2019年研究生入学统一考试试题与答案解析(英语二)

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2019年英语(二)考研真题及答案解析

SectionIUseofEnglish

Directions:

ReadthefoIlowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)for

eachnumberedbIankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWER

SHEET.

(10points)

WeighingyourseIfreguIarIyisawonderfuIwaytostay

awareofanysignificantweightfIuctuations.1,when

done

toooften,thishabitcansometimeshurtmorethanit

2.

Asforme,weighingmyseIfeverydaycausedmetoshift

myfocusfrombeinggeneraIIyheaIthyandphysicaIIy

active

tofocusing3ontheseaIe.ThatwasbadtomyoveraII

fitness

goaIs.IhadgainedweightintheformofmuseIemass,

but

thinkingonIyof4thenumberontheseaIe,IaItered

my

trainingprogram.ThatconfictedwithhowIneededto

train

to5mygoaIs.

IaIsofoundthatweighingmyseIfdailydidnotprovide

anaccurate6ofthehardworkandprogressIwasmaking

in

thegym.Ittakesaboutthreeweekstoamonthtonotice

any

significantchangesinyourweight7aIteringyour

training

program.Themost8changeswiIIbeobservedinskill

IeveI,strengthandinchesIost

Forthese9,IstoppedweighingmyseIfeverydayand

switchedtoabimonthlyweighingscheduIe10.Sinee

weight

IossisnotmygoaI,itisIessimportantformeto_11

_my

weighteachweek.Weighingeveryotherweekallowsme

to

observeand12anysignificantweightchanges.That

tells

mewhetherIneedto13mytrainingprogram.

IusemybimonthIyweigh-in14togetinformationabout

mynutritionasweII.Ifmytrainingintensityremains

the

same,butI'mconstantIy15anddroppingweight,this

isa

16thatIneedtoincreasemydailycaloricintake.

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The17tostopweighingmyseIfeverydayhasdone

wonders

formyoveraIIheaIth,fitnessandweII-being.I'm

experiencingincreasedzeaIforworkingoutsineeIno

Ionger

carrytheburdenofa18mormingweigh-in.I'veaIso

experiencedgreatersuccessinachievingmyspecific

ftness

goaIs,19I'mtrainingaccordingtothosegoaIs,not

the

numbersonaseaIe.

Ratherthan20overtheseaIe,turnyourfocustohow

youIook,feeIhowyourcIothesfitandyouroveraII

energy

IeveI.

1.[A]Besides[B]Therefore[C]Otherwise[D]However

2.[A]heIps[B]cares[C]warns[D]reduces

3.[A]initialIy[B]solely[C]occasionaIIy[D]

formaIIy

4.[A]recording[B]Iowering[C]expIaining[D]

accepting

5.[A]modify[B]set[C]review[D]reach

6.[A]definition[B]depiction[C]distribution[D]

prediction

7.[A]dueto[B]regardIessof[C]asidefrom[D]aIong

with

8.[A]orderIy[B]rigid[C]precise[D]immediate

9.[A]claims[B]judgments[C]reasons[D]methods

10.[A]instead[B]though[C]again[D]indeed

11.[A]report[B]share[C]share[D]share

12.[A]dependon[B]approveof[C]holdonto[D]account

for

13.[A]prepare[B]share[C]share[D]share

14.[A]results[B]features[C]rules[D]tests

15.[A]bored[B]anxious[C]hungry[D]sick

16.[A]principle[B]secret[C]beIief[D]sign

17.[A]request[B]necessity[C]decision[D]wish

18.[A]disappointing[B]surprising[C]restricting

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[D]consuming

19.[A]ifbecause[B]unIess[C]until[D]consuming

20.[A]obsessing[B]dominating[C]puzzIing

[D]triumphing

SectionIIReadingComprehension

PartA

Directions:

Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestions

beIoweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.Markyour

answers

ontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)

Text1

UnIikeso-caIIedbasicemotionssuchassadness,fear,

andanger,guiltemergesaIittIeIater,inconjunction

with

achiId'sgrowinggraspofsociaIandmoraInorms.

ChiIdren

aren'tbornknowinghowtosay"I'msorry”;rather,

they

Iearnovertimethatsuchstatementsappeaseparents

and

friends-andtheirownconsciences.Thisiswhy

researchers

generallyregardso-caIIedmoraIguilt,intheright

amount,

tobeagoodthing.

