专题19 阅读理解之主旨大意题-2023年高考英语一轮复习 精讲与精练资料(教师版)

专题19阅读理解之主旨大意题《考点•题型•技巧》考向分析考向分析主旨大意题旨在考查考生通过对原文快速浏览正确获取语篇的大意，并对文章的主题、标题、段落、中心思想加以归纳理解以及辨别主要信息和次要信息的能力。要求考生在阅读短文时，能够提炼文章的中心情节，体会作者的主要意图，充分运用逻辑概括能力，透过字里行间获取文章最具代表性的观点、中心论点及作者的情感倾向。考点导航考点导航1.从考查对象上划分，主旨大意题可分为两种

①篇章主旨：针对全文的主题进行提问。主题句出现在首段的居多，其次是末段或为几段主题的综

②段落主旨：针对某一段或几段的主题提问。主题句可能是段落的首句、末句，也可能需要从上下文中寻找或总结。

2.从考查内容上划分，主旨大意题可分为三种

①主题类(内容)，考查文章或段落的主旨大意；

②目的类，考查文章或段落的写作目的；

③标题类，要求考生选出文章的最佳标题。

◆设问特点：

1.考查全文主旨或段落大意。

2.正确选项概况范围大小恰当，主旨判断准确。

3.错误选项的特点常常是太大、太窄或者偏离主题，主观臆断。

4.常以mainidea,bestidea,subject,mainlydiscuss等词提问。

◆常考问题：

（1）中心思想类

Themainpoint/ideaofthepassageis…

Thepassageismainlyabout…

Thepassagemainlydiscusses…

Thelastbutoneparagraphischieflyconcernedwith…?

Whichofthefollowingstatementsbestexpressesthemainideaofthepassage?

（2）标题类

Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleofthepassage?

Thebesttitleforthepassagewouldbe…

（3）目的类

Theauthor’smainpurposeinwritingthepassageisto…

Thepassageismeantto….

