大学教学课件：国际商务翻译教程

国际商务翻译教程ContentsChapterIABriefIntroductiontoTranslationPart1WhatIsTranslation?Part2TypesofTranslationPart3TranslationIstheCombinationofScienceandArtPart4Effective（Meaningful）TranslationIsPossibleChapterIIBusinessEnglishandItsLanguageFeaturesPart1WhatIsBusinessEnglish?Part2TheLanguageFeaturesofBusinessEnglish

ContentsChapterIIICriteriaofTranslationPart1ABriefIntroductiontoTranslationStandardsBothatHomeandAbroadPart2StandardforBusinessEnglishTranslationChapterIVTheProcessofTranslationPart1ProcessPart2ComprehensionPart3ExpressionPart4Multi-expressions

ContentsChapterVTranslationTechniquesandMethodsPart1DictionPart2ExtensionPart3ConversionPart4AmplificationPart5OmissionPart6DivisionPart7TranslationofEnglishAttributiveClausesPart8TranslationofEnglishPassiveVoicePart9TranslationofEnglishLongSentences

ContentsPart10BusinessEnglishAbbreviationsandTheirTranslationintoChinesePart11TranslationofPracticalWritingPart12TranslationofEnglishAdvertisementsKeystoTranslationDrills

Part1WhatIsTranslation?Translationis,essentially,thefaithfulrepresentation,inonelanguage,ofwhatiswrittenorsaidinanotherlanguage.By“faithfulrepresentation”,itismeantthattranslatingmustaimprimarilyatreproducingthemessageratherthanthekeepingoftheformoftheoriginaltext.AsEnglishandChinesebelongtoentirelydifferentlanguagefamilies,thereisagreatdiscrepancybetweentheminculturalsetting,wayofthinking,expressions,diction,sentencestructures,sentenceorder,etc.Hence,forachievingfunctionalequivalence,thatis,equalityofmeanings,itoftenrequiresadjustmentoftheoriginalform.ChapterI

ABriefIntroductiontoTranslationExample公司简介，公司结构，业务范围，公司历程CorporateProfile/AboutUs;OrganizationChart;MajorBusinesses/BusinessLine;HistoryDifferentlanguageshavedifferentwaysofsayingthings.Forkeepinggenuineequivalence,sometimeswehavetotransferfromoneformintoanother.Theaboveservesasareadyinstance.ExampleThereisanhourly（1）shiftfromLondontoParis(2)knownastheAirbus（3）capableofseating521people.从伦敦到巴黎的航线上（2）有一种称之为“空中巴士”的客机，(3)能够乘坐521名乘客，（1）每小时一航班。Asimplesentenceasitis,theoriginalisabitcomplicatedinstructure,containingaparticipialphraseandanadjectivephrasecarryingmuchinformation.AsaChinesesentencetendstobeshortandlaconic,intranslationitisimpossibletokeeptheoriginalstructurebutnecessarytoseparateitintoseveralparts.Besides,asemphasisfallsonaction（shift）intheoriginalsentencewhichgoescontrarytotheusageofChinese,thereshouldbearearrangementofsentenceorderintheversion.ExamplesMattercanbeturnedintoenergyandenergy,matter.物质能够转换成能量，能量能够转换成物质。Youcanfindoutthewavelengthifyouknowthefrequency.知道频率，就可以求出波长。I’mgoingtohavemymealsinthedininghall.我今天准备在食堂吃饭。Intheabovethreeexamples,toreproducetheclosestnaturalequivalents,someadjustments,includingamplification,omissionandconversionareneeded.Part2TypesofTranslationI.AccordingtoScopeFulltranslationPartialtranslationII.AccordingtoBasicMethodsFreetranslation（domestication）Literaltranslation（foreignization）Word-for-wordtranslationIII.AccordingtoWayofWorkTranslation/translatorInterpretation/interpreterIV.AccordingtoMaterialScientifictranslationLiterarytranslationDocumentarytranslationTranslationofpracticalwriting（includingBusinessEnglish,TourismEnglishetc.）V.LinguisticElementsOriginal（source）languageTarget（receptor）languagePart3TranslationIstheCombinationofScienceandArtTranslation,ononehand,hasmuchtodowithlinguistics,rhetoric,psychology,sociology,semiotics,etc,andshouldbegovernedbytheirrules.Forinstance,indoingtranslationwehavetofollowtheprinciplesandwayofworkoflinguisticstostudywordsandanalyzestructures.Onanotherhand,itseeksthehelpofpersons’inspiration,appreciationandartisticaccomplishment.Asaresultoftheabovetwofactors,itcanbeseenthattranslationisnoeasythingtodo,requiringpainstakingefforts,evenifwhatwetranslateisasimplesentence.ExampleHesentmeanoteofwelcome,assunnyashisface.他送给我一封短信，对我表示欢迎；那信写得热情洋溢，一如其人。Thoughthisisasimplesentence,itisnoteasytounderstandit,includingtherealordeepmeaningof“note”and“sunny”,astheformerisapolysemouswordandthelaterisafigurativeone.Wehavetomakesuretheexactmeaningof“note”（ashortletter）accordingtothecontextandtodigouttheextendedmeaningof“sunny”（warm）here.Part4Effective（Meaningful）TranslationIsPossibleA.humanexperienceismuchalikethroughouttheworld.Everyoneeats,sleeps,works,isrelatedtofamilies,experienceslove,hatred,jealousy,etc,iscapableofloyaltyandfriendshipandemploysmanyfacialgestureswhicharealmostuniversal（laughing,smiling,frowning,etc.）Infact,whatpeopleofdifferentcultureshaveincommonisfargreaterthanwhatseparatesthemfromoneanother.Thatis,thereisnormalorstandardbehaviorbetweenlanguages.B.peopletendtothinkmuchthesamewaythoughtheyhavedifferentcultures.Theyfollowthesametrainofthoughtandtrytobereasonable

