图解脑疝专业知识宣讲培训课件

图解脑疝专业知识宣讲脑疝是指在颅内压增高的情况下，脑组织通过某些脑池向压力相对较低的部位移位的结果，即脑组织由其原来正常的位置而进入了一个异常的位置。2图解脑疝专业知识宣讲脑疝的类型：a.大脑镰疝：一侧大脑半球占位病变可使同侧扣带回经大脑镰下缘疝入对侧，胼胝体受压下移。小脑幕切迹疝b.前疝：也称颞叶沟回疝，是颞叶沟回疝于脚间池及环池的前部；②后疝：颞叶内侧部疝于四叠体池及环池的后部；f.小脑幕切迹上疝：后颅凹占位病变时，小脑上蚓部可向上疝入小脑幕切迹的四叠体池。c.中心疝：幕上压力增高，致使大脑深部结构及脑干纵轴牵张移位。d.颅外疝：脑组织通过颅外缺损疝出。e.枕骨大孔疝：后颅凹占位病变时，可致小脑扁桃体疝入枕骨大孔。g.蝶骨嵴疝：颅前凹和颅中凹的占位病变，由于病变部压力相对高一些，则额眶回可越过蝶骨嵴进入颅中凹，可颞叶前部挤向颅前凹。3图解脑疝专业知识宣讲示意图a)subfalcial(cingulate)herniation;镰下疝b)uncalherniation;钩疝c)downward(central,transtentorial)herniation;下行性小脑幕疝d)externalherniation;颅外疝e)tonsillarherniation.扁桃体疝f)ascendingtranstentorialherniation(reversedtentorial)上行性小脑幕疝g)sphenoidherniation蝶骨嵴疝4图解脑疝专业知识宣讲类型脑疝部位命名别名疝入脑组织命名1．大脑镰下疝扣带回疝2．小脑天幕疝前疝后疝小脑幕切迹疝、小脑幕下降疝脚间池疝环池疝，四叠体疝颞叶钩回疝海马回疝3．小脑幕孔中心疝间脑4．小脑幕孔上疝小脑幕上疝小脑蚓部疝5．枕骨大孔疝小脑扁桃体疝5图解脑疝专业知识宣讲示意图6图解脑疝专业知识宣讲解剖关系7图解脑疝专业知识宣讲解剖关系FQcMb3vTOSyCClvFPOSpCClvss8图解脑疝专业知识宣讲解剖关系FTCesPd4thVFTMbCes9图解脑疝专业知识宣讲Thesuprasellarcistern&thequadrigeminalcisternTheleftandcenterimagesshowthesuprasellarcistern.Itsanteriorbordersareformedbythefrontallobes(F).Itslateralbordersareformedbytheuncus(U)ofthetemporallobes.Theleftimageshowsthe5-pointedstarappearanceofthesuprasellarcisternwheretheposteriorborderisformedbythepons(Po).Theblackarrowpointstothefourthventricle.Thecenterimageshowsahighercutwherethesuprasellarcisternhasa6-pointedstarappearancesincetheposteriorborderisformedbythecerebralpeduncles(P)whichhaveacentralcleft.Therightimageshowsthequadrigeminalcistern(blackarrow).Notethe"baby'sbottom"appearanceofitsanteriorborder.WhenICPisincreased,thequadrigeminalcisternspaceiscompressedorobliterated.10图解脑疝专业知识宣讲Thesuprasellarcistern

&thequadrigeminalcistern.ThemidlinesagittalMRIscanshowsthelevelsoftheaxialdiagrams.Thequadrigeminalcisternislocatedabove(anteriorto)the"Q"inthehighestcutshown(number9).Theanteriorborderofthequadrigeminalcisternisformedbythesuperiorcolliculi(c).Image8(lowercut)alsoshowsthequadrigeminalcistern.Inthiscase,itsanteriorborderisformedbytheinferiorcolliculi(c).Thisgivestheanteriorborderofthequadrigeminalcisterntheappearanceofa"baby'sbottom".Thequadrigeminalplateiscomprisedofthesuperiorandinferiorcolliculi.Thequadrigeminalcisternisposteriortothisquadrigeminalplate,thusitsanteriorbordermaybeformedbytheinferiororsuperiorcolliculi.11图解脑疝专业知识宣讲镰下疝临床表现影像所见并发症头痛对侧下肢无力同侧额角截断大脑镰前份不对称同侧侧脑室腔消失透明隔移位因大脑前动脉卡压到大脑镰上引起同侧ACA供血区梗塞伴有其他疝12图解脑疝专业知识宣讲Subfalcineherniation(cingulateherniation)

TranstentorialherniationThesuprasellarcistern(leftimage)isobliterated.Thequadrigeminalcisternisverycompressedandpushedposteriorly(centerimage).Asubduralhematomawithamidlineshiftisnoted.Thereiscentraltranstentorialandsubfalcineherniation.13图解脑疝专业知识宣讲ACA供血区梗塞14图解脑疝专业知识宣讲Uncalherniation临床表现影像所见并发症同侧瞳孔散大、眼动受限（动眼神经受压）对侧偏瘫（同侧大脑脚受压）有时颞叶疝压迹会导致同侧偏瘫（对侧大脑脚受压。假定位体征）对侧颞角增宽同侧环池增宽同侧桥前池增宽钩回进入鞍上池大脑后动脉受压导致枕叶梗塞15图解脑疝专业知识宣讲鞍上池缺角16图解脑疝专业知识宣讲冠状位CT与MRI17图解脑疝专业知识宣讲海马旁回褶皱18图解脑疝专业知识宣讲对侧颞角增宽19图解脑疝专业知识宣讲同侧桥前池增宽20图解脑疝专业知识宣讲同侧环池增宽21图解脑疝专业知识宣讲Uncalherniation22图解脑疝专业知识宣讲Uncalherniationobliterationofthesuprasellarcistern(redarrow)andthequadrigeminalcistern(greenarrow)23图解脑疝专业知识宣讲UncalherniationTheipsilateralventricle,sulci,fissuresarecompressedandobliterated,isappeared.obliterationofthe

