新课堂英语选修八人教版讲义Unit2Period3

PeriodThreeGrammar，Speaking&Writing一、同位语(theAppositive)1．定义：同位语是句子成分的一种，它位于名词、代词后面，说明它们的性质和情况，它可以由名词、代词、数词、名词性短语或从句充当。2．同位语的表现形式：(1)名词、代词、数词等在句中作同位语LiHua，myclassmate，comesfromShandongProvince.(名词)李华，我的同学，来自山东省。Imyselfwilldotheexperiment.(反身代词)我将亲自做这项实验。Sheistheoldestamongthemsix.(数词)她是他们6人中年纪最大的。(2)从句在句中作同位语Hetoldmethenewsthattheplanehadexploded.(从句)他告诉我飞机爆炸的消息。3．特殊同位语归纳(1)不定式用作同位语Isthisyourpurpose，toavoidbeingpunished?逃避处罚，这就是你的目的？(2)动词-ing用作同位语He'sgettingajobtonightdrivingatruck.他今晚将得到一份开卡车的差事。Thefirstplan，attackingatnight，wasturneddown.第一个计划是夜袭，被拒绝了。注意：同位语并不影响其后句子谓语动词的“数”。Thestudentseachhaveadictionary.学生每人都有一本词典。即时跟踪1用同位语改写下列句子1．AllanStewart，whoisanAustralianoldman，istheholderoftheworldrecordforbeingtheoldestgraduate.→AllanStewart，anAustralianoldman，istheholderoftheworldrecordforbeingtheoldestgraduate.2．AIDS，whichhasnocure，canalwaysdrivepeopletodespair.→AIDS，adiseasewithoutcure，canalwaysdrivepeopletodespair.3．Meimei，whoissevenyearsold，hasbeenlearningtorideabikeforseveraldays.→Meimei，aseven-year-oldgirl/agirlofseven，hasbeenlearningtorideabikeforseveraldays.二、同位语从句在复合句中用作同位语的从句称为同位语从句。同位语从句是名词性从句的一种。它一般放在fact，news，idea，truth，hope，problem，information，belief，thought，doubt，promise，question等抽象名词的后面，对前面的名词作进一步的解释，或说明前面名词的具体含义。1．同位语从句的连接词引导同位语从句的有连接词that，whether；连接代词what，who等和连接副词when，where，why，how。其中that，whether不作成分，that无实际意义，whether意为“是否”；其他连接词具有实义，同时在同位语从句中作一定成分。引导同位语从句的连接词一般都不省略。Thenewsthattheyhadwonthegamesoonspreadoverthewholeschool.他们比赛获胜的消息很快传遍了整个学校。Hehasn'tmadethedecisionwhetherhewillgothere.他还没有作出决定是否去那里。Ihavenoideawherehelives.我不知道他住在哪里。2．同位语从句的注意事项(1)分隔式同位语从句：有时同位语从句与其所解释说明的名词会被其他成分隔开，从而形成分隔式同位语从句，这样做主要是为了保持句子结构平衡，避免头重脚轻。Asayinggoesthatpracticemakesperfect.(从句被谓语goes分开)谚语说：熟能生巧。(2)名词suggestion，order，demand，command，request等后的同位语从句要使用虚拟语气，即从句谓语用“(should)do”。Ourteachergaveussomeadviceonhowwe(should)usethecomputer.老师给了我们一些如何使用电脑的建议。(3)名词doubt(怀疑)后的同位语从句用whether引导；nodoubt(毫无疑问)后的同位语从句用that引导。Wehavesomedoubtwhethertheycancompletethetaskontime.我们怀疑他们能否按时完成任务。Thereisnodoubtthathewillcome.他会来的，这是毫无疑问的。3．同位语从句和定语从句的区别同位语从句定语从句功能不同解释说明名词表示的具体内容说明名词的性质、特征、来源等that不作成分，只起连接作用，不可省略作主语、宾语或表语，起连接作用；并且作从句的宾语时可省略whether起连接作用，其中whether(是否)不作成分，而how和what作成分不引导定语从句how/whatwho作成分；起连接作用；有自己的含义，但与其修饰的名词无关作成分；起连接作用；与先行词有一定的关系，如when的先行词为时间名词。whenwherewhy注意：判定同位语从句的简易方法：我们可以在名词和从句之间加be动词，使之构成一个新句子，如果合乎逻辑、句子通顺，则是同位语从句。ThenewsthatshetoldmeisthatTomwillgoabroadnextyear.(thatshetoldme是定语从句)她告诉我的消息是汤姆明年将出国。(不可以说：Thenewswasthatshetoldme...)ThenewsthatTomwouldgoabroadwastoldbyher.(thatTomwouldgoabroad是同位语从句)汤姆将出国的消息是她说的。(可以说：ThenewswasthatTomwouldgoabroad.)即时跟踪2用适当的连接词填空并写出是何从句1．