Halliday英语教学课件

M.A.K.HallidayandtheSystemic-FunctionalGrammar

AbriefintroductiontoM.A.K.HallidayTheSystemic-FunctionalGrammarSummary

AbriefintroductiontoM.A.K.HallidayFullname:MichaelAlexanderKirkwoodHalliday（born13April1925,Leeds,Yorkshire,England）gotBAinChineselanguageandliteratureatLondonUniversityin1947From1947to1949,studiedatPeikingUniverstityunderthesupervisionofLuoChangpei.(罗常培）From1949to1950,studiedatLingnanUniversityinGuangzhou,tutoredbyWangLi.（王力）ThenhecamebacktoLondonandgothisPh.DdegreeunderthesurpervisionofFirth.AbriefintroductiontoM.A.K.Hallidayin1955,doctoraldissertation"theLanguageoftheChineseSecretHistoryoftheMongols"（元朝秘史），writteninanorthernChinesedialectinthe14thcentury.taughtlinguisticsatanumberofuniversitiesinBritainandAmerica.(LondonUniversity&StanfordUniversity&theUniversityofExeter.in1975,movedtoAustraliaandfoundedtheDepartmentofLinguisticsatUniversityofSydney,workingtheretillhisretirementin1988.AbriefintroductiontoM.A.K.HallidayMichaelAlexanderKirkwoodHallidayhasdevelopedideasstemmingfromFirth’stheoriesintheLondonSchool.HeisprobablythemostimportantrepresentativeoftheSystemic-FunctionalSchool.theSystemic-FunctionalGrammarSystemic-FunctionalGrammarhastwocomponents:

SystemicGrammarFunctionalGrammar.SystemicGrammarsystemicgrammarconcernedwithestablishinganetworkofsystemsofrelationships,whichaccountsforallthesemanticallyrelevantchoicesinthelanguageasawhole.Onagenerallevel,thereistheaxisofchoice,orthedimensionalongwiththeutterancesequenceoccurs,andtheaxisofchain,thebasicpatternalongtheverticallineform,whichrespectivelyrepresentparadigmaticrelationsandsyntagmaticrelations.Thesystemisalistofchoicesthatareavailableinthegrammaroflanguage,suchasnumber,tense,gendersystem.EssentialcharacteristicsofSystemicGrammar

firstly,thetermsinasystemaremutuallyexclusive;Secondly,asystemisfinite;thirdly,themeaningofeachterminssystemdependsonthemeaningoftheothertermsinthesystem.FunctionalGrammaraimstorevealthatlanguageisameansofsocialinteration,basedonthepositionthatlanguagesystemandtheformsthatmakeitupareinescapablydeterminedbytheusesorfunctionswhichtheyserve.meta-functionstheIdeationalFunctiontheInterpersonalFunctiontheTextualFunction

ThreemetafunctionstheIdeationalFunctiontheInterpersonalFunctiontheTextualFunction语篇功能概念功能人际功能transitivityvoicepolaritymoodmodalitykeythemeinformationcohesion语态系统及物性系统归一性系统语气系统情态系统基调系统主位系统信息系统衔接系统theIdeationalFunctionToconveynewinformation,tocommunicateacontentthatisunknowntothehearer.Itmainlyconsistsof“transitivity”(及物性系统),“voice”(语态系统)andpolarity(归一性系统）ThreemetafunctionstheIdeationalFunctiontheInterpersonalFunctiontheTextualFunction语篇功能概念功能人际功能transitivityvoicepolaritymoodmodalitykeythemeinformationcohesion语态系统及物性系统归一性系统语气系统情态系统基调系统主位系统信息系统衔接系统Transitivity(及物性系统)InEnglishwemakechoicesbetweendifferenttypesofprocess,participants,andcircumstances.Theyallknownasthetransitivitychoices.Thebasicsemanticframeworkfortherepresentationofprocessconsistsofthreecomponents(1)theprocessitself,(2)participantsintheprocess,and(3)circumstancesassociatedwiththeprocess.e.g.Tcess2.participant3.circumstance1.verbalgroup2.nominalgroup3.adverbialgrouporprepositionalphraseTransitivityTransitivityProcessTransitivityMaterialprocess(Johnkickedtheball)物质过程Mentalprocess(JohnlikesMary)心理过程RelationalProcess(Johnisonthesofa)关系过程Behaviouralprocess(Johnlaughed)行为过程Verbalprocess(Johnsaiditiscoldintheroom)言语过程Existentialprocess(Thereisacatonthesofa)存在过程ThreemetafunctionstheIdeationalFunctiontheInterpersonalFunctiontheTextualFunction语篇功能概念功能人际功能transitivityvoicepolaritymoodmodalitykeythemeinformationcohesion语态系统及物性系统归一性系统语气系统情态系统基调系统主位系统信息系统衔接系统Voice(语态系统