inwritingortalking.Theyhavethecapacitytoimaginewhatotherpeoplethinkandact.C.differentlanguageshavedifferentforms,buttheyenjoythesameeffect.Inotherwords,differentformscanbeusedtosuggestthesameobject,ideas,etc.Forexample,theEnglishword“school”anditsChineseequivalent“学校”aredifferentinformbutareusedforexpressingthesameidea,namely,“aplaceforpeople,usuallychildren,tolearn”.ChapterIIBusinessEnglishandItsLanguageFeaturesPart1WhatIsBusinessEnglish?TheEnglishconcernedwithvariousfieldsofcommercialactivitiessuchasthetechnologytransfer,foreigntrade,theintroductionofforeigninvestment,internationalfinancing,transnationaltourism,internationaltransportation,isasawholecalledbusinessEnglish.BusinessEnglishletters,contracts,telexesandtelegrams,documents,advertisementsallbelongtothiscategory.BusinessEnglishisabranchofspecialEnglishinuseandanapplicationofEnglishinabusinessoccasion.ItisclassifiedbymanylinguistsintoEnglishforSpecialPurposes（ESP）

Part2TheLanguageFeaturesofBusinessEnglishI.ExpositoryBusinessEnglishmainlybelongstoexpositorywriting,givingexplanation,illustration,classification,instruction,definition,etc.Itfollowsaprincipleofpresentinginformation,facts,figures,numbers,termsinanobjectiveandimpersonalway.Examples“Deliverydate”meanstheseconddayofthedeadlineoftheoperationperiod.“转让日期”指运行期最后一天的第二天。（definition）Acontractshallbeanagreementwherebythepartiesestablish,changeorterminatetheircivilrelationship.合同是当事人之间设立、变更、终止民事关系的协议。（definition）Businessisacombinationofalltheseactivities：production,distributionandsale,throughwhichprofitoreconomicsurpluswillbecreated.商务是指生产、配送、销售等一切活动的组合，通过这些活动，创造利润和经济盈余。（definition）TheresultingGeneralLedgersubsystemhasfourparts:entryprocessing,financialreporting,accountdetailinquiryandperiodendprocessing.因而总账的子系统包括四部分：记录处理、财务报告、账户详细查询、期末处理。（classification）Generallyspeaking,Englishcanbedividedintotwokinds:BritishEnglishandAmericanEnglish.一般而言，英语可分为两种：英式英语和美式英语。（classification）ThiscontractismadeoutinduplicateinChineseandinEnglishLanguage,oneChineseoriginalcopyandoneEnglishoriginalcopyforeachparty,bothtextbeingequallyauthentic.本合同用中文和英文书写，一式二份，双方各执一份中文正本和一份英文正本。两种文本具有同等效力。