(1)Thereissomedoubtwhetherheisthemanwhorobbedtheboy.同位语从句(2)Idon'tdoubtthatheisthemanwhorobbedtheboy.宾语从句2．(1)Thesuggestionthatthemeetingbeputoffprovedright.同位语从句(2)Thesuggestionthat/whichwasmadebyourhead-teacheristhatthemeetingbeputoff.定语从句用适当的连接词填空1．Themanagerputforwardasuggestionthatweshouldhaveanassistant.Thereistoomuchworktodo.(2016·天津)2．—IsittruethatMikerefusedanofferfromYaleUniversity—Yeah，butIhavenoideawhyhedidit；that'soneofhisfavoriteuniversities.(2014·重庆)3．Theonlywaytosucceedatthehighestlevelistohavetotalbeliefthatyouarebetterthananyoneelseonthesportsfield.(2013·浙江)4．Imadeapromisetomyselfthatthisyear,myfirstyearinhighschool,wouldbedifferent.(2012·浙江)5．Evidencehasbeenfoundthroughyearsofstudythatchildren'searlysleepingproblemsarelikelytocontinuewhentheygrowup.(2012·重庆)6．Thenoticecamearoundtwointheafternoonthatthemeetingwouldbepostponed.(2012·江苏)7．Modernsciencehasgivenclearevidencethatsmokingcanleadtomanydiseases.(2011·天津)8．Whenthenewscamethatthewarbrokeout，hedecidedtoserveinthearmy.(2011·辽宁)9．—Isthereanypossibilitythatyoucouldpickmeupattheairport?—Noproblem.(2009·浙江)Acceptanceandrefusal1．I'mhappytoaccept...我很乐意接受……—Whatdoyouthinkoftheidea?—I'mhappytoacceptit.——你觉得这个主意怎么样？——我很乐意接受它。2．Isupport...because...因为……我支持……—Doyoulikethedecision?—IsupportitbecauseIthinkitisreasonable.——你喜欢这个决定吗？——我支持这个决定，因为我认为它是合理的。3．I'dliketoagreewithyoubut...我同意你的观点，但是……—Doyouagreewithme?—I'dliketoagreewithyoubutIhavesomeadviceforyou.——你同意我的观点吗？——我同意你的观点，但是我有些建议。Praiseandencouragement1．Welldone！干得好！—Ihavefinishedmyhomework.—Welldone!——我完成作业了。——干得好！2．That'sagreatidea.好主意。—Whynotgoshopping?—That'sagreatidea.——为什么不去购物呢？——好主意。3．Thankyou./It'sniceofyoutosayso.谢谢/谢谢你这么说。—YourEnglishisveryexcellent.—It'sniceofyoutosayso.——你的英语非常好。——谢谢你这么说。4．Cheerup.振作起来。/Keeptrying.继续试试吧。/Don'tgiveuphope.不要放弃希望。—Ithinkyoushouldkeepupyourcourage.—OK，I'lltrymybest.——我认为你应该鼓足勇气。——好的，我会尽力的。[即时跟踪]语法填空A：Hi，Bob.Comein.B：Hi，Mary.Thankyou.Theseflowersareforyou.A：Oh，thankyou.Theyarebeautiful.B：Whata1.lovely(love)houseyouhave.A：Well，thankyou.I'msoglad2.thatyoucancome.Let'ssitheresothatwe3.canseethegardenwhenthesun4.goes(go)down.B：Yourgardenisnice，Mary.A：Itisverykindofyoutosayso.Ibeautified5.ityesterdayafternoon.B：I6.simply(simple)don'tknowhowtocontinuewiththework.A：Don'tfeel7.discouraged(discourage)．Ifyoukeep8.trying(try)，youwillcertainlyfind9.anewwayout.B：ButIhavebeentrying.A：Atthistimeperhapsyouhavetouseyourheadaswellasyourhands.B：Thankyou10.foryouradvice.【文体指导】论点、论据、论证是议论文的三要素。所谓论点，就是作者对于所议论问题持有的见解和主张；论据是指用来证明论点的事实和根据，它是议论文是否具有说服力的关键，若想说服别人接受自己的观点，一定要论据充足；论证是指证明论点的方法和过程。议论文主要针对某一观点或问题(一般为有争议的观点或问题)发表议论和看法，因此写此类文章时要考虑的论据多为正反两个方面。