InthepopuIarimagination,ofcourse,gui11stiIIgets

abadrap.ItisdeepIyuncomfortabIe-it'sthe

emotionaI

equivaIentofwearingajacketweightedwithstones.

Yetthis

understandingisoutdated."Therehasbeenakindof

revivaI

orarethinkingaboutwhatguiltisandwhatroIegui11

can

serve,“saysAmrishaVaish,apsychoIogyresearcher

atthe

UniversityofVirginia,addingthatthisrevivaIis

partof

alargerrecognitionthatemotionsaren'tbinary——

feelingsthatmaybeadvantageousinonecontextmay

be

harmfuIinanother.JeaIousyandanger,forexampIe,

mayhave

evolvedtoalertustoimportantinequaIities.Toomuch

happinesscanbedestructive.

Andquilt,bypromptingustothinkmoredeepIyabout

ourgoodness,canencouragehumanstomakeupforerrors

and

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fixreIationships.GuiIt,inotherwords,canhelphold

a

cooperativespeciestogether.ItisakindofsociaI

glue.

ViewedinthisIight,guiltisanopportunity.Workby

TinaMa11i,apsychoIogyprofessorattheUniversity

of

Toronto,suggeststhatguiltmaycompensateforan

emotionaI

deficiency.Inanumberofstudies,Ma11iandothers

have

shownthatguiltandsympathymayrepresentdifferent

pathwaystocooperationandsharing.SomeKidswhoare

Iow

insympathymaymakeupforthatshortfaIIby

experiencing

moregui11,whichcanreinintheirnastierimpuIses.

And

viceversa:HighsympathycansubstituteforIowguiIt.

Ina2014study,forexampIe,Ma11iIookedat244

chiIdren.Usingcaregiverassessmentsandthe

chiIdren's

seIf-observations,sheratedeachchiId'soveraII

sympathy

IeveIandhisorhertendencytofeeInegativeemotions

after

moraItransgressions.Thenthekidswerehanded

chocoIate

coins,andgivenachancetosharethemwithan

anonymous

chiId.FortheIow-sympathykids,howmuchtheyshared

appearedtoturnonhowinoIinedtheyweretofeeI

guiIty.

TheguiIt-proneonessharemore,eventhoughthey

hadn't

magicaIIybecomemoresympathetictotheotherchiId's

deprivation.

"That'sgoodnews,nMa11isays,uWecanbeprosociaI

becausewecausedharmandwefeeIregret.n

21.Researchersthinkthatguiltcanbeagoodthing

becauseitmayheIp.

A.reguIateachiId'sbasicemotions

B.improveachiId'sinteIIectuaIability

C.fosterachiId'smoraIdeveIopment

D.intensifyachiId'spositivefeeIings

22.AccordingtoParagraph2,manypeopIestill

consider

guilttobe.

A.deceptive

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B.burdensome

C.addictive

D.inexcusabIe

23.VaishhoIdsthattherethinkingaboutguiltcomes

fromanawarenessthat.

A.emotionsarecontext-independent

B.emotionsaresociaIIyconstructive

C.emotionaIstabiIitycanbenefitheaIth

D.anemotioncanpIayopposingroIes

24.Ma11iandothershaveshownthatcooperationand

sharing.

A.mayheIpcorrectemotionaIdeficienoies

B.canresultfromeithersympathyorguilt

C.canbringaboutemotionaIsatisfaction

D.maybetheoutcomeofimpuIsiveacts

25.Theword“transgressions”(Line4,Para.5)is

cIosestinmeaningto.

A.teachings

B.discussions

C.restrictions

D.wrongdoings

Text2

Forestsgiveusshade,quietandoneoftheharder

caIIengesinthefightagainstcIimatechange.Evenas

we

humanscountonforeststosoakupagoodshareofthe

carbon

dioxideweproduce,wearethreateningtheirability

todo

so.ThecIimatechangewearehasteningcouIdoneday

Ieave

uswithforeststhatemitmorecarbonthantheyabsorb.

ThankfuIIy,thereisawayoutofthistrap-butit

invoIvesstrikingasubtIebaIance.Helpingforests

fIourish

asvaIuabIecarbonsinksIongintothefuturemay

require

reducingtheircapacitytoabsorbcarbonnow.