Inwritingthispassage,theauthormainlyintendsto…怎样理解段落及文章整体的主旨大意文章是由段落组成的。段落是发展一个主题的一群句子，段落围绕着中心思想展开，而段落的中心思想又是为文章整体的中心思想服务的。寻找具体段落的中心思想的方法是：通过分析篇章结构，找出每小段的主题句，通过主题句找出文章的主题。找准文章的主题句是确定文章主旨大意的关键。主题是文章要表达的中心思想，文章的主题句通常都有一个话题，它是文章的核心。“主题句定位法”是一种行之有效的方法。但是由于文章的不同，表现的手法也各有不同，主题句出现的位置也不是一成不变的。在许多情况下，尤其在阅读说明文和议论文时，根据其篇章特点我们可以通过寻找短文的主题句来归纳出文章的主题。主题句在文章中的位置通常有三种情况：开头、中间、结尾（含在开头结尾同时出现、首尾呼应的主题句）。因此，仔细阅读这类文章或段落的首尾句是关键。做主旨大意类试题多采用浏览法(skimming)，浏览时，一般不需逐句细读，只选读文章的首段、尾段，或每段的首句和尾句，重点搜索主题线索和主题信息。文章主题常常可以通过文章的写作方法来体现，有以下五种情况：1.中心主题句出现在文首开门见山，提出主题，随之用细节来解释、支撑或发展主题句所表达的主题思想。这是英语中最常见的演绎法写作方式，即由一般到特殊，先提出观点，后举例论证，主题句则出现在段首的写作方法。新闻报道通常就采用这种写法。新闻报道的首句通常称为“新闻导语”，“导语”实际上就是主题句，是对全文内容的高度概括。大意题、标题一般可在第一句话找到答题依据。2.主题句出现在文尾在细节后，归纳要点、印象、结论、建议或结果，以概括主题。这是英语中最常见的归纳法写作方式，即细节表述的句子在前，概括性的句子居后，主题句则常位于末段。3.首尾呼应的写作方法为突出主题，作者先提出主题，结尾时再次点出主题，这种首尾呼应的写作方式也较为多见。通常，前后表述主题的句子不是简单的重复，后面的往往有进一步的引申或发展的意味。4.中心主题隐含在全文之中，没有明确的主题句阅读这样的文章，就要求考生根据文章的细节来分析，概括出段落的主题，从而推导出文章的主旨。分析的方法是，先弄清该段落主要讲了哪几个方面的内容，这些内容在逻辑上有什么联系，然后加以归纳形成主题。该类型的试题则迎刃而解。5.主题句出现在文章的中间通常前面只提出问题，文中的主题由随之陈述的细节或合乎逻辑的引申在文中导出，而后又作进一步的解释、支撑或发展。怎样给阅读文章整体加注标题——高度概括法对文章主旨大意的考察，不仅可以直接以理解段落及文章的主旨大意的形式出现，而且也可以用选择或拟定文章标题的形式出现。因此，选择文章标题，首先可以按照主旨大意的确定方式，先弄清文章的主旨大意，再定标题。标题位于文章之首，用来高度概括文章内容，点明文章主题。它是段落中心思想最精练的表达形式。标题可帮助读者迅速推测出整篇文章的主要内容，抓住文章的中心，把握作者的观点和意图。那么如何选择文章的标题呢？首先，要考虑标题对文章的概括性或覆盖面如何。一般要求能覆盖全文内容，体现文章主旨。要避免下列三种情况：①概括不够（多表现为部分代整体，从而导致范围太小）；②过度概括（多表现为脱离本文章内容的发挥）；③以事实、细节替代抽象具体的大意。其次，要考虑标题的针对性，即标题范围要恰当，针对性强。要在阅读原文的基础上，仔细考虑所选标题与文章主题是否有密切的关系。既不能太大，也不能太小，太大则中心就不突出，太小也发挥不了应起的作用；精确度高，不能随意改变语言的表意程度及色彩。它可以是单词、短语，也可以是句子。再次要注意标题的醒目性，标题的选择要简洁、突出、新颖，标题是文章的点睛之笔，是文章的灵魂和门面。标题的好坏往往影响了文章的可读性，读者常常从标题上决定文章的阅读取舍。故标题一般比较醒目，甚至比较离奇，以此来吸引读者对文章的兴趣。最后要注意，要恰当地选好标题，还需要了解标题的基本拟定方法。一般说来，拟定标题是以话题为核心，与控制性概念的词按一定的语法浓缩为概括主题句或中心思想的词组。【题型分析】【题型一精确归纳标题】AnexperimentalcleanupdevicecalledRemoveDEBRIShassuccessfullycastanetaroundadummy(仿真的)satellite,imitatingatechniquethatcouldonedaycollectspacebornegarbage.Thetest,whichwascarriedoutthisweek,iswidelybelievedtobethefirstsuccessfuldemonstrationofspacecleanuptechnology,expertstoldCNN.Anditsymbolizesanearlysteptowardsolvingwhathasalreadybeenacriticalissue:junkinspace.Millionsofpiecesofjunkareturningaroundinorbittheresultof50yearsofspacetravelandfewregulationstokeepspaceclean.Atorbitalspeeds,evenasmallbitofpaintcrashingwithasatellitecancausecriticaldamage.Variouscompanieshaveplanstosendthousandsofnewsatellitesintolow-Earthorbit,alreadythemostcrowdedarea.TheRemoveDEBRISexperimentisrunbyacompanyandresearchersledbytheU.K.’sSurreySpaceCenterandincludesAirbus,Airbus-ownedSurreySatelliteTechnologyLtd.andFrance’sArianeGroup.GuglielmoAglietti,thedirectorofSurreySpaceCenter,saidthatanoperationalversionoftheRemoveDEBRlStechnologywouldcastanetthatremainsfastenedtothemainsatellitesothedebriscanbedraggedoutoforbit.Itcouldtargetlargepiecesofjunk,includingdeadsatellitesupto10meterslong.TheRemoveDEBRISsatellitewillconductafewmoreexperimentsinthecomingmonths,includingtestingnavigationfeaturesthatcouldhelpguidethesatellitetoaspecificpieceofdebris.JonathanMcDowell,anastrophysicistattheHarvard-SmithsonianCenterforAstrophysics,saidthesuccessofthisweek’sexperimentwasexciting,buthecautionedagainst“over-publicizing”it.Therearestillenormousbarrierstoclearbeforeoperationalcleanuptasksareunderway,hesaid,andthemostdiscouragingisfiguringouthowtofundsuchprojects.Aglietti,theSurreyprofessorwhohelpedleadtheRemoveDEBRISproject,said“Thechallengewilllieinpersuadingtherelevantauthoritiestosponsorthesetasks.”AgliettisaidhehopesRemoveDEBRISwillconductafewcleanuptasksperyear,targetingthelargestpiecesofjunkinthemostcrowdedorbits.340What’sthebesttitleforthetext?A.TheRemoveDEBRISProjectIsPerfectB.HowRemoveDEBRISIsInventedintheLabC.WhytheRemoveDEBRISSatelliteIsInventedD.SatelliteCollectsSpaceJunkfortheFirstTime【解析】A主旨大意题。根据文章第二段中的Thetest,whichwascarriedoutthisweek,iswidelybelievedtobethefirstsuccessfuldemonstrationofspacecleanuptechnology,expertstoldCNN.Anditsymbolizesanearlysteptowardsolvingwhathasalreadybeenacriticalissue:junkinspace.“专家告诉CNN，本周进行的这次测试被广泛认为是太空清洁技术的首次成功演示。它象征着解决太空垃圾这一关键问题的第一步。”可知，本文主题是“卫星首次收集太空垃圾”。故选D。【题型二概括文章大意】Languageswillcontinuetodiverge.EvenifEnglishweretobecometheuniversallanguage,itwouldstilltakemanydifferentforms.IndeedthesamecouldhappentoEnglishashashappenedtoChinese:alanguageofintellectualswhichdoesn’tvaryhugelyalongsidealargenumberofvariationsusedbylocalpeoples.Wewillcontinuetoteachotherlanguagesinsomeform,andnotjustforreasonsofpracticaluse.Learningalanguageisgoodforyourmentalhealth;itforcesyoutounderstandanotherculturalandintellectualsystem.SoIhopeBritisheducationwilldevelopamorerationalapproachtotheforeignlanguagesavailabletostudentsinlinewiththeirpoliticalimportance.Becausesomanypeoplebelieveitisnolongerimportanttoknowanotherlanguage,Ifearthattimedevotedtolanguageteachinginschoolsmaywellcontinuetodecline.Butyoucanarguethatlearninganotherlanguagewellismoreexhaustingthan,say,learningtoplaychesswell—itinvolvessensitivitytoasetofcomplicatedrules,andalsotocontext.Technologywillcertainlymakeadifferencetotheuseofforeignlanguages.Computersmay,forinstance,relievethehardworkthatavasttranslationrepresents.Butnoonewhohasseenacomputertranslationwillthinkitcansubstituteforliveknowledgeofthedifferentlanguages.Amachinewillalwaysbebehindthetimes.Stillmoreimportantisthefactthatnocomputerwillevergetattheassociationsbeyondthewordsassociationsthatmaynotbeexpressedbutwhichcarrymuchofthemeaning.InlanguageslikeArabicthatcontextisveryimportant.Languagescomewithheavyculturalbaggagetoo—inFrenchorGermanifyoumisstheculturalreferencesbehindawordyou’reverylikelytobemissingthemeaning.Itwillbeveryhardtoteachallthattocomputer.AllthepredictionsarethatEnglishwillbespokenbyadecliningproportionoftheworld’spopulationinthe21stcentury.Idon’tthinkforeignlanguageswillreallybecomelessimportant,buttheymightbeperceivedtobe—andthatwouldintheendbe—averybadthing.15．Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A．Learningforeignlanguagesisachallengingjob.B．Learningalanguageisgoodforyourmentalhealth.C．Culturalbackgroundblockstheunderstandingofalanguage.D．Computersplayanimportantroleinlearningforeignlanguages.【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。学好外语是一项有挑战性的工作，因为学语言不仅要对一套复杂的规则而且要对语境非常敏感。【解析】A主旨大意题。根据文章第二段中的Butyoucanarguethatlearninganotherlanguagewellismoreexhaustingthan,say,learningtoplaychesswell—itinvolvessensitivitytoasetofcomplicatedrules,andalsotocontext.可知，学好外语比学好象棋更费力，因为学语言不仅要对一套复杂的规则敏感而且要对语境非常敏感。故可以推断出本文主要讲述的是学外语是一个挑战性的工作。故选A。