考研英语真题及解析

2000年全真试题

PartICloseTest

Directions：

Foreachnumberedblankinthefollowingpassage,therearefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].

ChoosethebestoneandmarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthe

bracketswithapencil.(10points)

①Ifafarmerwishestosucceed,hemusttrytokeepawidegapbetweenhisconsumptionandhisproduction.

②Hemuststorealargequantityofgrain1consumingallhisgrainimmediately.③Hecancontinuetosupport

himselfandhisfamily2heproducesasurplus.④Hemustusethissurplusinthreeways:asseedforsowing,asan

insurance3theunpredictableeffectsofbadweatherandasacommoditywhichhemustsellinorderto4old

agriculturalimplementsandobtainchemicalfertilizersto5thesoil.⑤Hemayalsoneedmoneytoconstruct

irrigation6andimprovehisfarminotherways.⑥Ifnosurplusisavailable,afarmercannotbe7.⑦Hemust

eithersellsomeofhispropertyor8extrafundsintheformofloans.©Naturallyhewilltrytoborrowmoneyata

low9_ofinterest,butloansofthiskindarenot_10obtainable.[139words]

1.[A]otherthan[B]aswellas[C]insteadof[D]morethan

2.[A]onlyif[B]muchas[C]longbefore[D]eversince

3.[A]for[B]against[C]of[D]towards

4.[A]replace[B]purchaseCC]supplement[D]dispose

5.[A]enhance[B]mixEC]feed[D]raise

6.[A]vessels[B]routes[C]paths[D]channels

7.[A]self-confident[B]self-sufficient

[C]self-satisfied[D]seirrestrained

8.[A]search[B]saveEC]offer[D]seek

9.[A]proportion[B]percentageEC]rate[D]ratio

10.[A]genuinely[B]obviouslyEC]presumably[D]frequently

PartIIReadingComprehension

Passage1

①Ahistoryoflongandeffortlesssuccesscanbeadreadfii]handicap,but,ifproperlyhandled,itmaybecomea

drivingforce.(2)WhentheUnitedStatesenteredjustsuchaglowingperiodaftertheendoftheSecondWorldWar,it

hadamarketeighttimeslargerthananycompetitor,givingitsindustriesunparalleledeconomiesofscale.③Its

”.AmericaandAmericanswereprosperousbeyond

thedrcamsoftheEuropeansandAsianswhoseeconomiesthewarhaddestroyed.

①Itwasinevitablethatthisprimacyshouldhavenarrowedasothercountriesgrewricher.(2)Justasinevitably,

theretreatfrompredominanceprovedpainful.③Bythemid-1980sAmericanshadfoundthemselvesatalossover

theirfadingindustrialcompetitiveness.④SomehugeAmericanindustries,suchasconsumerelectronics,hadshrunkor

vanishedindiefaceofforeigncompetition.⑤By1987therewasonlyoneAmericantelevisionmakerleft,Zenith.

⑥(Nowthereisnone:Zenithwasbou^itbySouthKorea'sLGElectronicsinJuly.)⑦(12)Foreign-madecarsand

textilesweresweepingintothedomesticmarket.-toolindustrywasontheropes.⑧Forawhile

itlookedasthoughthemakingofsemiconductors,whichAmericahadinventedandwhichsatattheheartofthenew

computerage,wasgoingtobethenextcasualty.

①Allofthiscausedacrisisofconfidence.②Americansstoppedtakingprosperityforgranted.③Theybeganto

believethattheirwayofdoingbusinesswasfailing,andthattheirincomeswouldthereforeshortlybegintofallaswell.

④Themid-1980sbroughtoneinquiryafteranotherintothecausesofAmericasindustrialdecline.⑤Their

sometimessensationalfindingswerefilledwithwarningsaboutthegrowingcompetitionfromoverseas.

