FAO：保护、恢复和可持续利用生物多样性促进太平洋岛屿粮食安全和营养

APRC/22/5

December2021

E

FAOREGIONALCONFERENCEFOR

ASIAANDTHEPACIFIC

Thirty-sixthSession

Dhaka,Bangladesh,8-11March2022

Conserving,restoringandsustainablyusingbiodiversityforfoodsecurityandnutritioninthePacificIslands

ExecutiveSummary

ThePacificIslandsareprimarycentersofbiodiversity.ThePacificregion,wherelandmakesuplessthan2percentofthetotalarea,includessomeoftherichestandmostdiverseterrestrialandmarineecosystemsontheplanet.Closelyinterlinked,biodiversityandecosystemservicessupporttheagriculturalsectorinmultipleways,benefitingproducers’livelihoodsandwell-being.However,theincreasingpaceoftransitionfromtraditionaltomoreintensiveagriculturalproductionsystemsisthreateningthisrichbiodiversityheritageinthePacificIslandCountriesandTerritories(PICTs),includingtheindigenousandlocalknowledgeonwhichitssurvivaldepends.ThemajorityofthePICTshavetakenimportantstepstoreversethesenegativetrendsandembedtheconservationandsustainableutilizationofbiodiversityintonationalstrategies,butthecapacityandcoordinationmechanismstoimplementthesemeasuresarewidelylacking.ThereisaclearneedforamoresystemicandcoordinatedapproachamongkeysectorsandstakeholdersforthesustainablemanagementofbiodiversityforfoodandagricultureinthePacificregion.FAOhasbeenworkingtogetherwithMembersandregionalpartnersinthePacificregiontobuildcapacityandcollaborationtostrengthenthesustainablemanagementofbiodiversityforfoodandagriculturefrompoliciestothefieldlevel.Thisdocumentpresentsanoverviewoftheeffortsmadeandexistingopportunitiestopromotearegenerative,ecosystem-basedagriculture.

SuggestedactionbytheRegionalConference

TheRegionalConferenceisinvitedto:

a.takenoteofFAO’sworkonconservation,restorationandsustainableuseofbiodiversityforfoodandagricultureinPICTs;

Thisandotherdocumentscanbeconsultedat

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b.recommendFAOtodeveloparegionalactionplantopromotecohesiveactiononmainstreamingbiodiversityforfoodandagriculture1acrosssectorsinthePacificregion.Theactionplanwillalignwithrelevantglobalandregionalframeworksandinitiatives(e.g.FAOStrategyonMainstreamingBiodiversityacrossAgriculturalSectors2andthecorresponding2021-2023ActionPlan3(FAOBiodiversityStrategyandActionPlan);UNDecadeonEcosystemRestoration;4PacificIslandsFrameworkforNatureConservationandProtectedAreas2021-2025).5Theactionplanwillcontainkeyareas/actionsforFAO’stechnicalsupporttothePacificregionindevelopingandmeetingregionalandnationalgoals,andinmonitoringandreportingobligationsunderthePost-2020GlobalBiodiversityFramework.6Itwillalsointegrateadditionalrecommendationsarisingfromimportantglobalfora(e.g.UNFoodSummit20217andtheFifteenthmeetingoftheConferenceoftheParties(COP15)totheConventiononBiologicalDiversity(CBD)).8

Queriesonthecontentofthisdocumentmaybeaddressedto:

APRCSecretariat

APRC@

1“Biodiversityisthevarietyoflifeatgenetic,speciesandecosystemlevels.Biodiversityforfoodandagricultureis,inturn,thesubsetofbiodiversitythatcontributesinonewayoranothertoagricultureandfoodproduction.Itincludesthedomesticatedplantsandanimalsraisedincrop,livestock,forestandaquaculturesystems,harvestedforestandaquaticspecies,thewildrelativesofdomesticatedspecies,otherwildspeciesharvestedforfoodandotherproducts,andwhatisknownas‘associatedbiodiversity’,thevastrangeoforganismsthatliveinandaroundfoodandagriculturalproductionsystems,sustainingthemandcontributingtotheiroutput[suchasnaturalenemiesofpests,pollinators,soilmicro-organisms].Agricultureistakenheretoincludecropandlivestockproduction,forestry,fisheriesandaquaculture”(FAO.2019.TheStateoftheWorld’sBiodiversityforFoodandAgriculture.J.Bélanger&D.Pilling(eds.).FAOCommissiononGeneticResourcesforFoodandAgricultureAssessments.Rome).

