历年英语专八改错真题

2014Thereiswidespreadconsensusamongscholarsthatsecondlanguageacquisition(SLA)emergedasadistinctfieldofresearchfromthelate1950stoearly1960s.Thereisahighlevelofagreementthatthefollowingquestions (a also)havepossessedthemostattentionofresearchersinthisarea: (possessedcaptured)Isitpossibletoacquireanadditionallanguageinthesamesenseoneacquiresafirstlanguage? (oneäfij]Llas)Whatistheexplanationforthefactadultshave (fact that)moredifficultyinacquiringadditionallanguagesthanchildrenhave?Whatmotivatespeopletoacquireadditionallanguages?Whatistheroleofthelanguageteachinginthe (language the)acquisitionofanadditionallanguage?Whatsocioculturalfactors,ifany,arerelevantinstudyingthelearningofadditionallanguages?Fromacheckoftheliteratureofthefielditisclearthatall the)theapproachesadoptedtostudythephenomenaofSLAsofarhaveonethingincommon:Theperspectiveadoptedtoviewtheacquiringofanadditionallanguageisthatofanindividualattemptstodo (attempts attempting)so.Whetheronelabelsit"learning"or"acquiring"anadditionallanguage,it[sanindividualaccomplishmentorwhatisunder (or and)focusisthecognitive,psychological,andinstitutionalstatusofanindividual.Thatis,thespotlightisonwhatmentalcapabilitiesareinvolving,whatpsychologicalfactorsplayaroleinthelearning(involving involved)oracquisition,andwhetherthetargetlanguageislearntintheclassroomoracquiredthroughsocialtouchwithnativespeakers. (touch contact)2013Psycho_linguisticsisthenamegiventothestudyofthepsychologicalprocessesinvolvedinlanguage.Psycholinguisticsstudyunderstanding,productionandrememberinglanguage,andhenceareconcernedwith(1)listening,reading,speaking,writing,andmemoryforlanguage.Onereasonwhywetakethelanguageforgrantedisthatitusually(2)happenssoeffortlessly,andmostoftime,soaccurately. (3)Indeed,whenyoulistentosomeonetospeaking,orlookingatthispage,(4)younormallycannothelpbutunderstandit.Itisonlyinexceptionalcircumstanceswemightbecomeawareofthecomplexity(5)involved:ifwearesearchingforawordbutcannotrememberit,ifarelativeorcolleaguehashadastrokewhichhasinfluenced(6)theirlanguage;ifweobserveachildacquirelanguage;if(7)wetry'tolearnasecondlanguageourselvesasanadult;orifwearevisuallyimpairedorhearing-impairedorifwemeetanyoneelsewhois.Asweshallsee,alltheseexamples (8)ofwhatmightbecalled"languageinexceptionalcircumstances"revealagreatdealabouttheprocessesevolvedinspeaking, (9)listening,writingandreading.Butgiventhatlanguageprocesseswerenormallysoautomatic,wealsoneedtocarryoutcareful (10)experimentstogetatwhatishappening. 1.production producing 2. accuratelysolooking lookweÅfJÜthatcolleaguehastheir hisanyone pureZJfisomeone g.evolved involved 10.were are2012Thecentralproblemoftranslatinghasalwaysbeenwhethertotranslateliterallyorfreely.Theargumenthasbeengoingsinceatleastthefirst (1)centutyB.C.Uptothebeginningofthe19thcentury,manywritersfavouredcertainkindof"free"translation:thespirit,nottheletter;the (2)sensenottheword;themessagerathertheform;thematternot (3)themanner.Thisistheoftenrevolutiona1Ysloganofwriterswho (4)wantedthetruthtobereadandunderstood.Thenintheturnof19th (5)century,whenthestudyofculturalanthropologysuggestedthatthelinguisticbarrierswereinsuperableandthatthelanguage (6)wasentirelytheproductofculture,theviewtranslationwasimpossible(7)gainedsomecurrency,andwithitthat,ifwasattemptedatall,itmustbeas(8)literalaspossible.Thisviewculminatedthestatementofthe(9)extreme"literalists"WalterBenjaminandVladimirNobokov.Theargumentwastheoretical:thepurposeofthetranslation,thenatureofthereadership,thetypeofthetext,wasnotdiscussed.Toooften,writer,translatorandreaderwereimplicitlyidentifiedwitheachother.Now,thecontexthaschanged,andthebasicproblemremains.