通过对有争议的观点或问题的不同看法进行比较和对比，然后进行分析和评论，最后提出自己的看法，表达自己支持或反对的态度并加以论证说明，得出结论。1．在文章的开头提出有争议的观点(一般提出两个相对的观点然后客观地对其进行评论)。2．接下来可用一个或两个段落分别展开论述。在每段中，均可用主题句来点明论点，并对这些论点进行比较或对比、分析和评论。3．文章结尾对所论述观点进行客观、合理的评论，提出自己的看法、建议，表示自己对某一现象或论点的赞成或反对，阐明立场；或者也可以将不同观点相互融合，选其可取之处，形成自己独到的观点。常用句式1．Therearedifferentopinionsamongpeopleasto...Somepeoplesuggestthat...2．People'sopinionsabout...varyfrompersontoperson.Somepeoplesaythat...3．Everythinghastwosidesand...isnotanexception；ithasbothadvantagesanddisadvantages.4．Onthecontrary，therearesomepeopleinfavourof...Atthesametime，theysay...5．Thereareseveralmeasuresforustoadopt.First，...6．Facedwith...，weshouldtakeaseriesofeffectivemeasuresto...Foronething，...Foranother，...7．60%ofthestudentsareagainst...40%ofthestudentsarefortheideaof...8．AsfarasIamconcerned，Iagreewiththelatteropiniontosomeextent.Ithinkthat...9．Comparingthiswiththat，however，Ipreferto...10．Formypart，Ithinkitreasonableto...Onlyinthiswaycanyou/we...【写作任务】在你班最近的“英语角”活动中，大家就科学家是否应该克隆人类展开了激烈的争论。请根据下列表格中的要点提示，写一篇100词左右的英语总结报告。争论双方赞成方反对方理由为难以生育的夫妇带来希望克隆儿会面临很多心理压力提供干细胞，帮助修复人类器官和组织浪费胚胎，面临道德压力你的看法支持克隆技术的发展，但希望政府立法，正确引导其发展审题谋篇第一步明确要求本文要求根据提示写一篇要不要克隆人的讨论文，属于正反对比类议论文。时态以一般现在时为主，人称以第一、三人称为主。第二步确定段落本文可分为四个段落：第一段：引出文章要讨论的话题；第二段：介绍赞成观点及理由；第三段：介绍反对观点及理由；第四段：你的观点。第三步词汇热身1．支持，赞成infavourof2．给……带来机会offeranopportunityto...3．在压力下underpressure4．另一方面ontheotherhand第四步句式升级1．他们认为克隆人可以为难以生育的夫妇带来机会。(一般表达)Theythinkcloninghumanbeingsgivesanopportunitytocouples.Theyfinditdifficulttohavechildren.(高级表达)Theythinkcloninghumanbeingsgivesanopportunitytocoupleswhofinditdifficulttohavechildren.2．然而，其他人反对它，因为克隆儿在儿童时期会面临很多心理压力。(一般表达)However，othersareagainstitbecausetheclonedchildrenwouldbeunderpsychologicalpressurethroughouttheirchildhood.(高级表达)However，thereasonwhyothersareopposedtoitisthattheclonedchildrenwouldbeunderpsychologicalpressurethroughouttheirchildhood.3．依我看来，尽管克隆有很多优势，但希望政府立法，正确引导其发展。(一般表达)Inmyview，thoughcloninghasmanyadvantages，thegovernmentmustpasslawstodirectitsdevelopmentproperly.(高级表达)AsfarasIamconcerned，manyadvantagesascloninghas，thegovernmentmustpasslawstodirectitsdevelopmentproperly.连句成篇Recently，ourclasshadaheateddiscussiononwhetherscientistsshouldclonehumanbeings.Opinionsaredividedasfollows.Somestudentsareinfavourofit.Theythinkcloninghumanbeingsoffersanopportunitytocoupleswhofinditdifficulttohavechildren.Besides，itprovidesaconstantsupplyofstemcellstohelprepairhumantissuesandorgans.However，othersareagainstitbecausetheclonedchildrenwouldbeunderpsychologicalpressurethroughouttheirchildhood.Ontheotherhand，wastingembryosisnotacceptable，whichmayputscientistsundergreatmoralpressure.AsfarasIamconcerned，manyadvantagesascloninghas,thegovernmentmustpasslawstodirectitsdevelopmentproperly.