（illustration）Inlanguage,thereisthewideuseofsimplepresenttense,passivevoice“,it”structure...e.g.Itisheld/suggested/admitted/acknowledged...Itisexpectedthatthefranchiseeshouldunderstandandsupportallcorporategoals.期待特许加盟人理解、支持公司所有的目标。Itissuggestedthatthisyear’sannualmeetingofourcompanybeputofftillnextmonth.建议敝公司本年度年会延期至下月举行。II.SpecializedBusinessEnglishisthecombinationofEnglishandtheknowledgeofmanybranchesoflearning,suchasmarketing,economics,finance,accountancyandmanagement,asaresultofwhichthereisaheavyuseofrelatedtechnicalterms（includingconversionofcommonwords）.Exampleanoutstandingcheck未兑现支票“Outstanding”incommonEnglishmeans“excellent”or“remarkable”,butinfinancialEnglishitsuggests“unpaid”.Examplesfutures/drugs/buy期货、滞销货、便宜货ForceMajeure（不可抗力），draftatsight（即期汇票），letterofcredit（信用证），billoflading（提单），documentsagainstacceptance（承兑交单），billofexchange（汇票），fixedcapital（固定资本）offer（发盘）；afirmoffer（实盘）,counteroffer（还盘）Quotation,pricelist,performainvoiceandsoforthallbeusedinan“offer”.报价单，价格单，形式发票等都可以用作“发盘”。offer（要约）;offeror（要约人）;offeree（受要约人）；accept（承兑）；acceptor（承兑人）；acceptee（接受承兑人）Beingthebestmeansensuringthatourowner/operators,employees,andsuppliersreflectandrepresentthediversepopulationsMcDonald’sservesaroundtheworld.（成为最佳）还意味着确保我们的业主/经营者、雇员、供应商能折射出并代表麦当劳全球服务各式各样的人群状况。

III.FormalandStandardinStyle1.BeingComplete,LongandComplicatedinSentenceStructureExamplesWithaviewtoexpandinginternationaleconomiccooperationandtechnologicalexchange,thePeople’sRepublicofChinapermitsforeigncompanies,enterprisesandothereconomicorganizationsorindividualsto

establishequityjointventurestogetherwithChinesecompanies,enterprises,orothereconomicorganizationswithintheterritoryofthePeople’sRepublicofChinaontheprincipleofequalityandmutualbenefitandsubjecttoapprovalbytheChineseGovernment.中华人民共和国为了扩大国际经济合作和技术交流，容许外国公司、企业和其他经济组织或个人，按照平等互利的原则，经中国政府批准，在中华人民共和国境内，同中国的公司、企业或其他经济组织共同举办合营企业。cf.IwaswalkingbytheThames.Halfpastmorningonanautumnday.Suninamist,likeanorangeinafriedfishshop.Allbrightbelow.Lowtide,dustywater,andacrookedbar

ofstraw,chicken-boxes,dirtandoil

from

mudtomud.Likeaviperswimminginskimmilk.Theoldserpent,symbolofloveandnature.（from“TheHorse’sMouth”）我沿着泰晤士河行走。一个秋日的早晨，已过一半时分。太阳蒙上了一层薄雾，像是炸鱼店里的一只橙子。下面整个世界一片明亮。落潮了，河水布满了灰尘，水上漂着一只歪歪扭扭的稻草把，几只鸡笼子。油污蠕动着流过一滩滩烂泥，宛如脱脂乳里游动的一条蝰蛇。这个撒旦，大自然和爱的象征。

