新概念英语第四册第41课Trainingelephants

新观点英语第四册第41课:TrainingelephantsLesson41Trainingelephants训练大象Firstlistenandthenanswerthefollowingquestion.听录音，而后回答以下问题。Atwhatpointdoesthetrainingofacaptivewildelephantbegin?Twomaintechniqueshavebeenusedfortrainingelephants,whichwemayrespectivelythetoughandthegentle.Theformermethodsimplyconsistsofsettinganelephanttoworkandbeatinghimuntilhedoeswhatisexpectedofhim.Apartfrommoralconsiderationsthisisastupidmethodoftraining,foritproducesaresentfulanimalwhoatalaterstagemaywellturnman-killer.Thegentlemethodrequiresmorepatienceintheearlystages,butproducesacheerful,good-temperedelephantwhowillgivemanyyearsofloyalservice.驯象有两种主要的方法，我们分别称之为强硬法和温柔法。强硬法就是驱象去干活，把它打服从为止。且不说道义问题，这自己就是一种愚笨的训练方法，因1/14为这类方法训练会使动物讨厌，在此后某个时期可能会变为伤人的动物。温柔法要求在最先阶段保持较大的耐心，但这类方法能够训练出性情快乐、性情温顺，能忠实为人服务多年的大象。Thefirstessentialinelephanttrainingistoassigntotheanimalasinglemahoutwhowillbeentirelyresponsibleforthejob.Elephantsliketohaveonemasterjustasdogsdo,andarecapableofaconsiderabledegreeofpersonalaffection.Thereareevenstoriesofhalf-trainedelephantcalveswhohaverefusedtofeedandpinedtodeathwhenbysomeunavoidablecircumstancetheyhavebeendeprivedoftheirowntrainer.Suchextremecasesmustprobablybetakenwithagrainofsalt,buttheydounderlinethegeneralprinciplethattherelationshipbetweenelephantandmahoutisthekeytosuccessfultraining.驯象中至关生要的是指派一名特意的驯象员，全面负责这项工作。大象和狗一样，喜爱有一个专一的主人，并且会对主人产生相当深沉的个人感情。甚至有这样的故事：训练了一半的小象，因为不行防止的状况与他们的主人分别后，竟拒绝吃食，消瘦至死。这类极端的案例虽不行全信，但重申了一项基来源则，象和驯象员之间的关系是驯象成功与否的关健。2/14Themosteconomicalagetocaptureanelephantfortrainingisbetweenfifteenandtwentyyears,foritisthenalmostreadytoundertakeheavyworkandcanbegintoearnitskeepstraightaway.Butanimalsofthisagedonoteasilybecomesubservienttoman,andaverytimeman,andaveryfirmhandmustbeemployedintheearlystages.Thecaptiveelephant,stillropedtoatree,plungesandscreamseverytimeamanapproaches,andforseveraldayswillprobablyrefuseallfoodthroughangerandfear.Sometimesatameelephantistetherednearbytogivethewildoneconfidence,andinmostcasesthecaptivegraduallyquietensdownandbeginstoacceptitsfood.Thenextstageistogettheelephanttothetrainingestablishment,aticklishbusinesswhichisachievedwiththeaidoftwotameelephantsropedtothecaptiveoneitherside.捕获15至20岁之间年纪的大象进行驯象最为经济。这个年纪的象差不多已能干重活，能够很快挣回饲养它的开销。但这个年纪的象不易驯服，所以开始阶段需要有一位强有力的老手。捕来拴在树上的大象，每当有人走近它时，就会向前猛冲并发出尖叫，甚至一连几于都因为愤慨和惧怕而拒绝进食。有时，把一头已驯服的象拴在旁边能给野象以信心。在大部分状况下，刚博来的象会慢慢静下来，接着开始吃食。下一步就是把象带到训练场所，这是一件棘手的事，需要在它双侧拴上两端驯服的大象才能达成。Whenseveralelephantsarebeingtrainedatonetime,itiscustomaryforthenewarrivaltobeplacedbetweenthestallsoftwocaptiveswhosetrainingisalreadywelladvanced.Itisthenleftcompletelyundisturbed3/14withplentyoffoodandwatersothatitcanabsorbtheatmosphereofitsnewhomeandseethatnothingparticularlyalarmingishappeningtoitscompanions.Whenitiseatingnormally,itsowntrainingbegins.Thetrainerstandsinfrontoftheelephantholdingalongstickwithasharpmetalpoint.Twoassistants,mountedontameelephants,controlthecaptivefromeitherside,whileothersrubtheirhandsoverhisskintotheaccompanimentofamonotonousandsoothingchant.Thisissupposedtoinducepleasurablesensationsintheelephant,anditseffectsarereinforcedbytheuseofendearingepithets.Theelephantisnotson,orho!myfather,ormymother,accordingtotheageandsexofthecaptive.Theelephantisnotimmediatelysusceptibletosuchblandishments,however,andusuallylashesfiercelywithitstrunkinalldirections.Thesemovementsarecontrolledbythetrainerwiththemetal-pointedstick,andthetrunkeventuallybecomessosorethattheelephantcurlsitupandseldomafterwardsusesitforoffensivepurposes.几个象同时训练时，往常是把新到的布置在两端训练得很好的大象的象厩中间，而后给它以充分的食品和水，必定不要惊扰它，以便让他能适应新居的氛围，并且看到自己的伙伴身上没有发生让自己担惊受怕的事。当它进食正常了，训练就开始。驯练员手持一根有尖利金属尖头的长棒，站在象前。两位助手骑在驯服的象的背上，从双侧控制新捕的象，其余人唱着单一的歌声用手抚摸象的皮肤。听说这是为了使象产生快乐的感觉，为了增强这类成效，人闪还按象的年纪性别，给予和蔼的绰号，如“嗬！我的孩子”、“嗬！我的爸爸”、“嗬！我的妈妈”。但是大象不会马上被这些讨好的括感人，而常常是用鼻子朝各个方向剧烈地甩动。训练员要用有尖利金属尖的长棒控制它的这类行为，象鼻子最后疼得卷了起来，此后它就极少用鼻子去攻击了。4/14Newwordsandexpressions生词和短语technique技术toughadj.强硬的resentfuladj.忿恨不满的5/14assign分派，指派mahout驯象人calf幼仔6/14pine消瘦underline侧重说明，重申keep生计7/14subservientadj.屈服的plunge向前冲tameadj.养驯服了的tether8/14（用绳）拴ticklishadj.难应付的，棘手的alarmingadj.惹起惊慌的accompaniment伴奏9/14soothe镇定chant单一的歌reinforce增强10/14endearingadj.引人喜爱的epithet称号susceptibleadj.易受感人的11/14blandishment奉迎lash剧烈地甩curl使卷曲Notesonthetext课文说明12/141bysomeunavoidablecircumstance,因为某些不行防止的状况。2withagrainofsalt,有保存地。3averyfirmhand,一个强有力的人。4withtheaidof,在...的帮助下。5Thisissupposed,听说...。Lesson41课后练习和答案ExercisesandAnswer13/14新观点英语第四册第20课:SnakepoisonLesson20Snakepoison蛇毒Firstlistenandthenanswerthefollowingquestion.新观点英语第四册第33课:EducationLesson33Education教育