①Howthingshavechanged!(2)1n1995theUnitedStatescanlookbackonfiveyearsofsolidgrowthwhileJapan

hasbeenstruggling.③(,4)FewAmericansattributethissolelytosuchobviouscausesasadevalueddollarorthe

turningofthebusinesscycle.④Self-doubthasyieldedtoblindpride.⑤aAmericanindustryhaschangeditsstructure,

hasgoneonadiet,haslearnttobemorequick-witted,“accordingtoRichardCavanaugh,executivedeanof

Harvard'sKennedySchoolofGovernment.⑥“ItmakesmeproudtobeanAmericanjusttoseehowour

businessesareimprovingtheirproductivity/saysStephenMooreoftheCatoInstiuite,athink-tankinWashington,

DC.⑦AndWilliamSahlmanoftheHarvardBusinessSchoolbelievesthatpeoplewilllookbackonthisperiodas"a

goldenageofbusinessmanagementintheUnitedStates.”[429words]

11.TheU.S.achieveditspredominanceafterWorldWar11because.

[A]ithadmadepainstakingeffortstowardsthisgoal

[B]itsdomesticmarketwaseighttimeslargerthanbefore

[C]thewarhaddestroyedtheeconomiesofmostpotentialcompetitors

[D]theunparalleledsizeofitsworkforcehadgivenanimpetustoitseconomy

12.ThelossofU.S.predominanceintheworldeconomyinthe1980sismanifestedinthefactthattheAmerican.

[A]TVindustryhadwithdrawntoitsdomesticmarket

[B]semiconductorindustryhadbeentakenoverbyforeignenterprises

EC]machine-toolindustryhadcollapsedaftersuicidalactions

[D]autoindustrj'hadlostpartofitsdomesticmarket

13.Whatcanbeinferredfromthepassage?

[A]Itishumannaturetoshiftbetweenself-doubtandblindpride.

[B]Intensecompetitionmaycontributetoeconomicprogress.

EC]Therevivaloftheeconomydependsoninternationalcooperation.

ED]Alonghistoryofsuccessmaypavethewayforfurtherdevelopment.

14.TheauthorseemstobelievetherevivaloftheU.S.economyinthe1990scanbeattributedtothe.

[A]turningofthebusinesscycle[B]restructuringofindustry*

[C]improvedbusinessmanagement[D]successineducation

Passage2

①(,5)Beingamanhasalwaysbeendangerous.②Thereareabout105malesbornforevery100females,butthis

ratiodropstonearbalanceattheageofmaturity,andamong70-year-oldstherearctwiceasmanywomenasmen.

(3)Butthegreatuniversalofmalemortalityisbeingchanged.④Now,boybabiessunivealmostaswellasgirlsdo.

⑤Thismeansthat,forthefirsttime,therewillbeanexcessofboysinthosecrucialyearswhentheyaresearchingfor

amate.⑥Moreimportant,anotherchancefornaturalselectionhasbeenremoved.⑦Fiftyyearsago,thechanceofa

certaindeath.⑧Todayitmakesalmostnodifference.Sincemuchofthevariationisduetogenes,onemoreagentof

evolutionhasgone.

①Thereisanotherwaytocommitevolutionarysuicide:stayalive,buthavefewerchildren.②Fewpeopleareas

fertileasinthepast.©Exceptinsomereligiouscommunities,veryfewwomenhave15children.〔④Nowadaysthe

numberofbirths,liketheageofdeath,hasbecomeaverage.®Mostofushaveroughlythesamenumberofoffspring.

®<16)Again,differencesbetweenpeopleandtheoppnrtunip-fornaturalselection【otakeadvancagcofithave

diminished.⑦Indiashowswhatishappening.

theremainingtribalpeoples.⑧Thegrandmediocrityoftoday-everyonebeingthesameinsurvivalandnumberof

offspring-meansthatnaturalselectionhaslost80%ofitspowerinupper-middlc-classIndiacomparedtothetribes.