)Thevoicesystemhasthesimilartendencywiththetransitivepattern.Thewaythevoicesystemworksisasfollows.Aclausewithnofeatureof“agency”isneitheractivenorpassivebutmiddle.Aneffectiveclauseistheneitheractiveorpassive.ClauseasrepresentationmiddleProcessMediumProcessactiveTheglassbrokeEffectiveAgentActiveProcessactiveThecatbroketheglassPassiveProcesspassiveby;theglasswasbrokenbythecatVoiceThreemetafunctionstheIdeationalFunctiontheInterpersonalFunctiontheTextualFunction语篇功能概念功能人际功能transitivityvoicepolaritymoodmodalitykeythemeinformationcohesion语态系统及物性系统归一性系统语气系统情态系统基调系统主位系统信息系统衔接系统Polarity(归一性系统)Polarityisthechoicebetweenpositiveandnegativeinonelanguage.Typicallyexpressedinthefiniteelements.e.g.:Ithinkyourideaisagreatone.Idon’tthinkyourideaisagreatone.Finiteelementscanshowthepolarity,tenseandmodality.e.g.:is/isn’t,was/wasn’t,has/hasn’tEachfiniteelementisinherentlyeitherpositiveornegative.theInterpersonalFunctionItembodiesallusesoflanguagetoexpresssocialandpersonalrelations.Thisincludesthevariouswaysthespeakerentersaspeechsituationandperformsaspeechact.ItisrealizedbyMood(语气系统)，

Modality(情态系统)andtheKey（基调系统）ThreemetafunctionstheIdeationalFunctiontheInterpersonalFunctiontheTextualFunction语篇功能概念功能人际功能transitivityvoicepolaritymoodmodalitykeythemeinformationcohesion语态系统及物性系统归一性系统语气系统情态系统基调系统主位系统信息系统衔接系统Mood(语气系统)DefinitionofMoodMoodistheselectionbythespeakerofaparticularroleinthespeechsituation,andhisdeterminationofthechoiceofrolesfortheaddressee.Itismadeupofsubjectandfinite,andthereminderoftheclauseiscalledresidue.Thesubjectcanbeanoun,anounphrase,oraclause.e.g.He

will

give

me

an

apple

tomorrow.

1.Declarativemood2.Interrogativemood3.imperativemood4.exclamativemoodFourtypesofMoodDeclarativemoodDeclarativemoodfulldeclaratives(most,93.60%)ellipticaldeclarativesInterrogativemoodinterrogativeyes-nointerrogative(forpolarquestions)WH-interrogativeforcontentquestionsImperativemood

purpose:goodsorservicesTwofunctions1.askingforpermissiontodosomething.2.callingontheaudienceandthespeakertodosomethingtogether.