(10)goingEj]Llon2.cettain acertain3.rather31bnot4.is was5.in at6.the7.view that8. was g.culminated in 10.and but2011Fromaveryearlyage,perhapstheageoffiveorsix,Iknew thatwhenIgrewIshouldbeawriter.Beüeentheagesofabout 1_seventeenandtwentyfourItriedtoabandonthisidea,butIdidso2withtheconsciencethatIwasoutragingmytruenatureandthatsoonorlaterIshouldhavetosettledownandwritebooks.2Iwasthechildofthree,buttherewasagapoffiveyears 4oneitherside,andIbarelysawmyfatherbeforeIwaseight.ForthisandotherreasonsIwassomewhatlonely,andIsoondevelopeddisagreeingmannerismswhichmademeunpopularthroughoutmy5schooldays.Ihadthelonelychild'shabitofmakingupstoriesandholdingconversationswithimaginativepersons,andIthinkfrom6theverystartmyliteralambitionsweremixedupwiththefeelingof7beingisolatedandundervalued.IknewthatIhadafacilitywithwordsandapoweroffacinginunpleasantfacts,andIfeltthatthiscreated8asortofprivateworldwhichIcouldgetmyownbackformyfailure9inevetydaylife.Therefore,thevolumeofseriousi.e.seriously10intended_writingwhichIproducedallthroughmychildhoodandboyhoodwouldnotamounttohalfadozenpages.Iwrotemyfirstpoemattheageoffourorfive,mymothertakingitdowntodictation.growE-jnup, 2. consience consciousnessconsience1b",consiousness3.3fsoonikJsooner,soonerorlater5 disagreeing disagreeable,disagreeingdisagreeablemannernismsv63imaginativeimaginary,imaginativeimaginaryrJ*fi33"63imaginative 7. literal literary,,literal,literaryfaceE-B5in,face worldÉ}JCIin whichwhere, 10ThereforeHowever Neveftheness,2010Sofaraswecantell,allhumanlanguagesareequallycompleteandpeffectasinstrumentsofcommunication:thatis,eve'Ylanguageappearstobewellequippedasanyothertosay1thethingstheirspeakerswanttosay.Theremayormaynotbeappropriatetotalkaboutprimitive3peoplesorcultures,butthatisanothermatter.Certainly,notallgroupsofpeopleareequallycompetentinnuclearphysicsorpsychologyorthecultivationofrice.Whereasthisisnotthe4faultoftheirlanguage.TheEskimos,itissaid,canspeakaboutsnowwithfurthermoreprecisionandsubtletythanwecanin5English,butthisisnotbecausetheEskimolanguage(oneofthosesometimesmiscalled'primitive')isinherentlymorepreciseandsubtlethanEnglish.Thisexampledoesnotcometolightadefect 6inEnglish,ashowofunexpected'primitiveness'.ThepositionissimplyandobviouslythattheEskimosandtheEnglishliveinsimilar1environments.TheEnglishlanguagewillbejustasrichinterms 8fordifferentkindsofsnow,presumably,iftheenvironmentsinwhich Englishwashabituallyusedmadesuchdistinctionasimportant. 9Similarly,wehavenoreasontodoubtthattheEskimolanguagecouldbeaspreciseandsubtleonthesubjectofmotormanufactureorcricketifthesetopicsformedthepartoftheEskimos'life. 10as...asG19$JWJä±åits; itsftgeverylanguage.There It;.Whereas But;,whereas 5.further ebring; (sth)cometolight,bringsthtolightbringtolightthedefectofEnglish=bringthedefectofenglishtolightsimilar different;differentwould;.asimpoltantæj•$as,thepaltæj•$the thea be/become/form(a)partof2009fromoneschoolchildtothenextandillustratesthefurtherdifferencebetweenschoolloreandnurserylore.Innurseryloreaverse,learntinearlychildhood,isnotusuallypassedonagainwhenthelittlelistenerhasgrownup,andhaschildrenoftheirown,orevengrandchildren.Theperiodbetweenlearninganurseryrhymeandtransmittingitmaybesomethingfromtwentytoseventyyears.Withtheplaygroundlore,therefore,arhymemaybeexcitedlypassedonwithintheveryhouritislearnt;andinthegeneral,itpasses(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)Theprevioussectionhasshownhowquicklyarhymepassesbetweenchildrenofthesameage,ornearlyso,sinceitisuncommonforthedifferenceinagebetweenplaymatestobemorethanfiveyears.If,therefore,aplaygroundrhymecanbeshowntohavebeencurrentlyforahundredyears,orevenjustforfifty,itfollowsthatit(7)hasbeenretransmittedoverandover;verypossiblyithaspassed(8)alongachainoftwoorthreehundredyounghearersandtellers,andthewonderisthatitremainsliveaftersomuchhandling, (9)toletalonethatitbearsresemblancetothe (10)thefultherdifference afurtherdifference()until,enot...untiläi%J"æJ*" (3)their his(alittlelistener) (4)something anything(5)thereforeær-hhowever()inthethe(ingeneral,),currentlycurrent()ithaspassedithasbeenpassed()alivealive,;live;(10)toletaloneletalone(letalone,,2008Thedesiretouselanguageasasignofnationalidentityisaverynaturalone,andinresultlanguagehasplayedaprominentpartinnationalmoves.Menhaveoftenfelttheneedtocultivateagivenlanguagetoshowthattheyaredistinctivefromanotherracewhosehegemonytheyresent.AtthetimetheUnitedStatessplitofffromBritain,forexample,therewereproposalsthatindependenceshouldbelinguisticallyacceptedbytheuseofadifferentlanguagefromthoseofBritain.Therewasevenone123456certainlybesimplerforAmericansiftheystuckontoEnglishandmadetheBritishlearnGreek.Attheend,asevelyoneknows,thetwocountriesadoptedthepracticalandsatisfactorysolutionofcarryingwiththesamelanguageasbefore.Sincenearlytwohundredyearsnow,theyhaveshowntheworld78910proposalthatAmericansshouldadoptHebrew.OthersfavouredtheadoptionofGreek,though,asonemanputit,thingswouldthatpoliticalindependenceandnationalidentitycanbecompletewithoutsacrificingtheenormousmutualadvantagesofacommonlanguage.inresult inconsequence,2moves movements.distinctive distinctdifferent4.Etimewhen 5.accepted realizedthose that*on, gcarryingwith canyingonwith 10.now ago2007Thereisnomaterialinanylanguagetodayandintheearliestrecordsofancientlanguagesshowuslanguageinanewandemergingstate.Itisoftensaid,ofcourse,thatthelanguageoriginatedincriesofanger,fear,painandpleasure,andthe1234Fromwhathasbeensaid,itmustbeclearthatnoonecanmakeverypositivestatementsabouthowlanguageoriginated.alanguagewithalargepropottionofsuchcriesthanwefindinEnglish.Itistruethattheabsence5ofsuchevidencedoesnotdisprovethetheory,butinothergroundstoothetheoryisnotveryattractive.Peopleofallracesandlanguagesmakerathersimilar6noisesinreturntopainorpleasure.ThefactthatsuchnoisesaresimilaronthelipsofFrenchmenandMalaysianswhoselanguagesareutterlydifferent,7servestoemphasizeonthefundamentaldifference8necessaryeVidenceisentirelylacking:therearenoremotetribes,noancientrecords,providingevidenceofarelargelyreflexactions,instinctivetolargeextent,whereaslanguageproperdoesnotconsistofsigns9butofthesethathavetobelearntandthatare10betweenthesenoisesandlanguageproper.Wemaysaythatthecriesofpainorchortlesofamusementwhollyconventional.or,anylanguagagestodayorrecordsofancientlanguages, 