Ⅰ.单元语法A)单句改错(每小题仅有1处错误)1．Hemadeapromiseeq\f(if,that)hewouldmakemerichandhappy.2．Therewassomedoubteq\f(that,whether)thismanwasserious.3．Thenewseq\o(\s\up7(∧),\s\do5(that))theyhadwonthegamesurprisedus.4．Ihavenoideaeq\f(why,what)sizeofshoesshewears.5．Hemadethesuggestionthatthepoliticalprisonerswould或eq\f(would,should)besetfree.B)把下面的两个句子连成一个含同位语从句的复合句6．Whenshouldwereturn？Theorderhasnotreachedus.Theorderwhenweshouldreturnhasnotreachedus.7．Hetookthefirstprizeinthecompetition.Thenewsistrue.Thenewsthathetookthefirstprizeinthecompetitionistrue.8．Wherehashegone？Ihavenoidea.Ihavenoideawherehehasgone.9．Arainstormislikelytocomethisafternoon.Ihaveheardthewarningontheradio.Ihaveheardthewarningontheradiothatarainstormislikelytocomethisafternoon.10．Isthisworkworthdoing？Heoftenaskedmethequestion.Heoftenaskedmethequestionwhetherthisworkwasworthdoing.Ⅱ.阅读理解ADuringsummerholidays,youcanseethemeverywhere,theirdeadeyesandhand-combedhaircluesofdailyfight.Sometrysmilingbravely,butBetLynchoncesaidofherdaughter'sseeminglybrightface,“That'snotasmile—it'sthelid(盖子)onascream.”Italkofcourseofthoseinvolvedinsummerholidays.Ofcourseeveryoneneedsabreak:teachers,pupils,parents,allofus.Andit'slovelytospendtimewiththefamily,butsixweeks?Inmyopinion,itistoolong.Longschoolholidaysareanecessityfortheagriculturaleconomyofthenineteenthcenturywhenschoolsneededlongsummerholidayssothatchildrencouldhelptheirparentsonthefarm.Thathardlyappliesnowasyoungstersareaddictedtothelatestgamesontheirmobilephones.Inmyownhome,it'sjustmy12-year-olddaughterwhostillneedsconsiderationduringsummerholidays.Butlonggonearethedayswhenchildrenjust“playedout”—Icannotleavemydaughterwanderingaroundaparkforhourswithherfriends.However,I'vealsolearntthatchildrenspendtheirholidayshappilywhentheytakepartinorganizedactivitieswithfriends.Thatiswhy,overtheyears，I'vespentalotofmoneyonallsortsofcamps.Thechildrenreturnhome,tired，hungrybuthappy.Ofcourse,wheneverthesubjectofcuttingschoolholidaysisraised，manyteachersandeducationalistsputforwardtheargumentthatschoolisn'tababysittingservice，however，schoolsareplaceswherechildren'smindsarestretchedandtheirimaginationsaregivenflight.Education—formalorinformal—canbeachild'spassporttoarichandmeaningfullife.Withsuchmattersinmind,thetimehascomeforourschoolholidaystobecut.Thealternativeistoreturntousingchildrenforsummeragriculturallabor—acrazyidea.【语篇解读】本文是议论文，话题是学校生活类。本文主要介绍了作者对漫长的暑假的看法，认为这种做法已经过时了，应该将假期缩短。11．WhatdoLynch'swordsindicate?A．Childrencannotsleepwellduringsummerholidays.B．It'sbraveofchildrentofightduringsummerholidays.C．It'sboringforchildrentospendsummerholidaysthisway.D．Childrenaretoobusytospendsummerholidayshappily.