CaIiformiais

Ieadingtheway,asitdoesonsomanycIimateefforts,

in

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figuringoutthedetaiIs.

Thestate'sproposedForestCarbonPIanaimstodoubIe

effortstothinoutyoungtreesandcIearbrushinparts

of

theforest.ThistemporariIyIowerscarbon-carrying

capacity.Buttheremainingtreesdrawagreatershare

of

theavaiIabIemoisture,sotheygrowandthrive,

restoring

theforest'scapacitytopuIIcarbonfromtheair.

HeaIthy

treesareaIsobetterabIetofendoffinsects.The

Iandscape

isrenderedIesseasiIyburnabIe.Evenintheeventof

afire,

fewertreesareconsumed.

TheneedforsuchpIanningisincreasingIyurgent.

AIready,sinee2010,droughtandinsectshavekilled

over100

milliontreesinCaIifornia,mostofthemin2016aIone,

and

wiIdfireshaveburnedhundredsofthousandsofacres.

CaIiforniapIanstotreat35,000acresofforestayear

by2020,and60,000by2030-financedfromtheproceeds

of

thestate'semissions-permitauctions.That'sonIy

asmaII

shareofthetotaIacreagethatcouIdbenefit,about

haIf

amiIIionacresinaII,soitwiIIbevitaltoprioritize

areasatgreatestriskoffireordrought.

ThestrategyaIsoaimstoensurethatcarboninwoody

materiaIremovedfromtheforestsisIockedawayinthe

form

ofsolidIumberorburnedasbiofueIinvehicIesthat

wouId

otherwiserunonfossiIfueIs.Newresearchon

transportationbiofueIsisaIreadyunderway.

StategovernmentsareweIIaccustomedtomanaging

forests,buttraditionaIIythey'vefocusedon

wiIdIife,

watershedsandopportunitiesforrecreation.OnIy

recentIy

havetheycometoseethevitalpartforestswiIIhave

to

pIayinstoringcarbon.Califormia'spIan,whichis

expected

tobefinaIizedbythegovernornextyear,shouIdserve

as

amodeI.

26.Bysaying“oneoftheharderchaIIengesthe

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authorimpIiesthat.

A.gIobaIcIimatechangemaygetoutofcontroI

B.peopIemaymisunderstandglobaIwarming

C.extremeweatherconditionsmayarise

D.forestsmaybecomeapotentiaIthreat

27.Tomaintainforestsasvaluable"carbonsinks,we

mayneedto.

A.preservethediversityofspeciesinthem

B.acceIeratethegrowthofyoungtrees

C.strikeabaIanceamongdifferentpIants

D.Iowertheirpresentcarbon-absorbingcapacity

28.CaIifornia'sForestCarbonPIanendeavors

to.

A.cultivatemoredrought-resistanttrees

B.reducethedensityofsomeofitsforests

C.findmoreeffectivewaystokillinsects

D.restoreitsforestsquicklyafterwiIdfires

29.WhatisessentiaItoCaIifornia'spIanaccordingto

Paragraph5?

A.TohandIetheareasinseriousdangerfirst.

B.Tocarryitoutbeforetheyearof2020.

C.Toperfecttheemissions-permitauctions.

D.ToobtainenoughfinanoiaIsupport.

30.Theauthor'sattitudetoCaIifornia'spIancanbest

bedescribedas.

A.ambiguous

B.toIerant

C.supportive

D.cautious

Text3

AmericanfarmershavebeencompIainingofIabor

shortagesforseveraIyearsnow.Givenamulti-year

decIine

iniIIegaIimmigration,andasimilarlysustained

pickupin

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theU.S.jobmarket,thecompIaintsareuniikeIytostop

withoutanoverhauIofimmigrationruIesforfarm

workers.

Effortstocreateamorestraightforward

agricultural-workersvisathatwouIdenabIeforeign

workers

tostayIongerintheU.S.andchangejobswithinthe

industry

havesofarfailedinCongress.Ifthisdoesn'tchange,

Americanbusinesses,communitiesandconsumerswiIIbe

the

Iosers.

PerhapshaIfofU.S.farmIaborersareundocumented

immigrants.AsfewersuchworkersentertheU.S.,the

characteristicsoftheagricuIturaIworkforceare

changing.