【题型三总结段落大意】Thereareasmanykindsofcareers(职业)astherearepeople.Theyvarygreatlyinthetypeofworkinvolved(涉及)andinthewaystheyinfluenceaperson'slife.Thekindofcareeryouhavecanaffectyourlifeinmanyways.Bymakingwisedecisionsconcerningyourcareer,youcanhelpyourselfbuildthelifeyouwant.Todothat,youneedasmuchinformationaspossible.Themoreyouknowaboutyourself,thebetterableyouwillbetochooseasatisfyingcareer.Whatdopeoplehopetoobtainfromacareer?Somepeopledesireahighincome.Somehopeforfame.Othersseekforadventure.Stillothersintendtoservepeopleandmaketheworldabetterplace.Beforeyoubegintoexplorecareerfields,youshoulddetermineyourvalues.yourinterests,andyouraptitudesthatwillmakeyoucompetentforyourfuturework.Mostpeoplearehappiestinjobsthatfittheirvalues,interests,andskills.Eachpersonhasmanyvalues,whichvaryinstrength.Forexample,moneyisthestrongestvalueforsomepeople—thatis,wealthismoreimportanttothemthananythingelse.Asaresult,theyfocustheirthoughts,behaviour,andemotionsonthegoalofearningahighincome.Othervaluesincludedevotingtoreligion,takingrisks,spendingtimewithfamily,andhelpingothers.Beforemakingacareerdecision,youcanaskyourselfwhatismostimportanttoyouandexamineyourbeliefstobetterknowyourvalues.Forexample,isitimportanttoyoutoworkasamemberofateam?Orwouldyouratherbeinchargeorworkalone?Ifworkingaloneorbeinginchargeisimportanttoyou,independenceisprobablyoneofyourprimaryvalues.294Whatdoesthewriterconveytousinthelastparagraph?A．Thecontentsofourvalues.B．Thefoundationsofourvalues.C．Theplacestoachieveourvalues.D．Thewaystounderstandourvalues.【文章大意】本文是一篇议论文。文章讲述了职业对我们的影响很大。在开始探索职业领域之前，我们应该确定自己的价值观、兴趣和能力。对自己了解得越多，我们就越有能力选择一个满意的职业。【解析】D主旨大意题。根据文章最后一段中的Beforemakingacareerdecision,youcanaskyourselfwhatismostimportanttoyouandexamineyourbeliefstobetterknowyourvalues.Forexample…primaryvalues.可知，在做职业決定之前，人们应该了解自己的价值观。你可以问自己什么是最重要的，通过反思你的信仰来增强你对自己价值观的理解。然后通过举例说明如何了解自己的价值观。由此可知，本段主要介绍了几种理解自己价值观的方法。故选D。检测训练检测训练AItseemswe'realwaysbeingtoldtogetmoresleep.Studiessuggestspendinglesstimeonsleepcanleadtoobesity(肥胖)andevencancer.Youmightevenfindyourselfwithaheadfulloffalsememories.Butrarelydoesscienceexplorethedarksideofsleepingtoomuch.That'sbecausefewofusintoday'sbusyworldhavetheluckofexploringthatoption.InanAugust2018study,publishedintheJournaloftheAmericanHeartAssociation,researchersresearchedthesleeppatternsofthose“fortunate”fewandfoundtheymaynotbesoluckyafterall.Infact,theyfoundpeoplewhogetmorethaneighthoursofsleephavegreaterhealthriskcomparedtothosewhosleeptogetherlessthansevenhours.What'smore,sleep-aholics-thosewhomanagetoget10hoursanight-standa30percenthigherchanceofdyingcomparedtotheseven-hourcrowd.Thewide-rangingglobalstudyinvolved(涉及)morethanthreemillionpeoplewhoself-reportedontheirsleephabitsandcametoaneye-openingconclusion:Ifyoutendtosleepalot,youmaywanttobuyanalarmclock.Aswithallthingsinlife,sleepisbesttakeninmoderation（适度）.Youmaybethinking:WhatifIonlysleepinonSaturdayandSunday,amIstillatrisk?Theanswerisyes,accordingtoa2019studypublishedinCurrentBiology.Researchersdiscoveredthatevenifapersonsleepsmorethansevenhoursontheweekendsbutstillsleepslessthanthatonweeknights,theyareatriskofgainingweightanddevelopingsensitivitytoinsulin,whichcontrolsthelevelofsugarinblood.Forthestudy,36participantsweredividedintothreegroupsthateachhadadifferentsleepschedule:ninehourseverynight,fivehourseverynight,andfivehoursfromMondaytoFridayandsleepingmuchonweekends.Peoplewhogettoomuchsleeptendtofeeltiredandlackenergy.Also,bothsleep-deprived（睡眠不足的)groupsconsumemorefoodandgainweight.8.Whyistheharmfuleffectofsleepingtoomuchseldomstudied?A.Fewpeoplehavetimetosleeptoomuch. B.Lackofsleepcausesmuchmoreharm.C.Itturnsouttobeahealthysleeppattern. D.People'shealthhasnothingtodowithit.9.Whatdoestheunderlinedwords"those'fortunate'few"inparagraph2referto?A.Thoseleadingarelaxinglife. B.Thosegettingtoomuchsleep.C.Thosewithlesstimetosleep. D.Thosewithnosleepproblems.10.Whatcanbelearnedfromthe2019study?A.Sleepingmuchisparticularlybeneficialtohungrypeople.B.Manypeoplesleepmoreonweekendsthanonweekdays.C.Analarmclockofhighqualityisimportantforgoodsleep.D.Peoplewhosleepmuchonlyonweekendsalsohavehealthrisk.11.Whatisthemainideaofthetext?AItisnecessarytosaveenoughtimeforsleep.B.Toomuchsleepcanresultingainingweight.C.Sleepingtoomuchdoesharmtopeople'shealth.DPeoplecanavoidsleepingmuchbyeatinghealthily.【答案】8.A9.B10.D11.C【解析】本文是一篇说明文。我们似乎总是被告知要多睡觉，但是睡眠过多对身体也是有害的。8.细节理解题。根据第一段的第4句和第5句：Butrarelydoesscienceexplorethedarksideofsleepingtoomuch.That'sbecausefewofusintoday'sbusyworldhavetheluckofexploringthatoption.可知，在如今忙碌的社会很少有人会有时间睡太多，所以睡眠过多对人体的危害很少被研究。故选A项。9.词义猜测题。在句中的that/those一般指代前文提及内容，根据本句所在位置，可定位至第一段“That'sbecausefewofusintoday'sbusyworldhavetheluckofexploringthatoption.（这是因为在当今这个繁忙的世界上，很少有人有机会探索这种选择。”及第二段提及的“…theymaynotbesoluckyafterall.Infact，theyfoundpeoplewhogetmorethaneighthoursofsleephavegreaterhealthrisk（他们可能根本就没有那么幸运。事实上，他们发现睡眠超过8小时的人有更大的健康风险）”可推断，划线部分指代“睡眠时间太长的人”。故选B项。10.细节理解题。根据第四段Researchersdiscoveredthatevenifapersonsleepsmorethansevenhoursontheweekendsbutstillsleepslessthanthatonweeknights,theyareatriskofgainingweightanddevelopingsensitivitytoinsulin,whichcontrolsthelevelofsugarinblood.（研究人员发现，即使一个人在周末的睡眠时间超过7个小时，但仍然比工作日晚上的睡眠时间少，他们也有体重增加和对控制血糖水平的胰岛素敏感的风险。）可知，只有周末睡得多的人也会面临健康风险。故选D项。11.主旨大意题。文章结构为总分结构，第一段总起提出话题：Butrarelydoesscienceexplorethedarksideofsleepingtoomuch.可知文章主要介绍了睡眠过多会对身体造成一定程度的伤害。故选C项。BWhenpeoplearerudetotheirco-workersortreatthembadly,theyprobablydon’trealizetheunintendedvictimsintheencountercouldbetheco-workers,children.Womenwhoexperienceincivilityintheworkplacearemorelikelytoengageinstricter,moreauthoritarianparentingpracticesthatcanhaveanegativeimpactontheirchildren,accordingtotheresearchpresentedattheannualmeetingoftheAmericanPsychologicalAssociation.“Thesefindingsrevealsomepreviouslyundocumentedwaysthatwomen,inparticular,sufferasaresultofworkplaceaggression,”saidresearcherAngelaDionisi,PhD,ofCarletonUniversity.Thisresearchalsospeakstoapreviouslyunacknowledgedgroupofindirectincivilityvictims,namelychildren.Workplaceincivilityisanybehaviorthatisdisrespectful,impoliteorotherwisegoesagainstworkplacestandardsofrespect,accordingtocoauthorKathryneDupre,PhD,ofCarletonUniversity.“Wenowknowthattheoutcomesofworkplaceincivilityarevastandnegative,”saidDupre.Surveyresultsshowedthatincivilityintheworkplacewasassociatedwithmothersfeelinglesseffectiveasparents,whichcouldhelpexplaintheincreasedneedtoengageinstrict,controllingparentingbehavior,saidDupre.Authoritarianparentshavehighexpectationsfromtheirchildren,withrulesthattheyexpecttheirchildrentofollowunconditionally.Atthesametime,though,theyprovideverylittleinthewayoffeedbackandseverelypunishanymistake,saidDupre.Theytendtohavelotsofregulationsandmicromanagealmosteveryaspectoftheirchildren’slives,valuingdisciplineoverfun.