Theabovetwoexamplesstandinstrikingcontrastinlanguagestyle.Theformerbelongstotypicalcontractuallanguage,beinglongandcomplicated,containingalotofinformationwiththebasicstructureexpressingmainideaandseveralprepositionalphrasesandoneadjective

phraseusedasadverbialsserving“purpose,mannerandconditions”.ButthelatterisclearlycommonEnglish,usedasliterarylanguage.Thewholepassage,exceptforthefirstsentence,belongstonominalstructure,beingincompleteandshort,withemphasisfallingonimages.2.UseofFormalStructuresExamplesIfPartyBshouldfailtocommittheContract...Should/IncasePartyBfailtocommittheContract...InBusinessEnglish,formalstructuresalsofindexpressionin:

1）UseofFixedSentencePatternsExamplesINWITNESSWHEROF,thiscontracthasbeenexecutedbythepartiesasofthedatefirstabovewritten.本合同于合同签署之日生效，以此为证。由

与

同意按下列条款，签订本合同。TheContractismadebyandbetween

andaccordingtothetermsandconditionsbelow.根据

,本着

，经过

，双方同意

。兹订立本合同。Inaccordancewith

,adheringto

andthrough

,bothpartiesagree

.

TheContractisworkedoutthereunder.我们已收悉你们第A3481号信用证，非常感谢。Weareinreceiptof/admit/acknowledge/receiptof/havereceivedyourL/CNo.A3481withthanks.我们已收到用以支付你们第162号订单的第D76385号信用证。WehavereceivedyourL/CNo.D76385coveringyourOrderNo.162.我们很高兴收到你们第712号订单，再次订购电动打字机。WearepleasedtohavereceivedyourOrderNo.712forafurthersupplyofelectrictypewriters.随函附上发票和提单。Weareenclosingtheinvoiceandthebilloflading.一接到你们回信，我们即电报开出信用证。UponreceiptofyourreplywewillopenanL/Cbycable.根据贵方5月6日来函，我方乐意订购下列货物。Withreferenceto/Regarding/Inreplyto/referringtoyourletterofMay6,wearepleasedtogiveanorderforthefollowinggoods.鉴于甲、乙双方就合作建设××县××生物化工有限公司（位于指定地点××省××市）以玉米为原料10万吨/年无水酒精装置中脱水装置工程达成一致。根据《中华人民共和国合同法》及有关规定，为明确双方在项目承包建设过程中的权利、义务和经济责任，经双方协商同意签订本合同。双方达成协议如下：Whereas,thereisanagreementreachedbetweenthefirstPartyandthesecondPartyconcerningtheircooperativeconstructionofdehydrationprojectintheinstallationofonehundredthousandtons/yearabsolutealcoholproductionwithcornasrawmaterials,atthe

designatedlocationof××County,××BiochemicalCo.,Ltd.,××,××Province.InaccordancewithTheContractLawofthePeople’sRepublicofChinaandotherregulations

andrulesconcerned,andforascertainingtherights,obligationsandeconomicliabilitiesofpartiesintheprocessofcontractingthisprojectconstruction,bothPartieshaveagreedtosignthiscontractwiththetermsandconditionsstipulatedasfollows.

2）UseofPhrasesInsteadofSubordinateClausesExamplesanagreementwhichhasbeenapproved/approvedby/undertheapprovalof/subjecttotheapprovalby/subjectedfortheapprovalofthegovernment3）UseofFormalWordsandExpressionsExamplesForma（lLegal）wordsOrdinarywordscommit/performcarryout/doCommencebeginwithregardtoaboutanticipateexpectterminateendsurrendergivecertifyprovenotifytellcompletefinishabbreviateshortencategoryclassparticipatetakepartinevidenceproofillustrate/demonstrateshowwitnessseeutilizeuseresidencehousebeoftheopinionthinkencountermeetcf.Mr.andMrs.FernandoSmithrequestthepleasureofyourcompanyatdinneronSaturday,thefourthofJulyathalfpastseveno’clockSeabreezEdgartown,MassachusettsR.S.V.PBOX636Edgartown,Massachusetts02539凡纳得·史密斯夫妇敬备小酌，恭请光临7月4日（星期六）下午7:30麻省埃得加镇海风酒楼恭候回音636信箱埃得加镇，麻省02539DearMr.andMrs.White,WillyouhavedinnerwithusatourhouseonSaturday,Marchthefirst,atseveno’clock?Ithasbeenalongtimesincewehadthepleasureofseeingyou,andwedohopeyouwillfinditpossibletobewithus.Sincerelyyours,JohnSmith亲爱的怀特先生及夫人：请于3月1日（星期六）7点来我家共进晚餐。我们已好久未见面了，非常希望你们能与我们相聚。你们忠诚的，约翰·史密斯Ifwecomparetheabovetwoexamples,wecanseethefirstisaformalinvitation,withrigidformandtheuseofrefinedwordsandexpressionssuchas“request,pleasure,yourcompany,R.S.V.P.,”beingstandardanddignified.Whilethesecond,servingasanote,obviouslybelongstoinformallanguage.Thisincludes:（1）UseofArchaicWordsExampleshereafter=afterthis（自此，今后），hereby=bythismeans（特此，兹），herein=inthis（此中，于此），hereinafter=laterinthisContract（在下文中），hereof=ofthis（在本文中），thereto=tothat（另外，随附），thereof=ofthat（其中，它的），whereas=since（鉴于），whereby=accordingtowhich（凭借），whereupon=hence（因此，于是）

