistentohearthemusic.MassMediaThemassmediaarethevehiclesthatcarrymessages.Theprimarymassmediaarebooks,magazines,newspapers,television,radio,soundrecordings,moviesandtheweb.Mosttheoriesviewmediaasneutralcarriersofmessages.Thepeoplewhoareexpertsatmediaincludetechnicianswhokeepthepressesrunningandwhokeepthetelevisiontransmittersontheair.Mediaexpertsalsoaretinkersandinventorswhocomeupwithtechnicalimprovements,suchascompactdiscs,DVDs,AMstereoradioandnewspaperpressesthatcanproducehigh-qualitycolor.MassCommunicationTheprocessthroughwhichmessagesreachtheaudienceviathemassmediaiscalledmassThisisamysteriousprocessaboutwhichweknowfarlessthanweshould.Researchersandscholarshaveunraveledsomeofthemystery,butmostofhowitworksremainsamattersofwonderment.Forexample,whydopeoplepaymoreattentiontosomemessagesthantoothers?Howdoesoneadvertisementgeneratemoresalesthananother?Isbehavior,includingviolentbehavior,triggeredthroughthemasscommunicationprocess?Thereisreasontobelievethatmasscommunicationaffectsvotingbehavior,buthowdoesthiswork?Whichismostcorrect-tosaythatpeoplecanbecontrolledbymasscommunication?Ormanipulated?Ormerelyinfluenced?Nobodyhastheanswer.MassAudiencesThesizeanddiversityofmassaudiencesaddcomplexitytomasscommunication.Onlyindirectlydomasscommunicatorslearnwhethertheirmessageshavebeenreceived.Masscommunicatorsareneversureexactlyofthesizeofaudiences,letaloneoftheeffectoftheirmessage