Exclamativemood

InEnglish,theexclamativeclausesareintroducedby“what”or“how”.“What”isfollowedbyanounplusacomplement.e.g.whatafinedayitis!ThreemetafunctionstheIdeationalFunctiontheInterpersonalFunctiontheTextualFunction语篇功能概念功能人际功能transitivityvoicepolaritymoodmodalitykeythemeinformationcohesion语态系统及物性系统归一性系统语气系统情态系统基调系统主位系统信息系统衔接系统Modality(情态系统)

DefinitionofModality

Themodalityisanothermajorcomponentofinterpersonalfunction.AccordingtoHalliday,modalityisaformofparticipationbythespeakerinthespeechevent.Modalityspecifiesifthespeakerisexpressinghisjudgmentormakingaprediction.

ModalityModalitymodalization(information)Modulation(good-&-service)Probability:Thechildmightbehers.Usuality:SheoftenwentthereModalityObligation:Youshouldgonow.Inclination:I’llgiveyouahand.Fourprincipalspeechroles

AccordingtoHalliday,therearetwobasicroles,thatisgivingandtaking.Alongwiththetwokindsofcommodities,theymakeup4principalspeechroles:offer,command,statementandquestionE.g.He

will

give

me

an

apple

tomorrowThreemetafunctionstheIdeationalFunctiontheInterpersonalFunctiontheTextualFunction语篇功能概念功能人际功能transitivityvoicepolaritymoodmodalitykeythemeinformationcohesion语态系统及物性系统归一性系统语气系统情态系统基调系统主位系统信息系统衔接系统Definition:oneofthreemajorsystemsoftones.Types:Tenor1:thedescendnessoftone(降调)=theknownrecursiveness(已知递归性），toshowcertaintyTenor2:theascendnessoftone（声调）=theunknownrecursiveness(未知递归性），toshowdoubtTenorofdiscourse(话语基调)Tenor3:thestablenessoftone(平调），however,rarelyseen,socalledthetenor2atlowlevel(低声调），showinguncertaintyTenor4:theconnectionofthedescendnessandascendnessoftones,showingamixtureofbeliefanddoubt.(虽然，但是）Tenor5:theconnectionoftherisingandlowingofthetones,showingadistrustforsomethingexisted.(你应该知道）TenorofdiscoursetheTextualFunctionItreferstothefactthatlanguagehasmechanismstomakeanystretchofspokenorwrittendiscourseinto

coherentandunifiedtextsandmakealivingpassagedifferentfromarandomlistofsentences.Itmainlyconsistsoftheme（主位系统）,information（信息系统）andcohesion（衔接系统）.ThreemetafunctionstheIdeationalFunctiontheInterpersonalFunctiontheTextualFunction语篇功能概念功能人际功能transitivityvoicepolaritymoodmodalitykeythemeinformationcohesion语态系统及物性系统归一性系统语气系统情态系统基调系统主位系统信息系统衔接系统Theme（主位系统）一、DefinitionThefirstaboutwhichgivestheclauseitscharacterasameaning.二、Types

'markedtheme''unmarkedtheme'ThreemetafunctionstheIdeationalFunctiontheInterpersonalFunctiontheTextualFunction语篇功能概念功能人际功能transitivityvoicepolaritymoodmodalitykeythemeinformationcohesion语态系统及物性系统归一性系统语气系统情态系统基调系统主位系统信息系统衔接系统Information（信息系统）Definition:Information,initstechnicalgrammaticalsense,isthetensebetweenwhatisalreadyknownorpredictableandwhatisnewandunpredicable

HencetheinformationunitisastructurebasedonthefunctionoftheGiven(已知信息)andtheNew（未知信息）.IntheidealizedformeachinformationunitconsistsofaGivenelementaccompaniedbytheNew.ThreemetafunctionstheIdeationalFunctiontheInterpersonalFunctiontheTextualFunction语篇功能概念功能人际功能transitivityvoicepolaritymoodmodalitykeythemeinformationcohesion语态系统及物性系统归一性系统语气系统情态系统基调系统主位系统信息系统衔接系统Cohesion（衔接系统）Definition:

Cohesionisaconcepttodowithdiscourseortextratherthanwithsyntax,itreferstorelationsofmeaningthatexistswithinthetext,anddefineitasatext.CohesionTextualcohesivenesscanberealizedmainlybytwo