e.g“.Products”meansanyandallagriculturalproductsoranyproductsderivedtherefrom.“产品”一词，是指一切农产品或由此衍生的任何产品。（2）UseofPrepositionalPhrasesExamples

withaviewto（withtheaimof）,withrespectto（concerning）,inlinewith（accordingto）,withreferenceto（about）,forthepurposeof（for）,intheeventof（if）,incaseof（if）e.g.Incaseofanydivergenceofinterpretation,theChinesetextshallprevail.若对解释产生异议，以中文文本为准。IV.TightinLogicExampleDearSirs,OurOrderNo.2468YourS/CNo.9501WewishtorefertoourOrderNo.2468andyourS/CNo.9501,inwhichyoupromisedtoshipthegoodsweorderedinthemiddleofJuneandsendthemtoShanghaiPortbytheendofJune.Butwe’dliketocallyourattentiontothefactthatuptonownonewshascomefromyouabouttheshipmentunderthecaptionedOrderandS/C.Aswesaid,Julyistheseasonforthiscommodityinyourmarket,andthetimeofdeliveryisamatterofgreatimportancetous.ThedelayofyourshipmentmadeusloseUS$200,000.Undersuchcircumstance,wehavetolodgeaclaimofUS$100,000withyou.Wefeelsurethatyouwillgiveourclaimyourmostfavorableconsiderationandletushaveyoursettlementatanearlydate.Yoursfaithfully,×××Intheaboveexample,thefirstparagraphmentionsthecommitmentofthesupplier.Thesecondparagraphstatesthattheotherpartydidn’timplementthecommitment.Thethirdparagraphappealsthattheviolationofthecontracthasbroughtagreatlosstothewriter.Thefourthparagraphputsforwardtheclaim.Thelastparagraphexpressesthewriter’swishthatthewriterwantstogetcompensation.Applyingthis“problem-solutionpattern”,namelysynthesizingfactsinthefirstthreeparagraphssoastoleadaclaimandanearlysettlementinthelasttwoparagraphs,thewriterweavestheletterwithclearsequenceandstronglogicofcauseandeffect.