Forus,thismeansthatevolutionisover;thebiologicalUtopiahasarrived.©Strangely,ithasinvolvedlittle

physicalchange.③Nootherspeciesfillssomanyplacesinnature.(4)Butinthepast100,000years一eventhepast100

years-ourliveshavebeentransformedbutourbodieshavenot.⑤⑴)Wcdidnotevolve,becausemachinesand

societydiditforus.⑥Darwinhadaphrasetodescribethoseignorantofevolution:they“lookatanorganicbeingas

asavagelooksataship,asatsomethingwhollybeyondhiscomprehension."©Nodoubtwewillremembera20th

escendantsmaybeathowfar

fromUtopiawewere,theywilllookjustlikeus.[406words]

15.Whatusedtobethedangerinbeingamanaccordingtothefirstparagraph?

[A]Alackofmates.[B]Afiercecompetition.

EC]Alowersurvivalrate.[D]Adefectivegene.

16.WhatdoestheexampleofIndiaillustrate?

[A]Wealthypeopletendtohavefewerchildrenthanpoorpeople.

[B]Naturalselectionhardlyworksamongtherichandthepoor.

[C]Themiddleclasspopulationis80%smallerthanthatofthetribes.

ED]Indiaisoneofthecountrieswithaveryhighbirthrate.

17.Theauthorarguesthatourbodieshavestoppedevolvingbecause.

[A]lifehasbeenimprovedbytechnologicaladvance

[B]thenumberoffemalebabieshasbeendeclining

[C]ourspecieshasreachedthehigheststageofevolution

[D]thedifferencebetweenwealthandpovertyisdisappearing

18.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttideforthepassage?

[A]SexRatioChangesinHumanEvolution.

[B]WaysofContinuingMan'sEvolution.

[C]TheEvolutionaryFutureofNature.

[D]HumanEvolutionGoingNowhere.

Passage3

①⑵)—henanewmovementinartattainsacertainfashion,itisadvisabletoEndout\\，hatitsadvocatesare

aimingat,for,howeverfarfetchedandunreasonabletheirprinciplesmayseem【oday,ispossiblethatinyearsto

cometheymayberegardedasnormal.©WithregardtoFuturistpoetry,however,thecaseisratherdifficult,for

whateverFuturistpoetrymaybe-evenadmittingthatthetheoryonwhichitisbasedmayberi加t—itcanhardlybe

classedasLiterature.

:①This,inbriefsiswhattheFuturistsays:foracentury，pastconditionsoflifehavebeenconditionallyspeeding

up,tillnowweliveinaworldofnoiseandviolenceandspeed.©Consequently,ourfeelings,thoughtsandemotions

haveundergoneacorrespondingchange.③⑵，"thisspeedingupoflife,saystheFuturist,requiresanewformof

expression.(4)Wemustspeedupourliteraturetoo,ifwewanttointerpretmodernstress.⑤Wemustpouroutalarge

streamofessentialwords,unhamperedbystops,orqualifyingadjectives,orfiniteverbs.⑥Insteadofdescribing

soundswemustmakeupwordsthatimitatethem;wemustusemanysizesoftypeanddifferentcoloredinksonthe

samepage,andshortenorlengthenwordsatwill.

©Certainlytheirdescriptionsofbattlesareconfused.②Butitisalittleupsettingtoreadintheexplanatorynotes

thatacertainlinedescribesafightbetweenaTurkishandaBulgarianofficeronabridgeoffwhichtheybothfallinto

theriver-andthentofindthatthelineconsistsofthenoiseoftheirfallingandtheweightsoftheofficers:"Plu田

Pluff!Ahundredandeighty-fivekilograms.”

(D(22)This,thoughitfulfillsthelawsandrequirementsofFuturistpcetry,canhardlybeclassedasLiterature.

②AUthesame,nothinkingmancanrefusetoaccepttheirfirstproposition:thatagreatchangeinouremotionallife

callsforachangeofexpression.③Thewholequestionisreallythis:haveweessentiallychanged?[334words]

19.Thispassageismainly.

[A]asurveyofnewapproachestoart

[B]areviewofFuturistpoetry

[C]aboutmeritsoftheFuturistmovement

[D]aboutlawsandrequirementsofliterature

20.Whenanovelliteraryideaappears,peopleshouldtryto.