2FAO.2020.FAOStrategyonMainstreamingBiodiversityacrossAgriculturalSectors.Rome.

/10.4060/ca7722en

3FAO.2021.2021-23ActionPlanfortheImplementationoftheFAOStrategyonMainstreamingBiodiversityacrossAgriculturalSectors.Rome./10.4060/cb5515en

4UnitedNationsDecadeonEcosystemRestoration2021-2023./

5SecretariatofthePacificRegionalEnvironmentProgramme.2021.PacificIslandsFrameworkforNatureConservationandProtectedAreas2021-2025.Apia,Samoa./sites/default/files/2021-11/2021-2025-Framework-nature-conservation-EN.pdf

6FirstdraftofthePost-2020GlobalBiodiversityFramework,releasedon5July2021.

/doc/c/abb5/591f/2e46096d3f0330b08ce87a45/wg2020-03-03-en.pdf

7UnitedNationsFoodSystemsSummit2021./en/food-systems-summit

8FifteenthmeetingoftheConferenceofthePartiestotheConventiononBiologicalDiversity.

11-15October2021and25April-8May2022.Kunming,China./meetings/COP-15

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I.Introduction

1.ThePacificIslandsareprimarycentresofbiodiversity.ThePacificregion,wherelandmakesuplessthan2percentofthetotalarea,includessomeoftherichestandmostdiverseterrestrial,coastalandmarineecosystemsontheplanetandhostssixoutofthe36globalbiodiversityhotspots.9PeoplesinthePacificIslandsarestronglyconnectedtobiodiversitybylongstandingspiritualandculturaltraditions.

2.Closelyinterlinked,biodiversityandecosystemservicessupporttheagriculturalsectorsinmultipleways,benefitingproducers’livelihoodsandwell-being.However,theincreasingpaceoftransitionfromtraditionaltomoreintensiveagriculturalproductionsystemsisthreateningthisrichbiodiversityheritageinthePacificIslandCountriesandTerritories(PICTs),includingtheindigenousandlocalknowledgeonwhichitssurvivaldepends.Theseintensiveagrifoodsystemsareoftenbasedonareducednumberofspecies,breedsandvarieties,andtheyareassociatedwithlandoverexploitation,uncontrolledclearingofforest,andagrochemicalpollution.

3.ThemajorityofthePICTshavetakenimportantstepstoreversethesenegativetrendsandembedtheconservationandsustainableutilizationofbiodiversityintonationalstrategies,butthecapacityandcoordinationmechanismstoimplementthesemeasuresisreportedbymanycountriestobelackingatthenationallevel.10

4.Inresponse,andinalignmentwithFAO’soverallvisiontosupportthetransformationtoMOREefficient,inclusive,resilientandsustainableagrifoodsystemsforbetterproduction,betternutrition,abetterenvironmentandabetterlife,leavingnoonebehind,FAOhasbeenworkingwithMembersandregionalpartnersinthePacificregiontobuildcapacitytostrengthenthesustainablemanagementofbiodiversityforfoodandagriculture.Effortshaveincluded,amongothers:facilitationofnationalandregionalpolicydialoguesandknowledgeexchange;supporttogovernmentsinthedevelopmentandimplementationofenablingpoliciesandlegislationsandcompliancewithrelevantMultilateralEnvironmentalAgreements(MEAs);111213promotionofsustainableagrifoodsystemsanddiversifieddiets;andcapacity-buildingofproducersonsustainableagriculture.

5.However,thereisaneedtofosteramoresystemicandcoordinatedapproachamongkeysectorstomanagingbiodiversityforfoodandagricultureinthePacificregion.FAOproposesthedevelopmentofaregionalactionplanalignedwiththeglobalbiodiversityagenda(e.g.Post-2020GlobalBiodiversityFramework,14FAOBiodiversityStrategyandActionPlan,1516UNDecadeonEcosystemRestoration)17andwithimportantregionalinitiatives(e.g.thePacificIslandsFrameworkforNatureConservationandProtectedAreas2021-2025).18TheactionplanwilladdressidentifiedkeypriorityareasandwillaimtosupporttheregionindevelopingandimplementingPost-2020Global