V.UseofPlainandAccurateLanguageWordsincommercialcorrespondenceshouldbecommonandeasytounderstand.Thelanguageshouldbeclearandconcise.Trytocomparethefollowing:c.f.WithreferencetoyourrequestforanextensiononyournoteunderdateofFebruary7,wehaveconsideredthemattercarefullyandarepleasedtotellyouthatwewillbewillingtoallowyouanadditional90daystomakepaymentonyournote.关于你的要求延期支付2月7日到期的贷款一事，我们很高兴地通知您：在对这件事情慎重考虑之后，我们同意多给您90天的宽限期来支付款项。Wearepleasedtoallowyouanadditional90daystopayyournotedatedFebruary7.我们很乐意多给您90天的时间来支付2月7日到期的贷款。AsBusinessEnglishinvolvesironed-hardfacts,data,cleardutiesorobligationsordefinitestipulations,itadmitsnovaguelanguagesoastoavoidanymisunderstandingtothepartiesconcerned.c.f.Wewishtoconfirmourtelexdispatchedyesterday.WeconfirmourtelexofJuly2nd,2012.Asaresult,1.literalwordsinsteadoffigurativewordsarewidelyusedinBusinessEnglishexceptforadsetc.ExamplesWearedelightedtoreceiveyourletterofNovember18askingwhetherwecansupplyyouwithArt.No6024.很高兴收到你方11月18日来函，询问我方可否供应6024货号商品。从4月1日起到10月20日止这一期间交货。TheperiodforshipmentbeginsonApril1andendsonOctober20（,bothdatesinclusive）c.f.Adelite:Doeslovemeansomuch,Mom?Mom:Sometimes.Sometimesitkeepsyoufromdrowning.爱蒂丽特：妈妈，爱情很有意义吗？妈妈：有时有，有时可以使你免得意气沮丧。Butinsomecases,forexample,inads,figurativewordsorcolorfulwordsaresometimesneeded.ExamplesFromsharpmindscomeSharpproducts.夏普产品，源自智慧头脑。Eastorwest,Zhanggongisthebest.东南西北中，好酒在张弓。Beelegantandwithnicepersonality.举止优雅，性情温和。Astablepersonalityandhighsenseofprogressandresponsibility.性格稳定，富有进取心，责任心强。Excellentpresentationandcommunicationskills.具有良好的表述及沟通能力。Haveproblemsolving/analyticalskills.具有分析及解决问题的能力。HaveagoodcommandofbusinessEnglish,andbeexperiencedincomputeroperation.精通商务英语，能熟练使用电脑。Skilledathandlingcommercialcorrespondence.能熟练处理商务信函。HavebasicEnglishandinterpersonalskills.具有基本英语能力及人际关系技巧。Haveexperienceininternationalsalesandabilitytoproduceresults.具有国际销售经验及创造佳绩之能力。anaccurate,dynamicandprogressiveperson一位办事灵敏、积极肯干并富有上进心的人beopen-minded,initiativeanddrive个性开朗，积极主动，充满干劲Computeroperatingskillisadvantageous/aplus/preferred/preferable/helpful/an（distinct）advantage.有电脑操作技术者尤佳。Themainqualitiesrequiredarepreparednesstohardwork,abilitytolearn,ambitionandgoodhealth.主要必备素质是吃苦耐劳，善于学习，具有雄心壮志，并且身体健康.goodanalyticalmindtosolvecomplexissues具有良好的解决复杂问题的能力acompleterangeofspecifications;completeinspecifications规格齐全catchupwithandsurpassadvancedworldlevel赶超世界水平awideselectionofcolorsanddesigns多种颜色和样式可供选择fashionablestyles,richvarieties花色新颖，品种多样sufficientsupplies;amplesupply货源充足withalongstandingreputation久负盛名timelydeliveryguaranteed交货及时reasonableprice价格公道finecraftsmanship技艺精湛economyanddurability经济耐用possessChineseflavors具有中国风味rankfirstamongsimilarproducts居同类产品之首excellentinquality品质优良

completerangeofarticles品种齐全variousstyles款式多样Visitorsarewelcome.欢迎光临。Ordersarewelcome.欢迎惠订。Enquiriesarecordiallywelcome.欢迎垂询。Friendlinessisconductivetobusinesssuccess.和气生财。Neithertheoldnortheyoungwillbecheated.童叟无欺。waterproof,shock-resistantandanti-magnetic防水、防震、防磁Foravoidingambiguity,inbusinessEnglish,particularlyinformalEnglishbusinessletters,documentsandcontracts,2.agreatnumberofforeignwords,mainlyLatinwordsareemployed,forLatinlanguageisadeadlanguagewhoseformandmeaningwillnotchangeowingtofrequentuseofculturaldevelopment.Thusnovaguenesswillbecaused.Forexamples:obiterdictum附带意见

ab

agendo

无行为能力的

abintestate无遗嘱继承

ManywordsinEnglishhavethefeatureof“onewordwithmanymeanings”,whichmayleadtoconfusiontobothpartiesofacontractinmakingsureitsexactmeaninginspecific