suprasellarcistern(s)andquadrigeminalcistern(q)24图解脑疝专业知识宣讲UncalherniationAcuteinfarction1stdayAcuteinfarction4thdaysq25图解脑疝专业知识宣讲UncalherniationBeforesurgery,abigGBMinthelefttemporallobewithuncalherniation.Aftersurgery,theGBMwasremoved,thesuprasellarcisternandquadrigeminalcisternsarenormal.26图解脑疝专业知识宣讲UncalherniationAcuteinfarctionofrightposteriorartery(PCA),thisisacomplicationofuncal/transtentorialherniation,becausethePCAwascompressedbybrainherniation.27图解脑疝专业知识宣讲双侧大脑后动脉梗塞28图解脑疝专业知识宣讲双侧大脑后动脉梗塞29图解脑疝专业知识宣讲Durettehemorrhage30图解脑疝专业知识宣讲Durettehemorrhage31图解脑疝专业知识宣讲Kernohan’snotch颞叶疝压迹32图解脑疝专业知识宣讲UncalherniationWhenmasseffectswithinoradjacenttothetemporallobeoccur,themedialportionofthetemporallobe(uncus)isforcedmediallyanddownwardoverthetentorium.Thereisipsilateralpupillarydilation.Theuncusispushedmediallyintothesuprasellarcistern.Thereisbilateraluncalherniation.Thesuprasellarcisternisobliterated.33图解脑疝专业知识宣讲earlyuncalherniationTherightuncusispushingintothesuprasellarcistern;earlyrightuncalherniation.34图解脑疝专业知识宣讲中心疝临床表现影像所见并发症意识改变呼吸模式改变去皮层、去脑小瞳孔因脉络膜前动脉受压引起苍白球和视束梗塞35图解脑疝专业知识宣讲中心疝36图解脑疝专业知识宣讲Superiorvermianherniation(ascendingtranstentorialherniation)由于后颅凹的占位效应，小脑蚓和小脑半球通过小脑幕切迹向上移动临床表现影像所见并发症恶心呕吐意识障碍中脑外观呈陀螺状双侧环池变窄四叠体池充满因小脑上动脉受压引起梗塞Galen静脉移位脑积水意识障碍迅速出现，并可能死亡37图解脑疝专业知识宣讲陀螺状外观38图解脑疝专业知识宣讲双侧环池变窄39图解脑疝专业知识宣讲四叠体池充满40图解脑疝专业知识宣讲不露齿的微笑41图解脑疝专业知识宣讲皱眉42图解脑疝专业知识宣讲第二天，四叠体池和环池消失44图解脑疝专业知识宣讲脑积水45图解脑疝专业知识宣讲ascendingtranstentorialherniation46图解脑疝专业知识宣讲枕大孔疝临床表现影像所见并发症双侧上肢感觉减退意识障碍轴位像见到小脑扁桃体位于齿状突水平矢状位见到小脑扁桃体低于枕大孔5mm（成人）或7mm（儿童）小脑扁桃体出血性坏死意识障碍和死亡47图解脑疝专业知识宣讲枕大孔疝48图解脑疝专业知识宣讲TonsillarherniationIntonsillarherniation(rare),amasseffectintheposteriorfossacausesthecerebellartonsilstoherniateinferiorlythroughtheforamenmagnumcompressingthemedullaanduppercervicalspinalcord.Consciouspatientscomplainofneckpainandvomiting.Theymayhavenystagmus,pupillarydilatation,bradycardia,hypertensionandrespiratorydepression.Earlytonsillarherniationisdifficulttorecognizeinanunconsciouspatient.ItmaynotbeevidentonCTscansinceaxialviewscannotseethepathologywell.ItisbestseenonsagittalMRI.Clinicallychangesinvitalsignsmaybetheonlyclinicalclueinanunconsciouspatient.49图解脑疝专业知识宣讲Tonsillarherniation50图解脑疝专业知识宣讲amalepatientinhis30'swhodiedofbrainstemherniationaftercompletingamarathon.

TheCTshows(A)lossoftherostralcerebralsulcisuggestingincreaseinICP,(B)and(C)alargehydrocephaluswithwideningofbothtemporalhorns.Thegreymattercanstillbedifferentiatedfromthewhitematter,butallsulciarelost.Thissuggeststhatthebrainoedemaisofrelativerecentonsetandmassivetissueischaemiahasnotyetoccurred.(D)Compressionofthefourthventriclewithdilatationofthethirdventricleandthecaudalaspectofbothtemporalhorns.Thisisobservedwithconsiderablebrainoedemaandobstructivehydrocephalus.(E)Herniationofthemedullaandponsintotheforamenmagnum.(F)Thetonsilsarelocatedatthelevelofthedenswhichisagoodindicatorforforamenmagnumherniation.51图解脑疝专业知识宣讲(A)Thediscshowsfloridhemorrhageswithrelativelylittleswelling,indicatingarapid,dramaticincreaseinCSFpressure.Progressivechangesofopticdiscoedemaareseeninapatientwithanintracranialtumourwhodeclinedtreatment(B-D).(B)Earlynervefiberdilatationisseenparticularlysuperiorly,inferiorlyandnasally.(C)Thisincreasesandvenousengorgementdevelops.(D)Temporalnervefiberdilatationandswellingofthediscincreasesandhemorrhagesappear.(E)Ingrosschronicdiscoedemathenormalretinalvasculatureismaskedanddilateds