[A]determineitspurposes[B]ignoreitsflaws

[C]followthenewfashions[D]accepttheprinciples

21.Futuristsclaimthatwemust.

[A]increasetheproductionofliterature

[B]usepoetrytorelievemodernstress

EC]developnewmodesofexpression

[D]avoidusingadjectivesandverbs

22.TheauthorbelievesthatFuturistpoetryis.

[A]basedonreasonableprinciples

[B]newandacceptabletoordinarypeople

[C]indicativeofabasicchangeinhumannature

ED]moreofatransientphenomenonthanliterature

Passage4

①⑵)AimlessnesshashardlybeentypicalofthepostwarJapanwhoseproductivityandsocialharmonyarcthe

envyoftheUnitedStatesandEurope②ButincreasinglytheJapaneseareseeingadeclineofthetraditional

work-moralvalues.③Tenyearsagoyoungpeoplewerehardworkingandsawtheirjobsastheirprimaryreasonfor

being,butnowJapanhaslargelyfulfilleditseconomicneeds,andyoungpeopledon'tknowwheretheyshouldgo

next.

①Thecomingofageofthepostwarbabyboomandanentryofwomenintothemale-dominatedjobmarket

havelimitedtheopportunitiesofteen-agerswhoarealreadyquestioningtheheavypersonalsacrificesinvolvedin

climbingJapan；srigidsocialladdertogoodschoolsandjobs.(2)1narecentsurvey,itwasfoundthatonly24.5

percentofJapanesestudentswerefullysatisfiedwithschoollife,comparedwith67.2percentofstudentsintheUnited

States.③Inaddition,farmoreJapaneseworkersexpresseddissatisfactionwiththeirjobsthandidtheircounterpartsin

the10othercountriessurveyed.

©Whileoftenpraisedbyforeignersforitsemphasisonthebasics,Japaneseeducationtendstostresstesttaking

andmechanicallearningovercreativityandself-expression.②(25)“Thosethingsthatdonotshowupinthetest

scores-personality,ability,courageorhumanity—arecompletelyignored,“saysToshikiKaifu,chairmanofthe

rulingLiberalDemocraticParty'seducationcommittee.③(Frustrationagainstthiskindofthingleadskidstodrop

outandrunwild."④LastyearJapanexperienced2,125incidentsofschoolviolence,including929assaultson

teachers.⑤Amidtheoutcry,manyconservativeleadersareseekingareturntotheprewaremphasisonmoral

education.⑥LastyearMitsuoSetoyama,whowastheneducationminister,raisedeyebrowswhenhearguedthat

liberalreformsintroducedbytheAmericanoccupationauthoritiesafterWorldWarIIhadweakenedthe“Japanese

moralityofrespectforparents.w

①(28ButthatmayhavemoretndewithJapaneselife-styles.②"InJapan,“sayseducatorYokoMuro,“it，s

neveraquestionofwhetheryouenjoyyourjobandyourlife,butonlyhowmuchyoucanendure.w③Witheconomic

growthhascomecentralization;fully76percentofJapan's119millioncitizensliveincitieswherecommunityand

theextendedfamilyhavebeenabandonedinfavorofisolated,t\vo-generationhouseholds.④UrbanJapanesehave

longenduredlengthycommutes(travelstoandfromwork)andcrowdedlivingconditions,butastheoldgroupand

familyvaluesweaken,thediscomfortisbeginningtotell.⑤Inthepastdecade,theJapanesedivorcerate,whilestill

wellbelowthatoftheUnitedStates,hasincreasedbymorethan50percent,andsuicideshaveincreasedbynearly

one-quarter.[447words]

23.IntheWesternerseyes,thepostwarJapanwas.

[A]underaimlessdevelopment[B]apositiveexample

[C]arivaltotheWest[D]onthedecline

24.Accordingtotheauthor,whatmaychieflyberesponsibleforthemoraldeclineofJapanesesociety?

[A]Women?sparticipationinsocialactivitiesislimited.

[B]Moreworkersaredissatisfiedwiththeirjobs.

