计算机专业英语翻译参考

计算机专业英语翻译参考(P1)Computersciencedealswiththetheoreticalfoundationsofinformationandcomputation,togetherwithpracticaltechniquesfortheimplementationandapplicationofthesefoundations,suchasprogramminglanguagetheory,computationalcomplexitytheory,computergraphicsandhuman-computerinteraction.计算机科学涉及信息和计算的理论基础，以及这些基础的实施和应用的实际技术，如编程语言理论，计算复杂性理论，计算机图形学和人机交互。(P17)Themostimportantpieceofgraphicshardwareisthegraphicscard,whichisthepieceofequipmentthatrendersoutallimagesandsendsthemtoadisplay.Therearetwotypesofgraphicscards:integratedanddedicated.Anintegratedgraphicscard,usuallybyIntelfor use in their computers, is bound to themotherboard and shares RAM (Random AccessMemory)withtheCPU,reducingthetotalamountofRAM available. This is undesirable for runningprogramsandapplicationsthatusealargeamountofvideomemory.AdedicatedgraphicscardhasitsownRAMandProcessorforgeneratingitsimages,anddoesnotslowdownthecomputer.Dedicatedgraphicscardsalsohavehigherperformancethanintegratedgraphicscards.Itispossibletohavebothdedicatedandintegratedgraphicscard,howeveronceadedicatedgraphicscardisinstalled,theintegratedcardwillnolongerfunctionuntilthededicatedcardisremoved.并将它们发送到一个显示器的设备。有两种类型的显卡：集成和专用。集成的显卡，通常由英特尔在他们的计算机上使用，被绑定到主板并且与中央处理器共享内存（随机存取存储器集成显卡将不再起作用，直到专用显卡被移除。(P18)ChannelI/Orequirestheuseofinstructionsthatare specificallydesigned to perform（执行） operations.TheI/Oinstructionsaddress（处理）thechannel or the channel and device; the channelasynchronously（异步的）accessesallotherrequiredaddressingandcontrolinformation.ThisissimilartoDMA,butmoreflexible.I/OI/OI/O令处理通道或通道和设备；通道异步访问所有其他所需的寻址和控制信息。这是类似于DMA，但更灵活。(P19)调制解调器是在模拟和数字信号之间进行转换的设以发送数据，那么它们采用的则是半双工工作方式。Modemisadevicethatconverts模拟）signalsolsr（相反地.tsntocommunicatebetweencomputersvia（渠道）telephonelines.Ifthetwomodemscansenddatatoeachother,theyusefull-duplexmode;ifonlyonemodemcantransmitdata,theyusehalf-duplexmode.(P21)Wemanyhavedefinedourlastgenerationofcomputer and begun the era of computers.Eventhoughcomputermanufacturerstalkof“fifth”and“sixth”generationcomputers,thistalkismoreamarketingplaythanareflectionofreality.我们已经定义了我们的上一代计算机，并且开始了计算机的无代时代。即使计算机制造商谈论的“第五”和“第六”代电脑，这个说法比起现实的反映更像是一个营销游戏。(P21)Althoughmicroprocessorsarestilltechnicallyconsideredtobehardware,portionsoftheirfunctionarealsoassociatedwithcomputersoftware.Sincemicroprocessorshavebothhardwareandsoftwareaspectstheyarethereforeoftenreferredtoasfirmware.虽然微处理器仍然在技术上被认为是硬件，它们的部分功能也与计算机软件有联系。因为微处理器有硬件和软件两个方面，因此，他们往往被称为固件。(P22)Electronichardwareconsistsofinterconnected（互联的）electronic/组件）whichperformanalogorlogicoperationsonreceivedandlocallystoredinformationtoproduceasoutputorstoreresultingnewinformationortoprovidecontrolforoutputactuatormechanisms（机制Electronichardwarecanrangefromindividualchips/circuitstodistributedinformationprocessingsystems.