答案C解析推理判断题。结合本文首句“Duringthesummerholidays，youcanseethemeverywhere，theirdeadeyesandhand-combedhaircluesofdailyfight.”可知，漫长的暑假期间，孩子们反而显得毫无生机，死气沉沉的样子，说明他们暑假过得很无聊。12．Howdoestheauthorthinkchildrenshouldspendtheirsummerholidays?A．Byplayingvideogames.B．Byworkingonthefarm.C．Bytakingpartinorganizedactivities.D．Bywanderingaroundaparkwithfriends.答案C解析细节理解题。根据第五段可知，作者认为去参加一些有组织的活动是度过暑假的最好方式。13．Whatcanbethebesttitleforthetext?A．Childrendon'tneedasix-weekbreakB．ChildrencanhaveameaningfulholidayC．HowchildrenspendtheirsummerholidaysD．Thelengthofsummerholidaysistochange答案A解析标题归纳题。本文主要介绍了作者对漫长的暑假的看法，认为这种做法已经过时了，应该将假期缩短。BTheHumanGenome(基因组)Project，agreat3billion,15-yeartaskaimedatdrawingthegenetic(遗传的)mapofhumans，isnowmorethan90percentcompleted.Thescientificandmedicalcommunitiesareveryexcitedaboutthechancesgeneticresearchprovidesforgettingridofdiseasesandprolonging(延长)humanlife.Butthosecommunitiesandpolicymakersarealsocarefulaboutthescientificdoortheyareopeningastheprojectuncoversthemysteriesoflife.Forthelastfewyears，thegeneticadvancesinthedevelopingfieldofbiotechnology(生物技术)haveprovidesmaterialforallkindsofwork，butthedevelopmentsofmodernscienceinunlockingthesecretsofthehumangeneticcode(密码)haveopenedaworldofpossibilitiesforhumanhealth，aswellasforthepopularimagination.WhileEuropeanandJapaneseresearchersaremakingrapidprogressindecoding(解码)humanDNA，theleadingorganizationforgeneticresearchintheUnitedStates，whichbeganin1990，is“unlockingthecode”ofthehumanbodytolearnhowtodefeatfatal(致命的)diseases.Already，theHumanGenomeProjecthasbecomewidelyknownandpraisedforfindingthegenesconnectedwithterriblediseasesasyet(迄今)，andmakingprogresstowardseparatingthegenesthatshowasignofbreastcancerorAIDS.Oncethesegenesarefoundandstudied，researcherscandevelopnewwaystoattackinfections(传染)，andgeneticdiseases.Medicalcompaniesareveryinterestedinmappingthehumangenome，astheyexpecttodevelopalotofnewdrugsfortheseillnesses.14．Whydidthescientistsworkhardatmappingthehumangenome?A．Becausethehumangenomecandestroymanyillnesses.B．Becausethehumangenome'scompletioncanhelpthemgetridofmanydiseases.C．Becausetheywantedtobebetterknownthanothers.D．Becausethehumangenomecanprovidealotofchancesofwork.答案B解析细节理解题。从文章最后一段的第一句“Oncethesegenesarefoundandstudied，researcherscandevelopnewwaystoattackinfections(传染)，andgeneticdiseases.”可以看出科学家们完成人类基因组图的目的。15．Whichcountrystudiedthegenesmostrapidlyintheworld?A．Japan. B．Germany.C．TheUnitedStates.答案C解析细节理解题。由第三段的...the...theleadingorganizationforgeneticresearchisintheUnitedStates...”可知，答案选C。16．WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrue?A．Ifthegenescanbefound，scientistscanstudymanynewwaystocureillnesses.B．