Today'sfarmIaborers,whiIestiIIpredominantlyborn

in

Mexico,aremoreIikeIytobesettIed,ratherthan

migrating,

andmoreIikeIytobemarriedthansingle.TheyareaIso

aging.

Atthestartofthiscentury,aboutone-thirdofcrop

workers

wereovertheageof35.Now,morethanhaIfare.And

crop

pickingishardonoIderbodies.Oneoft-debatedcure

forthis

IaborshortageremainsasimpIausibIeasithasbeen

all

aIong:NativeU.S.workerswon'tbereturningtothe

farm.

Meehanizationisnottheanswereither—notyetat

Ieast.Productionofcorn,cotton,rice,soybeansand

wheat

havebeenIargeIymechanized,butmanyhigh-vaIue,

Iabor-intensivecrops,suchasstrawberries,need

Iabor.

Evendairyfarms,whererobotscurrentIydoonIyasmaII

shareofmiIking,haveaIongwaytogobeforetheyare

automated.

Asaresu11,farmshavegrownincreasinglyreIianton

temporaryguestworkersusingtheH-2AvisatofiIIthe

gaps

intheagricuIturaIworkforce.Startingaround2012,

requestsforthevisasrosesharpIy;from2011to2016

the

numberofvisasissuedmorethandoubIed.

TheH-2AvisahasnonumericaIcap,unIiketheH-2Bvisa

fornonagricuIturaIwork,whichisIimitedto66,000

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annuaIIy.Evenso,empIoyersfrequentIycomplainthat

they

aren'taIIottedalItheworkerstheyneed.Theprocess

is

cumbersome,expensiveandunreliable.Onesurveyfound

that

bureaucraticdeIaysIedH-2Aworkerstoarriveonthe

job

anaverageof22daysIate.Andtheshortageis

compounded

byfederaIimmigrationraids,whichremovesomeworkers

and

driveothersunderground.

Ina2012survey,71percentoftree-fruitgrowersand

nearIy80percentofraisinandberrygrowerssaidthey

were

shortofIabor.Somewesterngrowershaverespondedby

moving

operationstoMexico.From1998-2000,14.5percentof

the

fruitAmericansconsumedwasimported.Littlemorethan

a

decadeIater,theshareofimportedfruithadincreased

to

25.8percent.

Ineffect,theU.S.canimportfoodoritcanimport

the

workerswhopickit.

31.WhatprobIemshouIdbeaddressedaccordingtothe

firsttwoparagraphs?

A.DiscriminationagainstforeignworkersintheU.S.

B.BiasedIawsinfavorofsomeAmericanbusinesses.

C.FIawsinU.S.immigrationruIesforfarmworkers.

D.DecIineofjobopportunitiesinU.S.agriculture.

32.OnetroubIewithU.S.agricuIturaIworkforce

is.

A.therisingnumberofiIIegaIimmigrants

B.thehighmobiIityofcropworkers

C.theIackofexperiencedIaborers

D.theagingofimmigrantfarmworkers

33.Whatisthemuch-arguedsoIutiontotheIabor

shortageinU.S.farming?

A.ToattractyoungerIaborerstofarmwork.

B.TogetnativeU.S.workersbacktofarming.

C.Tousemorerobotstogrowhigh-vaIuecrops.

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D.TostrengthenfinanciaIsupportforfarmers.

34.AgricuIturaIempIoyerscomplainabouttheH-2Avisa

forits.

A.sIowgrantingprocedures

B.Iimitondurationofstay

C.tightenedrequirements

D.controIofannuaIadmissions

35.WhichofthefollowingcouIdbethebesttitlefor

thistext?

A.U.S.AgricuItureinDeciine?

B.ImportFoodorLabor?

C.AmericaSavedbyMexico?

D.Manpowervs.Automation?

Text4

AmoIdSchwarzenegger,DiaMirzaandAdrianGrenierhave

amessageforyou:It'seasytobeatpIastic.They're

part

ofabunchofceIebritiesstarringinanewvideofor

WorId

EnvironmentDay—encouragingyou,theconsumer,to

swap

outyoursingle-usepIasticstapIesIikestrawsand

cutIery

tocombatthepIasticscrisis.