“Researchsuggeststhatauthoritarianparentingismoreofanegativestyleofparentingascomparedtootherparentingstyles.Thisstyleofparentinghasbeenassociatedwithavarietyofnegativechildoutcomes,includingexhibitingaggressivebehavioroutsidethehome,beingfearfuloroverlyshyaroundothers,havingdifficultyinsocialsituationsduetoalackofsocialcompetence,”shesaid.4.Whichofthefollowingistheclosestinmeaningtotheunderlinedword“incivility”inParagraph1?A.Rudeness. B.Panic.C.Violence. D.Argument.5.WhichofthefollowingisNOTafeatureofauthoritarianparents?A.Theytendtobetoostrictwiththeirchildren.B.Theysethighstandardsfortheirchildrentoreach.C.Theywanttokeeptheirchildren’slifeundercontrol.D.Theyattachequalimportancetodisciplineandfun.6.Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?A.Thecauseofmoreauthoritarianparents.B.Theharmofworkplaceincivilitytochildren.C.Thedifferentstylesofparentingpractices.D.Theeffectsofhighexpectationsfromchildren.【答案】4.A5.D6.B【解析】这是一篇议论文。这篇文章论述的是工作场所不文明对儿童的危害。4.词义猜测题。根据第一段中Whenpeoplearerudetotheirco-workersortreatthembadly,theyprobablydon’trealizetheunintendedvictimsintheencountercouldbetheco-workers,children.(当人们对他的同事无礼或对他们不好的时候，他们可能没有意识到在这次偶遇中意外的受害者可能是同事、孩子。)可知，职场中不文明的女性更有可能采取更严格、更专制的育儿方式，这可能会对她们的孩子产生负面影响。由此推知，划线词incivility的意思是“粗鲁”。故选A。5.推理判断题。根据第三段中Authoritarianparentshavehighexpectationsfromtheirchildren,withrulesthattheyexpecttheirchildrentofollowunconditionally.(专制的父母对孩子有很高的期望，他们希望孩子无条件地遵守规则。)和Theytendtohavelotsofregulationsandmicromanagealmosteveryaspectoftheirchildren’slives,valuingdisciplineoverfun.(他们往往有很多规章制度，几乎事无巨细地管理孩子生活的方方面面，重视纪律甚于乐趣。)可知，D项“他们同样重视纪律和乐趣。”不是专制父母的特征。故选D。6.主旨大意题。第一段是文章的主题段，根据第一段中Whenpeoplearerudetotheirco-workersortreatthembadly,theyprobablydon’trealizetheunintendedvictimsintheencountercouldbetheco-workers,children.Womenwhoexperienceincivilityintheworkplacearemorelikelytoengageinstricter,moreauthoritarianparentingpracticesthatcanhaveanegativeimpactontheirchildren(当人们对他们的同事无礼或对他们不好的时候，他们可能没有意识到在这次偶遇中意外的受害者可能是同事、孩子。职场中不文明行为的女性更有可能采取更严格、更专制的育儿方式，这会对她们的孩子产生负面影响)可知，这篇文章讲述的是工作场所不文明对儿童的危害。故选B项。CLittleblacktaxis,oftenrun-downandfallingapartfromdecadesofuse,haveforalongtimebeenamainfeatureofCairo’schaoticurbanlandscape.Buttheirdaysmaybenumbered,thankstoanewtaxireplacementprogrammeaimedatknockingoutolder,potentiallyunsafevehicles.Thegovernment-sponsoredaction,launchedearlierthisyear,allowsdriversoftaxis20yearsorolder,mostlyFiatsandPeugeots,totradetheircarsforshinynewall-whiteonesatgenerousratesoffinancing.Driverscanchoosebetweenfivedifferentlocallymanufacturedcarmodels.Accordingtoofficials,morethan11,000brandnewtaxis,sportingtrademarkcheckedstripesonthesides,havealreadyhitthestreetsofthecapital,andthey’vebeenwelcomedenthusiasticallybypassengers.Manypeoplesaythatnotonlyarethenewtaxismorecomfortable,buttheyalsomakethestreetsofCairofarmorepresentable.Furthermore,taxifareshaveonlyincreasedbyasmallamount.Thepoorconditionofmostblackandwhitetaxisisalmostlegendary.Passengersoftenhavetodealwithwindowsanddoorsthatdonotopenandclose,andheavy,thickpetrolgases.Airconditioningisunheardof.Thenewall