[C]Excessiveemphasishasbeenplacedonthebasics.

[D]Thelife-stylehasbeeninfluencedbyWesternvalues.

25.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtotheauthor?

[A]Japaneseeducationispraisedfbrhelpingtheyoungclimbthesocialladder.

[B]Japaneseeducationischaracterizedbymechanicallearningaswellascreativity.

[C]Morestressshouldbeplacedonthecultivationofcreativity.

[D]Droppingoutleadstofrustrationagainsttesttaking.

26.ThechangeinJapaneselife-styleisrevealedinthefactthat.

[A]theyoungarelesstolerantofdiscomfortsinlife

[B]thedivorcerateinJapanexceedsthatintheU.S.

[C]theJapaneseenduremorethaneverbefore

[D]theJapaneseappreciatetheirpresentlife

Passage5

①"，Ifambitioniscobewellregarded,【herewardsofambition-wealth,distinction,controloverone's

destiny-mustbedeemedworthyofthesacrificesmadeonambition'sbehalf.②Ifthetraditionofambitionisto

havevitality,itmustbewidelyshared;anditespeciallymustbehighlyregardedbypeoplewhoarethemselvesadmired,

theeducatednotleastamongthem.③*27(28)Inaneddway,however,itistheeducatedwhehaveclaimedtohavegiven

uponambitionasanideal.④Whatisoddistha【theyhaveperhapsmostbenefitedfromambition—ifnotalways【heir

ownthenoftheirparentsandgrandparents.⑤Thereisaheavynoteofhypocrisyinthis,acaseofclosing【he

barndoorafterthehorseshaveescaped——with【heeducatedthemselvesridingonthem.

①Certainlypeopledonotseemlessinterestedinsuccessanditssignsnowthanformerly.②Summerhomes,

Europeantravel,BMWs——thelocations,placenamesandnamebrandsmaychange,butsuchitemsdonotseemlessin

demandtodaythanadecadeortwoyearsago.③(29)30Whathashappenedisthatpeoplecannctconfessfullytothnir

dreams,aseasilyandopenlyasoncetheycould,lesttheybethoughtpushing,acquisitiveandvulgar.©Instead,weare

treatedtofinehypocriticalspectacles,whichnowmorethaneverseeminamplesupply:thecriticofAmerican

materialismwithaSouthamptonsummerhome;thepublisherofradicalbookswhotakeshismealsinthree-star

restaurants;thejournalistadvocatingparticipatorydemocracyinallphasesoflife,whoseownchildrenareenrolledin

privateschools.⑤Forsuchpeopleandmanymoreperhapsnotsoexceptional,theproperformulationis,"Succeed

atallcostsbutavoidappearingambitious.”

①Theattacksonambitionaremanyandcomefromvariousangles;itspublicdefendersarefewand

unimpressive,wheretheyarenotextremelyunattractive.②Asaresult,thesupportforambitionasahealthyimpulse,a

qualitytobeadmiredandfixedinthemindoftheyoung,isprobablylowerthanithaseverbeenintheUnitedStates.

③Thisdocsnotmeanthatambitionisatanend,thatpeoplenolongerfeelitsstirringsandpromptings,butonlythat,

nolongeropenlyhonored,itislessopenlyprofessed.©Consequencesfollowfromthis,ofcourse,someofwhichare

thatambitionisdrivenunderground,ormadesly.⑤Such,then,isthewaythingsstand:ontheleftangrycritics,onthe

rightstupidsupporters,andinthemiddle,asusual,themajorityofearnestpeopletryingtogetoninlife.[431words]

27.Itisgenerallybelievedthatambitionmaybewellregardedif.

[A]itsreturnswellcompensateforthesacrifices

[B]itisrewardedwithmoney,fameandpower

[C]itsgoalsarespiritualratherthanmaterial

[D]itissharedbytherichandthefamous

28.Thelastsentenceofthefirstparagraphmostprobablyimpliesthatitis.