context.Toavoidorreducetheambiguity,

3.BusinessEnglishusuallyemployssynonymsnear-synonymsorrelevantwordstogetherandtakesthecommonmeaningoftwoormorethantwosuchexpressionssoastoassureaccuracyofthecontent.Forexample:Ifthecontractorshallnotdulyperformandobservealltheterms,provisions,conditions,andstipulationsofthesaidcontract,thisobligationshallbenullandvoidbutotherwiseshallbeandremaininfullforceandeffect.Inthissentence,severalgroupsofsynonymsareusedtogethertoemphasizethestrictnessofalegalclause.“Terms,provisions,conditions,stipulations”areallsynonyms,meaning“contractclauseandprescript”（合同的条款及规定）,

and“null”and“void”aresynonyms,meaning“beofnoeffect”（无效）.Besides,“be”and“remain”,and“force”and“effect”arealsosimilarinmeaning.Otherexamples:enterandsign（签订），allandany（所有），eachandevery（每一个），approveandaccept（同意接受），byandbetween（与），fulfillandperform（履行），saveandexcept（除了），finalandconclusive（最终），etc.DuringthetermofthisAgreement,PartyAshallundertake,renewandmaintainforitsbenefitandinterest,andatitsowncostandexpense,thefollowingprimaryinsurancepolicies.在本协议期间，甲方应为自身利益自费购买、续买及保持下列主要保险。EachPartyundertakeswiththeotherPartythatitshalltreatasstrictlyconfidentialallinformationreceivedorobtainedbyitoritsemployers,agentsoradvisersasaresultofenteringintoorperformingthisAgreementandthatitshallnotatanytimehereaftermakeuseofordiscloseordivulgetoanypersonanysuchinformation.各方向另一方承诺，其将对因签订或履行本协议而由其或其雇员、代理人或顾问得到或获得的所有信息严格保密，且在此后任何时候均不使用或向任何人披露或泄露任何该等信息。VI.HeavyUseofAbbreviationsAbbreviationsarewordsusuallyformedfromtheinitiallettersofwordsthatmakeupadescriptivephraseorapropername.InCommonEnglish,abbreviationsarenotnecessaryandthusareusednotmuch.

Butastradehasdevelopedrapidlywiththeinventionoftelegram,

telephonetalkandtelexsending,overseasbuyersandsellersneedtobeconciseandbrief,convenientformemoryandrecord.Therefore,agreatmanyofabbreviationsarecreatedandthetypesofthemarevarious,whichinclude:

1.AbbreviationsinNamesofImportantandFamiliarOrganizationsandFamousCompanies:OPEC—TheOrganizationofPetroleumExportingCountriesEEC—EuropeanEconomicCommunityAPEC—Asia-PacificEconomicCooperationWTO—WorldTradeOrganization

2.InCurrencies,WeightsandMeasuresinBE:$—theUSDollarRMB—RenMinBigal—gallon

3.VarietiesofTechnicalTermsinBusiness:COD—cashondeliveryL/C—letterofcredit4.InTelex:ExamplesNLT—notlaterthanDOCNTRCVDPLSCHCKNRPL—Thedocumentshavenotbeenreceived.Pleasecheckandreply.YILX918N936WLRVRTNXMON—Wewillrevertyourtelex918and936nextMonday.

VII.EmploymentofPoliteFormulaCommonEnglishpaysattentiontointimacyandpleasureinsocialcontact,soitneedslittlepoliteformula.ButinordertoachievehighefficiencyofbusinesscontactinBusinessEnglish,courtesyandcaringshouldberequired,andalsoexcessiveintimacyshouldbeavoided.Therefore,“BusinessEnglishformsasetofformulatedlanguageacceptableintheinternational—politeformula.”

1.PoliteFormulaforExpressingAcknowledgement:ExamplesWeshallappreciateyour...我们将甚为感谢……Pleaseacceptmysincereappreciationforyou.请接受我方对您的真挚谢意。2.PoliteFormulaforExpressingRegret:withmuchregret十分遗憾Ioweyouanapology.我应该向你道歉。