Well-designed

electronic hardware iscomposed of functional modules whichinter-communicateviapreciselydefinedinterfaces.输出或存储产生的新信息或提供控制输出执行机构的机制。电子硬件的范围可以从单独的芯片/电路到分布式信息通过精确定义的接口组成。(P23)Hardwarelogicisprimarilyadifferentiationofthe data processing circuitry from other generalizedcircuitry.Forexample,nearlyallcomputersincludeapowersupplywhichconsistsofcircuitrynotinvolvedindataprocessingbutratherpoweringthedataprocessingcircuits.Similarly,acomputermayoutputinformationtoacomputermonitororaudioamplifier which is also not involved in computationalprocess.硬件逻辑主要是从其他更广义电路的数据处理电路的分放大器，也不涉及计算过程。9.(P233段)(P30)TheSpaceShuttleavionicssoftwarerepresentsasuccessfulintegrationofmanyofthecomputerindustry'smostadvancedsoftwareengineeringpracticesandapproaches.Beginninginthelate1970'sthissoftwaredevelopmentandmaintenanceprojecthasevolvedoneoftheworld'smostmaturesoftwareprocessesapplyingtheprinciplesofthehighestlevelsoftheCarnegieMellonUniversitySoftwareEngineering,Institute'sCapabilityMaturityModel,TrustedSoftwaremethodology,andISO9001Standards.Thissoftware,doeate”ysoftware industry organizations includesstate-of-the-practicesoftwarereliabilityengineeringmethodologies.Lve-criticalShuttleavionicssoftwareproducedbythisprocessisrecognizedtobehighestqualityandhighestreliabilitysoftwareinoperationintheworld.航天飞机的航空电子设备软件代表了许多计算机行业最先进的软件工程实践和方法的成功整合。从十九世纪七十年代后期开始，这个软件开发和维护项目已经发展为世界上最成熟的软件过程之一。应用最高水平的卡内基梅隆大学软件工程研究所的能力成熟度模型，可信软件方法，和国际标准化组织9001标准的原则。这个软件过程，被许多软件行业组织认为是一个“最佳实践”，包括实践性的软件可靠性工程方法论。由这个过程产生的关键的航天飞机航空电子设备软件，被认为是世界上公认的质量最高的和可靠性最高的软件。(P35)Unixwasoriginallywritteninassemblylanguage.KenThompsonwroteB,mainlybasedonBCPL,basedonhisexperienceintheMULTICSproject.BwasreplacedbyC,andUnix,rewritteninC,developedintoalarge,complexfamilyofinter-relatedoperatingsystemswhichhavebeeninfluentialineverymodernoperatingsystem.TheUnix-likefamilyisadiversegroupofoperatingsystems,withseveralmajorsub-categoriesincludingSystemV,BSD,andLinux.UNIX是用汇编语言写的。肯汤普森写的B，主要基于BCPL，基于他在Multics项目的经验。B是由C和UNIX所取代，用C重写，发展成一个庞大的、复杂的相互关联的操作系统，对所有现代操作系统有影响。类UNIX系统是一组不同的操作系统中，几个主要的子类包括系统V，BSD，Linux。(P37)Logmanagementmoduleplaysanimportantroleinthemassivespatialdatabasemanagementsystem.Therearefewthree-dimensionalspatialdatabasemanagementsystemswithpertinentlogmanagementsub-system,ortheadministratorcanonlyusethelog,whichisattachedbydatabasesystem,torecoverthedata.Toimprovethisissue,hierarchicalstructureofthelogmanagementmoduleshouldbetakenintoaccount.Theoveralldesignofthree-dimensionalspatialdatabasemanagementsystemisasfollows:three-dimensionalspatialdatabase(includingdatabasesystem,filesystem),three-dimensionalspatialdataengine,andthree-dimensionalspacemanagementtools.日志管理模块在海量空间数据库管理系统中起着重要的作用。三维空间数据库管理系统与相关的日志管理子系统很少，或管理员只能使用数据库系统所附的日志恢复数据。为了改善这个问题，应考虑日志管理模块的层次结构。三（包管理工具。(P37) According to the 3D spatial databasemanagement system design, we divided the managementintothreelayers.Thelogmanagementsystemincludesmonitorlayerofthree-dimensionalspatialdatabase'striggersandfiledatabasesystemoperationsrecordingstatements,interfacelayeroflogmanagement module of spatialdatabaseengine,andgraphicaluserinterfacelayeroflogmanagementmoduleofthree-dimensionalspatialdatamanagementtools.根据三维空间数据库管理系统的设计，将日志管理分为三个层次。日志管理系统包括监控层、接口层和图形用户界面层。监控层包括三维空间数据库的触发器和文件数据库系统操作记录报表。接口层包括日志管理模块的三维空间数据库引擎。图形用户接口界面层包括日志管理模块的三维空间数据管理工具。14. (P373(P72)E-mailisapipelinetothousandsofexpertsonvirtuallyeverything;itisameansofmeetingpeoplewithsimilarinterestsorproblems.Whatit'snotislivechat—real-timeconversationslikethoseonhamradio