[A]customaryoftheeducatedtodiscardambitioninwords

[B]toolatetocheckambitiononceithasbeenletout

[C]dishonesttodenyambitionafterthefulfillmentofthegoal

[D]impracticalfortheeducatedtoenjoybenefitsfromambition

29.Somepeopledonotopenlyadmittheyhaveambitionbecause.

[A]theythinkofitasimmoral

[B]theirpursuitsarenotfameorwealth

EC]ambitionisnotcloselyrelatedtomaterialbenefits

[D]theydonotwanttoappeargreedyandcontemptible

30.Fromthelastparagraphtheconclusioncanbedrawnthatambitionshouldbemaintained.

[A]secretlyandvigorously[B]openlyandenthusiastically

[C]easilyandmomentarily[D]verballyandspiritually

PartDIEngjish-ChineseTranslation

Governmentsthroughouttheworldactontheassumptionthatthewelfareoftheirpeopledependslargelyonthe

economicstrengthandwealthofthecommunity.31)Undermodernccnditicns,thisrequiresvaryingmeasuresof

centralizedcontrolandhencethehelpofspecializedscientistssuchaseconomistsandoperaHonalresearchexperts.

32)Furthermore,i【isobvious【hue【hestrengthofacountry'seconomyisdirectlyboundupwiththeefficiencyofits

agricultureandindustry,andthatthisinturnrestsupontheefforts〈fscientistsandtechnologistsofallkinds.Italso

meansthatgovernmentsareincreasin^ycompelledtointerfereinthesesectorsinordertostepupproductionand

ensurethatitisutilizedtothebestadvantage.Forexample,theymayencourageresearchinvariousways,includingthe

settingupoftheirownresearchcenters;theymayalterthestructureofeducation,orinterfereinordertoreducethe

wastageofnaturalresourcesortapresourceshithertouncxploited;ortheymaycooperatedirectlyinthegrowing

numberofinternationalprojectsrelatedtoscience,economicsandindustry.Inanycase,allsuchinterventionsare

heavilydependentonscientificadviceandalsoscientificandtechnologicalmanpowerofallkinds.

33)Owing21heremarkabledevelopment:inmass-communications,peopleeverywherearefeelingnew

andarebeingexposedtonewcustomsandideas,whilegovernmentsarcoftenforcedtointroducestillfarther

innovationsfbrthereasonsgivenabove.Atthesametime,thenormalrateofsocialchangethroughouttheworldis

takingplaceatavastlyacceleratedspeedcomparedwiththepast.Forexample,34)七theearlyindustrializedccuntries

ofEuropetheprocessofindustrialization-withallthefar-reachingchangesinsocialpatternsthatfollowed-was

spreadovernearlyacentury,whereasnowadaysadevelopingnationmayunder母)thesameprocessinadecadeorso.

Allthishastheeffectofbuildingupunusualpressuresandtensionswithinthecommunityandconsequentlypresents

seriousproblemsforthegovernmentsconcerned.35)Additionalsocialstressesmayalsooccurbecauseofthe

populationexplosionorproblemsarising&ommassmigrationmovements-themselvesmaderelativelyeasy

nowadaysbymodernmeansoftransport.Asaresultofallthesefactors,governmentsarcbecomingincreasingly

dependentonbiologistsandsocialscientistsforplanningtheappropriateprogramsandputtingthemintoeffect.[390

words]

34)

SectionIVWriting(15points)

36.Directions:

A.Studythefollowingtwopicturescarefullyandwriteanessayofatleast150words.

B.YouressaymustbewrittenneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.

C.Youressayshouldmeettherequirementsbelow:

1)Describethepictures.

2)Deducethepurposeofthepainterofthepictures.

3)Suggestcounter-measures.

2000年英语试题答案

PartIClozeTest

l.C2.A3.B4.A5.C

6.D7.B8.D9.C10.D

PartIIReadingComprehension

Passage1

11.C12.D13.B14.A

Passage2

15.C16.B17.A18.D

Passage3

19.B20.A21.C22.D

Passage4

23.B24.D25.C26.A

P