ThekeymessagesthathavebeenputtogetherforWorId

EnvironmentDaydoincIudeacalIforgovernmentsto

enact

legislationtocurbsingle-usepIastics.Butthe

overarching

messageisdirectedatindividuaIs.

MyconcernwithIeavingituptotheindividuaI,

however,

isourIimitedsenseofwhatneedstobeachieved.On

their

own,takingourownbagstothegrocerystoreor

quitting

pIasticstraws,forexampIe,wiIIaccompIishIittIeand

requireveryIittIeofus.TheycouIdevenbe

detrimentaI,

satisfyinganeedtohavedoneourbitwithoutever

progressingontobigger,boIder,moreeffective

actions—

akindofmoraIIicensingthatallaysourconcernsand

stopsusdoingmoreandaskingmoreofthoseincharge.

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WhiIetheconversationaroundourenvironmentandour

responsibiIitytowarditremainscenteredonshopping

bags

andstraws,we'reignoringthebaIanceofpowerthat

impIies

thatasconsumerswemustshopsustainabIy,ratherthan

ascitizenshoIdourgovernmentsandindustriesto

account

topushforreaIsystemicchange.

It'simportanttoacknowledgethattheenvironment

isn't

everyone'spriority-orevenmostpeopIe's.We

shouIdn't

expectittobe.InherIatestbook,WhyGoodPeopIe

DoBad

EnvironmentaIThings,WeiIesIeyCoIIegeprofessor

EIizabeth

R.DeSombrearguesthatthebestwaytocoIIectiveIy

change

thebehavioroflargenumbersofpeopIeisforthe

change

tobestructuraI.

ThismightmeanimplementingpoIicysuchasapIastic

taxthataddsacosttoenvironmentaIIyprobIematic

action,

orbanningsingle-usepIasticsaItogether.Indiahas

just

announceditwiIIeIiminateaIIsingle-usepIasticin

the

countryby2022.ThereareaIsoincentive-basedways

of

makingbetterenvironmentaIchoiceseasier,suchas

ensuring

recycIingisatIeastaseasyastrashdisposaI.

DeSombreisn'tsayingpeopIeshouIdstopcaringabout

theenvironment.It'sjustthatindividuaIactionsare

too

sIow,shesays,forthattobetheonly,orevenprimary,

approachtochangingwidespreadbehavior.

NoneofthisisaboutwritingofftheindividuaI.It's

justaboutputtingthingsintoperspective.Wedon't

have

timetowait.WeneedprogressivepoIiciesthatshape

coIIectiveaction(andreininpollutingbusinesses),

aIongsideengagedcitizenspushingforchange.

36.SomeceIebritiesstarinanewvideoto

A.demandnewIawsontheuseofpIastics

B.urgeconsumerstocuttheuseofpIastics

C.invitepubIicopiniononthepIasticscrisis

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D.disciosethecausesofthepIasticscrisis

37.Theauthorisconcernedthat“morallicensing”

may

A.misIeadusintodoingworthIessthings

B.preventusfrommakingfurtherefforts

C.weakenoursenseofaccompIishment

D.suppressourdesireforsuccess

38.Bypointingoutouridentityas“citizens,”,the

authorindicatesthat

A:ourfocusshouIdbeshiftedtocommunityweIfare

B:ourrelationshipwithIocaIindustriesisimproving

C:WehavebeenactiveIyexercisingourciviIrights

D:WeshouIdpressourgovernmenttoIeadthecombat

39.DeSombrearguesthatthebestwayforacoIIective

changeshouIdbe

A:awin-winarrangement

B:aseIf-drivenmechanism

C:acost-effectiveapproach

D:atopdownprocess

40.TheauthorconeIudesthatindividuaIefforts

A:canbetooaggressive

B:canbetooineonsistent

C:arefarfromsufficient

D:arefarfromrationaI

PartB

Directions:

Youaregoingtoreadalistofheadingsandatext.

ChoosethemostsuitabIeheadingfromtheIistA-Gfor

each

numberedparagraph(41-45).Markyouranswersonthe

ANSWER

SHEET.(10points)

Fivewaystomakeconversationwithanyone

Inchoosinganewhome,CamiIIeMcCIain'skidshavea

singledemand:abackyard.