9CriticalEcosystemPartnershipFund./our-work/biodiversity-hotspots/

10FAO.2019.PacificRegionalSynthesisfortheStateofTheWorld’sBiodiversityforFoodandAgriculture.Rome.InformationprovidedincountryreportssubmittedbyCookIslands,Fiji,Kiribati,Nauru,Niue,Palau,PapuaNewGuinea,Samoa,SolomonIslandsandTonga./3/ca7324en/ca7324en.pdf

11FAO.2021.BuildingcapacityrelatedtoMultilateralEnvironmentalAgreementsinAfrican,CaribbeanandPacificcountries(ACPMEAs3)./in-action/building-capacity-environmental-agreements/overview/en/

12FAO.2016.MainstreamingecosystemservicesandbiodiversityintoagriculturalproductionandmanagementinthePacificIslands.Biodiversity&ecosystemservicesinagriculturalproductionsystems.Technicalguidancedocument.

/in-action/building-capacity-environmental-agreements/resources-news/resources/en/

13FAO.2017.EcosystemapproachestoagricultureforsustainablemanagementofnaturalresourcesandlivelihoodsinthePacificIslands.Policybrief./3/i7969e/i7969e.pdf

14FirstdraftofthePost-2020Framework,releasedon5July2021

/doc/c/abb5/591f/2e46096d3f0330b08ce87a45/wg2020-03-03-en.pdf

15FAO.2020.FAOStrategyonMainstreamingBiodiversityacrossAgriculturalSectors.Rome.

/10.4060/ca7722en

16FAO.2021.2021-23ActionPlanfortheImplementationoftheFAOStrategyonMainstreamingBiodiversityacrossAgriculturalSectors.Rome./10.4060/cb5515en

17UnitedNationsDecadeonEcosystemRestoration2021-2023./

18SPREP.2021.PacificIslandsFrameworkforNatureConservationandProtectedAreas2021-2025.Apia,Samoa.

/sites/default/files/2021-11/2021-2025-Framework-nature-conservation-EN.pdf

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BiodiversityFrameworkgoalsandinmonitoringindicators.Itwillalsointegratebiodiversity-relatedrecommendationsarisingfromtheUNFoodSystemsSummit2021.19

6.ThisdocumentpresentsanoverviewofthemajorthreatstobiodiversityforfoodandagricultureinthePacificregion,effortsmadeandopportunitiestopromotearegenerative,ecosystem-basedagriculture.ThepaperseeksguidancefromtheFAORegionalConferenceforAsiaandthePacific(APRC)onFAO’sworkinthisarea.

II.BiodiversityforfoodandagricultureinthePacificregion:statusandthreats20

7.ThePacificIslandscomprisethreeethno-geographicgroupings:Melanesia,MicronesiaandPolynesia.Eachofthesesubregionspossesssensitiveandthreatenedhabitats.Ecosystemsonthehighcontinentalandoceanicislandsrangefromtropicalmontanecloudforests21thatharbourhighlevelsofendemismtosomeofthemostextensivemangroveforestsandcoralreefsonEarth.IntheEastMelanesianIslands,suchhabitatsincludecoastalvegetationandvarioustypesofforests(mangroveforests,freshwaterswampforests,lowlandrainforests,seasonallydryforestsandgrasslands,andmontanerainforests).Polynesia–Micronesia(alltheislandsofMicronesiaandPolynesia,plusFiji)contain12principalvegetationbiomes,themostwidespreadofwhichisstrandvegetation,whichconsistsofsalt-tolerantspecies.InmostPICTs,especiallyonatollsandothersmallandhighlypopulatedislandsandatlowerelevationsandnearurbanareas,wherethereislittleornoremainingforest,muchofthebiodiversityandecosystemservicestraditionallyprovidedbyforestecosystemshavebeenreplacedbyagriculturalland-usesystems.22

8.ThePacificregionisexperiencingadisproportionateloss,relativetotherestoftheworld,ofnativefloraandfauna.Althoughthereareamultitudeoffactorswhichcontributetobiodiversityloss,theprimaryfactorsareconsideredtobeagricultureintensificationandclimatechange.Landdegradationhasbecomeanemergingconcerninrecentyears.Theshiftinfarmingsystemsfromasubsistencetoamarketorientationhasledtosignificantland-usechanges.TraditionalcropvarietiesarereportedlybeinglostinKiribati(breadfruit,pandanus,giantswamptaro,nativefigandcoconut)andPapuaNewGuinea(banana,aibika,yam,taroandsweetpotato),andthediversityoffruittreesisdeclininginTonga.Forestlandscapescontinuetobeunderthreatfromcommerciallogging,agriculture(predominantlyexpansionofoil-palmplantations),miningandinfrastructuredevelopments.Mangroveecosystems,whichprovidegoodsandservicesthatarehighlyvaluedbythepeopleofthePacificregion,facecontinuingthreatsfromoverharvesting,degradationandlandreclamation.Increasedcross-bordertradehasalsoexposedtheregiontoincursionsofinvasivepests.