Thescientistshavemadegreatprogressinconnectingthegeneswiththecancers.C．Manymedicalcompaniesshowgreatinterestindrawingthehumangenomemap.D．TheUnitedStatesbeganthegenesstudyearlyinthe19th答案D解析细节理解题。由第三段可知，美国是在1990年，即20世纪末开始绘制人类基因组图的，所以答案选D。17．TheauthorsuggeststhattheHumanGenomeProjectcancause________.A．thepolicymakerstofeelveryworriedandcarefulB．thescientiststoworkharderC．manypeopletofindworkeasilyD．alotofcompaniestoproducemanynewdrugs答案B解析推理判断题。从文章内容可知，人类基因组图的完成将有助于科学家们攻克一系列难关。所以，他们在更努力地探究。Ⅲ.语法填空TheStateAdministrationofCulturalHeritage(SACH)willstartacampaign，__18__willinvolveregularinspectionsandrandomchecksonprotectioneffortsbylocalauthoritiestopreventdamagetotheGreatWall.TheSACHwillopenaspeciallineforinformationabout__19__(go)againstlawsanddamagetotheGreatWallfromthepublic.TheGreatWallcoversover21,000kilometersfromGansuProvincetoHebeiProvince.AccordingtoSACHstatistics，about30percentofa6,200-kmsectionofthewall__20__(build)intheMingDynastyhasdisappeared，andlessthan10percent__21__(be)consideredwell-preserved.TheGreatWallhasfacedthreats__22__bothnatureandhumans.Some__23__(nature)phenomenasuchasearthquakes，rainandwindhave__24__(gradual)leftthewallwithmanybrokenbricks.Human__25__(activity)，suchasirresponsibledevelopmentandagriculturenearthewall，havedamagedthelandmark，accordingtoresearchbytheChinaGreatWallSociety.__26__lackofprotectioneffortsinremoteregionsandaweakplanforprotectionhavealsomadea__27__(contribute)tothedamage.【语篇解读】本文是说明文，话题是历史与地理类。本文主要介绍了长城受到破坏的原因以及国家文化遗产管理局采取的保护措施。18．which[根据句子结构可知，该空是非限制性定语从句的关系词，先行词是campaign，关系词在非限制性定语从句中作主语，故用which。]19．going[介词后用动词-ing形式作宾语。]20．built[build与thewall之间是被动关系，且表示已完成的动作，故用过去分词短语作定语。]21．is[根据上下文，此处用一般现在时表示长城目前的状态，且完整的主语是lessthan10percentofthewall，故谓语动词用单数。]22．from[threatfrom...来自……的威胁。]23．natural[空格中所填单词在句中修饰名词phenomena，需用nature的形容词形式。]24．gradually[空格中所填单词在句中修饰谓语动词，故用gradual的副词形式。]25．activities[谓语动词是havedamaged，故此处用activity的复数形式。]26．A[alackof...缺乏……]27．contribution[空格中所填单词在句中作宾语，且其前有冠词a，故用contribute的名词形式。]Ⅳ.短文改错OnedayIwokeupandsmelledfire.Igotbackandranoutoftheapartmentimmediate.OutsideIseeawomaninthesecond-floorwindowholdingoutanewbornbaby.Heaskedmetocatch.Withoutsecondthought，Irushedoverandheldoutmyarms.AfterIknewit，thebabyhadlandedinmyarms.Iwassomuchhappythatitwasfine.Themotherhadtojumpoutofthewindow，either.Later，shethankedmeforsaveherbaby.Itfeltgreatlytobeagoodneighbor.答案OnedayIwokeupandsmelledfire.Igoteq\f(back,up)andranoutoftheapartmenteq\f(immediate,immediately).OutsideIeq\f(see,saw)awomaninthesecond-floorwindowholdingoutanewbornbaby.eq\f(He,She)askedmetocatch.Withouteq\o(\s\up7(∧),\s\do5(a))secondthought，Irushedoverandheldoutmyarms.e