McCIain'sIittIeonesaren'ttheonIykidswhohave

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anopinionwhenitcomestohousing,andinmanycases

youngsters'viewsweighheaviIyonparents'reaIestate

decisions,accordingtoa2018HarrisPolIsurveyof

more

than2,000U.S.adults.

WhilemorefamiIiesbuckanoIder-generation

procIivity

toIeavekidsinthedarkaboutreaIestatedecisions,

reaIty

agentsandpsychoIogistshavemixedviewsaboutthe

financiaI,personaIandIong-termeffectskids'

opinions

mayhave.

TheideaofinvoIvingchiIdreninabigdecisionisa

greatideabecauseitcanheIpthemfeeIasenseof

controI

andownershipinwhatcanbeanoverwhelmingprocess,

said

RyanHooper,aclinicaIpsychoIogistinChicago.

“ChiIdrenmayfaceseriousdifficultiesincopingwith

significantmoves,especiaIIyifitremovesthemfrom

their

currentschooIorsupportsystem,5,hesaid.

GregJaroszewski,areaIestatebrokerswithGagIiardo

ReaItyAssociates,saidhe'snotconvineedthatkids

shouId

beinvoIvedinseIectingahome---buttheiropinions

shouId

beconsideredinregardstoproximitytofriendsand

sociaI

activities,ifpossibIe.

YoungerchiIdrenshouIdfeeIIikethey'rechoosing

theirhome---withoutactuaIIygettingachoiceinthe

matter,saidAdamBaiIey,areaIestateattorneybased

in

NewYork.

AskingthemquestionsaboutwhattheyIikeaboutthe

backyardofapotentiaIhomewiIImakethemfeeIIike

they'rebeingincIudedinthedecision-makingprocess,

BaiIeysaid.

Manyoftheaspectsofhomebuyingaren'ta

considerationforchiIdren,saidTraceyHampson,areaI

estateagentbasedinSantaClarita,Calif.Andplacing

too

muchemphasisontheiropinionscanruinafantastic

home

-WORD格式一可编辑一

purchase.

“SpeakingwithyourchiIdrenbeforeyoumakeareaI

estatedecisioniswise,butIwouldn'tbasethe

purchasing

decisionsolelyontheiropinions."Hampsonsaid.

TheotherissueisthatmanychiIdren-especiaIIyoIder

ones-maybasetheirreaIestateknowledgeonHGTV

shows,

saidAaronNorrisofTheNorrisGroupin

Riverside,CaIif.

“TheyIoveChipandJoannaGainesjustasmuchasthe

restofus,,shesaid."HGTVhasseriousIychangedhow

peopIeviewreaIestate.It'snotshelter,it'sa

IifestyIe.Withthatmindsetchangecomesomeserious

money

consequences.

Kidstendtogetstuckinthefeaturesandtheimmediate

benefitstothempersonaIIy,Norrissaid.

ParentsneedtoremindtheirchiIdrenthattheirneeds

anddesiresmaychangeovertime,saidJulieGurner,

areaI

estateanaIystwithFitSmaIIB.

“Theiropinionscanchangetomorrow,Gurnersaid.

“Harshasitmaybetosay,thatdecisionshouIdIikeIy

not

bemadecontingentonachiId'sopinions,butrather

made

forthemwithgreatconsiderationintowhathomecan

meet

theirneedsbest-andgivethemanopportunityto

customize

itabitandmakeittheirown.5,

ThisadviceismorereIevantnowthaneverbefore,even

asmoreparentswanttoembracetheideasoftheir

chiIdren,

despitethecurrenthousingcrunch.

A.remarksthatsignificantmovesmayposechaIIenges

tochiIdren.

A.remarksthatsignificantmovesmaypose

chaIIengestochiIdren.

41.RyanB.saysthatitiswisetoIeavekidsinthe

HooperdarkaboutreaIestatedecisions.

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C.advisesthathomepurchasesshouIdnotbe42.Adam

onIyonchiIdren'sopinions.basedBaiIey

D.thinksthatchiIdrenshouIdbegivena

senseTracey43.

invoIvementinhomebuyingdecisions.ofHampson

andfriendsIikechiIdren'snotes44.AaronE.thataspects

activitiesshouIdbeconsidereduponsociaINorris

homebuying.

bedecisionsshouIdbeIi