19UnitedNationsFoodSystemsSummit2021./en/food-systems-summit

20References:

-FAO.2016.MainstreamingecosystemservicesandbiodiversityintoagriculturalproductionandmanagementinthePacificislands.Biodiversity&ecosystemservicesinagriculturalproductionsystems.Technicalguidancedocument.

/in-action/building-capacity-environmental-agreements/resources-news/resources/en/

-FAO.2019.PacificRegionalSynthesisfortheStateoftheWorld’sBiodiversityforFoodandAgriculture.InformationprovidedincountryreportssubmittedbyCookIslands,Fiji,Kiribati,Nauru,Niue,Palau,PapuaNewGuinea,Samoa,SolomonIslandsandTonga./3/ca7324en/ca7324en.pdf

-FAO.2019.TheStateoftheWorld’sBiodiversityforFoodandAgriculture.J.Bélanger&D.Pilling(eds.).FAOCommissiononGeneticResourcesforFoodandAgricultureAssessments.Rome.

-TheIntergovernmentalScience-PolicyPlatformonBiodiversityandEcosystemServices.2018.TheIPBESregionalassessmentreportonbiodiversityandecosystemservicesforAsiaandthePacific.Karki,M.,SenaratnaSellamuttu,S.,Okayasu,S.andSuzuki,W.(eds).SecretariatoftheIntergovernmentalScience-PolicyPlatformonBiodiversityandEcosystemServices,Bonn,Germany.612pages./10.5281/zenodo.3237373

21TropicalMontaneCloudForests(TMCF)canbefoundinhighaltitudeareaswithhighrainfallandarefrequentlycoveredincloudsormist.Duetotheirhighaltitudeandhighhumidity,cloudforestsregulatewatersupply,ensuringcontinuoushigh-qualitywaterforcommunitiesandlandscapesdownstream.TMCFarealsoimportantforbiodiversity.Becausecloudforestsarenaturallyfragmented,theyarecharacterizedbyhighspeciesrichnessandendemism,includingagreatdiversityofepiphytesandinsects,andarethusconsideredpriorityhotspotsforbiodiversityconservation(FAO.2020.MountainsandCloudForestsmatter:

CelebratingInternationalMountainDay.Rome./in-action/forest-and-water-programme/news/news-detail/en/c/1396772/

22Thaman,R.2008.Amatterofsurvival:PacificIslands’vitalbiodiversity,agriculturalbiodiversityandethno-biodiversityheritage.PacificEcologist,16(Winter):53–61.

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Populationgrowth,urbanizationandland-usechangesorintensification

9.ThepopulationofthePacificregiongrewfrom6millionpeoplein1990toanestimated12.3millionpeoplein2020anditisexpectedtodoubleagainby2050.Inmanyurbanareas,thepopulationisincreasingattwicethenationalgrowthrates(e.g.SolomonIslands,Vanuatu).Onthesmallerislands,thepopulationisoftenconcentratedincoastalareas.

10.Inmanycountries,theneedtoproducefoodforanincreasingpopulationhasledtoreductionsinfallowperiodsandtotheuseofincreasinglysteepland(>20percentslope)forfarming.Thishascausedvariousformsofsoilerosionandadeclineinbeneficialsoilmicro-organismsandsoilfertilityinsomecases.Populationgrowthisalsooftenassociatedwithoverharvestingofwildfoodsandwoodfromforestsandmangroves,andwithreportedpollutionofmarinelagoonandcoastalresourcesfromagriculturaltoxicwaste.

11.Urbanisationtendstoincreaserelianceonanddemandforimportedfoods,whichgivesrisetoadegreeofindifferencetothelandandthebiodiversityitsupports.