-whitetaxis,meanwhile,arecleaner,morefuel-efficientandprovideairconditioningonrequest.Furthermore,allthenewtaxiscomeequippedwithfunctioningfaremeters,whichavoidsargumentsandsometimesfightswithpassengers!Thegovernmenthopestoreplaceallofthecapital’s40,000elderlyblackcabssoon,butnoteveryoneinCairowillbehappytoseethemgo.HotelmanagerIbrahimAl-Toukhysaysthattheoldblackcabswereweakandrun-down,andmaybeevenalittledangerous,buttheywerepartofthecity,andpartofCairo’scharacter.1.Whichofthefollowingscanreplacetheunderlinedword“chaotic”inparagraph1?A.disorderly B.fantastic C.busy D.silent2.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUEaboutthenewtaxis?A.Theyaremuchmorepresentable.B.Theirpassengershavetopaydramaticallymore.C.Theyaremuchmoreenergy-saving.D.Onlyfewofthemprovideairconditioning.3.Whatdoesthepassagemainlytalkabout?A.TheroadtrafficconditionofCairoB.AtaxirenewalprogrammelaunchedinCairoC.TheproblemswitholdblackCairotaxis.D.VariousviewsonthenewtaxireplacementinCairo【答案】1.A2.C3.B【解析】这是一篇说明文。旧出租车已成为开罗的城市特色，但因其车况残破不堪。本文主要介绍了开罗政府实行的新出租车更换旧出租车的工程。1.词义猜测题。根据上文可知，黑色的旧出租车经常出故障，已经成为开罗地区的chaotic特点的具体体现，和下文的Buttheirdaysmaybenumbered,thankstoanewtaxireplacementprogrammeaimedatknockingoutolder,potentiallyunsafevehicles.可知，而新的出租车将排除这种旧出租车带来的潜在的不安全因素。结合四个选项，由此可猜测chaotic为“混乱不堪的”。故选A。2.细节理解题。由第三段theyalsomakethestreetsofCairofarmorepresentable可知，新出租车使得streets变得presentable而不是出租车本身presentable，故排除A；由taxifareshaveonlyincreasedbyasmallamount可知，新出租车的车费只有少量上涨，故排除B；由第四段Thenewall-whitetaxisprovideairconditioningonrequest可知，只要乘客要求，司机都会提供冷气，故排除D；由Thenewall-whitetaxis,meanwhile,arecleaner,morefuel-efficient可知，新出租车更省燃料。故选C。3.主旨大意题。本文开篇第一段已将整体大意表明:虽然旧出租车已成为开罗的城市特色，但因其车况残破不堪，开罗政府已实行新出租车更换旧出租车的工程。再结合四个选项可知，本文主要内容为“开罗启动了出租车更新计划”。故选B。DDuringtherosyyearsofelementaryschool(小学),Ienjoyedsharingmydollsandjokes,whichallowedmetokeepmyhighsocialstatus.Iwasthequeenoftheplayground.Thencamemytweensandteens,andmeangirlsandcoolkids.Theyroseintheranksnotbybeingfriendlybutbysmokingcigarettes,breakingrulesandplayingjokesonothers,amongwhomIsoonfoundmyself.Popularityisawell-exploredsubjectinsocialpsychology.MitchPrinstein,aprofessorofclinicalpsychologysortsthepopularintotwocategories:thelikableandthestatusseekers.Thelikables’plays-well-with-othersqualitiesstrengthenschoolyardfriendships,jump-startinterpersonalskillsand,whentappedearly,areemployedeverafterinlifeandwork.Thenthere’sthekindofpopularitythatappearsinadolescence:statusbornofpowerandevendishonorablebehavior.Enviableasthecoolkidsmayhaveseemed,Dr.Prinstein’sstudiesshowunpleasantconsequences.Thosewhowerehighestinstatusinhighschool,aswellasthoseleastlikedinelementaryschool,are“mostlikelytoengage(从事)indangerousandriskybehavior.”Inonestudy,Dr.Prinsteinexaminedthetwotypesofpopularityin235adolescents,scoringtheleastliked,themostlikedandthehighestinstatusbasedonstudentsurveys(调查研究).“Wefoundthattheleastwell-likedteenshadbecomemoreaggressiveovertimetowardtheirclassmates.Butsohadthosewhowerehighinstatus.Itclearlyshowedthatwhilelikabilitycanleadtohealthyadjustment,highstatushasjusttheoppositeeffectonus."Dr.Prinsteinhasalsofoundthatthequalitiesthatmadetheneighborswantyouonaplaydate-sharing,kindness,openness—carryovertolateryearsandmakeyoubetterabletorelateandconnectwithothers.Inanalyzinghisandotherresearch，Dr.Prinsteincametoanotherconclusion:Notonlyislikabilityrelatedtopositivelifeoutcomes,butitisalsoresponsibleforthoseoutcomes,too."Beinglikedcreatesopportunitiesforlearningandfornewkindsoflifeexperiencesthathelpsomebodygainanadvantage,”hesaid.33.Whatisthesecondparagraphmainlyabout？