Climatechange

12.PacificIslandcountriesarealsosomeofthemostvulnerableintheworldtotheeffectsofclimatechangeanddisasters.FivePICTsrankamongthetop20mostat-riskcountries,accordingtotheWorldRiskIndex2019.Extremeclimateevents,suchascyclones,floodsanddroughts,canthreatenthereservoirofgeneticresourcesthatcanbedrawnonandbredfromtosupportclimateadaptationandmitigation.TherecentElNiñohashadadevastatingeffectonagriculturalproductioninmanyPacificIslandcountriesandcouldhaveaffectedthefutureviabilityofsomevarietiesandbreeds.

13.Studieshaveindicatedthatforest-treepopulationsareunlikelytobeabletomigratesufficientlyquicklytokeeppacewiththechangingclimate.23Theywillthereforehavetoadaptinsitu,relyingontheirphenotypicplasticityandgeneticdiversity.Amongtheregion’sforestsystems,mangrovesandcoastalforestsareprojectedtobethemostaffectedbyclimatechange.Itispredictedthatmontane-andcloud-forestecosystemswillcontractandthattheirdistributionswillshift,movingupslopewherethisispossible.Damagetomontaneforestscausedbyclimatechangewillaffectwatercatchmentsandharmtheregion’sbiodiversity.24

14.Warmerclimateislikelytonegativelyimpacthigh-elevationnativebeespecieswhicharefoundabove800metres.Theircurrentrestrictiontoveryhighelevationsraisesthepossibilitythat,ifmeantemperaturescontinuetoincrease,theymaybeunabletopersistbyretreatingtoevenhigherhabitats.Aspollinators,thishasbroaderimplicationsfortheplantspeciestheyinteractwithandmaydisruptangiospermreproduction.25

15.Climatechangeislikelytoexacerbatethethreatfrompestsanddiseases–countriesinthePacificthatarecurrentlyfreefromtaroleafblight,aparticularlydamagingdiseaseoftaro,couldbeatriskinthefuturegivenprojectedincreasesintemperatureandrainfall.26

Invasivespeciesfrominternationaltrade

23FAO.2015.Copingwithclimatechange,therolesofgeneticresourcesforfoodandagriculture.Rome.

/3/a-i3866e.pdf

24FAO.2019.PacificRegionalSynthesisfortheStateoftheWorld’sBiodiversityforFoodandAgriculture.InformationprovidedincountryreportssubmittedbyCookIslands,Fiji,Kiribati,Nauru,Niue,Palau,PapuaNewGuinea,Samoa,SolomonIslandsandTonga./3/ca7324en/ca7324en.pdf

25Lisson,S.,Taylor,M.,Nonga,N.,Cokanasiga,K.&Manueli,P.2016.Vulnerabilityoflivestocktoclimatechange.M.Taylor,A.McGregor&B.Dawson(eds.).VulnerabilityofPacificagricultureandforestrytoclimatechange,pp.347–238.PacificCommunity,Noumea,NewCaledonia.

/sites/default/files/wordpresscontent/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/Vulnerability-of-Pacific-Island-

agriculture-andforestry-to-climate-change.pdf

26FAO.2019.PacificRegionalSynthesisfortheStateoftheWorld’sBiodiversityforFoodandAgriculture.InformationprovidedincountryreportssubmittedbyCookIslands,Fiji,Kiribati,Nauru,Niue,Palau,PapuaNewGuinea,Samoa,SolomonIslandsandTonga./3/ca7324en/ca7324en.pdf

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27Predominantstaplecropsincludecoconut,banana,breadfruit,pandanussweetpotato,taro,cassavaandyam.

16.IncreasedeaseandavailabilityoftransportationandexpansionofinternationaltradehaveledtoariseinthenumberofinvasivealienspeciesacrossthePICTs,withsevereimpactsonendemicbiodiversityaswellasonkeyeconomicsectorssuchasagriculture,tourismandtrade.Invasivealienspeciesanddiseasesconstituteoneofthegreatestthreatstoallbiodiversityandrelatedecosystemservices,includingthoseassociatedwithagriculture.Threatsfrominvasivespeciesincludedirectpredationofnativewildlife,competitionforresourcesandecosystemdamage(e.g.throughtheremovalofakeyspeciessuchasapollinator),habitatlossandsoildestabilization.

MU/才a卫d/assn/aUuppaJo/as卫U卫!ou

17.Theactivitiesoftimber-logging,forestconversionforplantationagricultureormonoculturalcash-cropproductiontogetherwiththeincreasedapplicationofagrochemicalinputs,havehadseverelocalizedimpactsonwaterandsoilresourcesaswellasonnearshorecoralreefsandcoastalecosystems.Thispressuretomeetmarketdemandhasencouragedlesssustainablepracticesacrossagriculturalsectors.CommercialfarminginthePacifichasexpanded(e.g.taroinFijiandSamoa,squashinTonga,oilpalmintheSolomonIslands).Mininganddeforestationratesonsomeoftheislandsareparticularlydestructive,bothsocially(e.g.landslidesdestroyfarmsandcauseconflictbetweencommunities)andenvironmentally(e.g.increasedgreenhousegasemissions,siltationofcoralreefs,fragmentationofcriticalhabitat).ThetotallossofnativeforestsinNauruisclearevidenceoftheimpactofuncontrolledmining.IntheSolomonIslands,morethanhalfofthecountry’sprimarycommercialforestresourceshadalreadybeenloggedin2011,andtimberharvestin2014(approximately2.1millionm3)wasseventimesgreaterthantherecommendedsustainableharvestlevels.Over25treespeciesinthecountryarereportedtobethreatened,includingebony,rosewood,rattanandsomepalms.

18.Mostofthesechallengesareinterrelatedandcannotbeaddressedindividually.Therefore,thereisanurgentneedtosustainablymanagebiodiversityforfoodandagricultureinawaythatismoreholistic,integratedandecosystem-based.

III.Biodiversity’skeycontributiontothesustainability,resilienceandinclusivityofagrifoodsystemsinthePacificIslands

19.Theincreasedrelianceonprocessed,importedfooditemsinPacificcountrieshasmademanylocallygrownfoodseconomicallyuncompetitive,hasincreasedmalnutritionandthespreadofnon-communicablediseases,andhasmadefoodsecuritymorevulnerabletoexternalshockssuchastheCOVID-19epidemic.ThecriticalrolethatbiodiversityneedstoplayinrestoringandtransformingagrifoodsystemswasrecentlyhighlightedatthePacificFoodSystemDialogue(May2021).

20.FormanyhouseholdsinthePacificregion,traditionalhomegardens,agroforestryandsylvo-pastoralsystemsaretheonlyinsuranceagainstpoverty,malnutrition,poorhealthandeconomicdownturns.Thegeneticdiversityofthesetraditionalagrifoodsystems,composedofnativeandintroducedtrees,cultivatedstaplecrops27combinedwithindigenousleafyvegetablesandfruits,andinsomecasessubsistenceproductionoflivestock,chickenandpigsorin-shorereeffish,canprovideforahealthydiet.

21.Thesesmallanddiverseproductionsystemscanbeinput-efficientandmoreresilienttoclimatechange,e.g.throughimprovedsoilmoistureconditions.Theirproductioncapacityreliesonenhancedbiologicalcontrolservicesbyfosteringsuitablehabitatsforbeneficialinsects,enhancederosioncontrolthroughsoilstabilizationanddeepsoilnutrientcapturebytreeroots.Overall,theyprovideareliablesourceoffoodovertime.

22.InpreparationfortheUNFoodSystemsSummit2021,severaldialogueswereheldintheregionthathavevoicedtheneedandurgencytoachieveandmaintainthestabilityoffoodsuppliesin

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thePacificwhilefightingpoverty,combatinghungerandmalnutrition,andpreservingresilientecosystems.282930

IV.Goodpracticesandpriorityareasfortheconservationandsustainableuseofbiodiversity

Existingecosystem-basedproductionsystemsthatunderpinsustainableagrifoodsystemsinthePacific

23.Notwithstandingthesignificanceofthethreatsthatagriculturalintensificationsposestonativeecosystems,therearenumerousexamplesofecosystem-based,agrifoodsystemsthatconserveandsustainablyusebiodiversityinthePICTs31tobuildonthetransformationoffoodsystems.

24.Agroforestrysystems–whereforestsandtreesarecombinedwithagriculture,waterways,protectedareasandsettlementsonalandscapescale–areeffectiveinrestoringdeforestedordegradedlandandinincreasingresiliencetoclimatechange.Agroforestrymakesup23.8percentofthePacificregion’stotalagriculturalland,andisincreasing.32TraditionalagroforestrysystemsinMelanesia,PolynesiaandthelargerislandsofMicrone