A.Theclassificationofthepopular.B.Thecharacteristicsofadolescents.C.Theimportanceofinterpersonalskills.D.Thecausesofdishonorablebehavior.35.Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A.BeNice-YouWon’tFinishLastB.TheHighertheStatus,theBeerC.BetheBest-YouCanMakeItD.MoreSelf-Control,LessAggressiveness【答案】35.A【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。研究表明，对人好，讨人喜欢对人生活的各个方面有深远的积极影响。生活中，与人为善，待人慷慨，定会受到欢迎和回报。33.A段落大意题。第二段中临床心理学教授MitchPrinstein将受欢迎的人分为两类:讨人喜欢的人和追求地位的人。本段内容分别对thelikable和thestatusseekers做了解释，所以本段主要介绍了两种受欢迎的人的分类，文中o...对应答案的classification。故选A。35.A主旨大意题。通过全文内容可知，文章主要讲了受欢迎，讨人喜欢对人生活的各个方面有深远的有益影响。这些人可爱，慷慨大方，适应能力强，A项指出“对人好一点，——最终，你的收获无穷无尽”符合本文中心。故选A。EMarianBechtelsitsatWestPalmBeach’sBarLouiecounterbyherself,quietlyreadinghere-bookasshewaitsforhersalad.Whatisshereading?Noneofyourbusiness!LunchisBechtel’s“me”time.AndlikemoreAmericans,she’snotalone.Anewreportfound46percentofmealsareeatenaloneinAmerica.Morethanhalf(53percent)havebreakfastaloneandnearlyhalf(46percent)havelunchbythemselves.Onlyatdinnertimeareweeatingtogetheranymore，74percent，accordingtostatisticsfromthereport.“Iprefertogooutandbeout.Alone，buttogether，youknow？”Bechtelsaid，lookingupfromherbook.Bechtel，whoworksindowntownWestPalmBeach，haslunchwithcoworkerssometimes，butlikemanyofus，toooftenworksthroughlunchatherdesk.Alunchtimeescapeallowshertokeepabossfromtappingherontheshoulder.Shereturnstoworkfeelingenergized.“Today，Ijustwantedsometimetomyself，”shesaid.Justtwoseatsover，AndrewMazoleny，alocalvideographer，isfinishinghislunchatthebar.Helikesthathecansitandcheckhisphoneinpeaceorchatupthebarkeeperwithwhomhe'sonafirst-namebasisifhewantstohavealittleinteraction(交流).“Ireflectonhowmyday'sgoneandthinkabouttherestoftheweek,”hesaid.“It'sachanceforself-reflection,Youreturntoworkrechargedandwithaplan.”Thatfreedomtochooseisonereasonmorepeopleliketoeatalone.Therewasatimewhenpeoplemayhavefeltawkwardaboutaskingforatableforone，butthosedaysareover.Now，wehaveoursmartphonestokeepuscompanyatthetable.“Itdoesn'tfeelasaloneasitmayhavebeforealtheadvancesintechnology,”saidLaurieDemerit，whosecompanyprovidedthestatisticsforthereport.31.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A.Thetrendofhavingmealsalone.B.Theimportanceofself-reflection.C.Thestressfromworkingovertime.D.Theadvantageofwirelesstechnology.【答案】31.A【解析】【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。一份新的调查发现，越来越多的人选择独自一个人吃饭。本文分析了这种现象背后的深层次原因。31.A主旨大意题。本文通过一份调查结果显示，很大比例的人选择独自用餐，原因很多，比如逃离工作氛围，或者反思自己，但是独自用餐正慢慢成为一种趋势，故选A。FImaginesomeonewhohasspentthemajorityoftheirlifesittingwithasignonthesideoftheroadandthatverypersongivingsomeonetheirlast20dollars.That’sexactlywhatMarineCorpsveteran(退伍军人)JohnnyBobbitt,34,didinOctoberinPhiladelphia.BobbittservedintheU.S.MarineCorpsandworkedasaparamedic(医务辅助人员)inVanceCounty,N.C.beforehebecamehomeless.Nobodyknewhowhegottowherehewasbecausehewasdiscreetaboutthat.OnenightinOctober,BobbittwassittingroadsidewithasigninPhiladelphi