2, showshowing,, the,andbut,largehlarger, than,, on,onothergrounds, returnresponse,inresponseto, on,emphasizesthemphasizea,extent"toalargeextent'Täi%310,thesehthosethosethat/who2006Weuselanguageprimarilyasameansofcommunicationwithotherhumanbeings.Eachofusshareswiththecommunity'inwhichweliveastoreofwordsandmeaningsaswellasagreeingconventionsas1tothewayinwhichwordsshouldbearrangedtoconveyaparticularessage:theEnglishspeakerhasinhisdisposalvocabularyanda3setofgrammaticalruleswhichenableshimtocommunicatehis 4thoughtsandfeelings,inavarietyofstyles,totheotherEnglish 5speakers.Hisvocabulary,inparticular,boththatwhichheusesactivelyandthatwhichherecognises,increasesinsizeashegrows oldasaresultofeducationandexperience. 6But,whetherthelanguagestore[srelativelysmallorlarge,thesystemremainsnomorethanapsychologicalrealityfortheindividual,unlessmemberofhislinguisticcommunity;hebastogivethesystemaconcretetransmissionform.Wetakeitforgrantedthetwomost8 hehasameansofexpressingitintermsabletobeseenbyanother 7commonformsoftransmissionbymeansofsoundsproducedbyourvocalorgans(speech)orbyvisualsigns(writing).Andtheseareamongmoststrikingofhumanachievements. 101,agreeingagreedagreedconventions"Zfå"2,words34enables enable,æAEJ5%iiiäJvocabularyandasetofgrammaticalrules4the,oldolder,seenunderstood,systemffålJRittakesthforgrantedtakeitforgrantedthat... 9, orand10,mostäfijQthe,2005Anumberofcollegesanduniversitieshaveannouncedsteeptuitionincreasesfornextyearmuchsteeperthanthecurrent,verylowrateofinflation.Theysaytheincreasesareneededbecauseofalossinvalueofuniversityendowmentsheavilyinvestingincommonstock.Iamskeptical.Abusinessfirmchoosesthepricethatmaximizesitsnetrevenues,irrespectivefluctuationsinincome;andincreasinglytheoutlookofuniversitiesintheUnitedStatesisindistinguishablefromthoseofbusinessfirms.Theriseintuitionsmayreflectthefacteconomicuncertaintyincreasesthedemandforeducation.Thebiggestcostofbeingintheschoolisforegoingincomefromajob(this[sprimarilyafactorin12345graduateandprofessionalschooltuition),thepoorone'sjobprospects,6themoresenseitmakestoreallocatetimefromthejobmarkettoeducation,inordertomakeoneselfmoremarketable.Thewayswhichuniversitiesmakethemselvesattractivetostudentsincludesoftmajors,studentevaluationsofteachers,givingstudents7agovemancerole,andeliminaterequiredcourses.8Sky-hightuitionshavecauseduniversitiestoregardtheirstudentsascustomers.Justasbusinessfirmssometimescolludetoshortentherigorsofcompetition,universitiescolludetominimizethecosttothemoftheathleteswhomtheyrecruitinordertostimulatealumnidonations,sothebestathletesnowoftenbypasshighereducationinordertoobtainsalariesearlierfromprofessionalteams.Anduntiltheywerestoppedbytheantitrustauthorities,theIvyLeagueschoolscolludedtolimitcompetitionforthebeststudents,byagreeingnottoawardscholarshipsonthebasisofmeritratherthanpurelyofneed_justlikebusinessfirmsagreeingnottogivediscountsontheirbest 10customer. I.investing invested,irrespective fluctuations2fäJjU&jfrEof.irrespectiveOf"Fie , ,",those that,that outlookeconomicthat.that 5the inschool poorpooreropoor morepoorero"Eü..Gwayswhichino.giving(studentsagovernancegreduce/lesson/weaken,togivediscountstothéirbestcustomer,Givediscountstosb2003periodweremoreeagerthanevertoestablishfamilies.Theyquicklyntheageatmarriageforbothmenandwomenandbroughtthebirthratetoatwentiethcenturyheightaftermorethanahundredyearsofasteadydecline,producingthe"babyboom."TheseyoungadultsestablishedatrendofearlymarriageandrelativelylargefamiliesthatwentformorethanW/odecadesandcausedamajorbuttemporan,'reversaloflong-termdemographicpatterns.Fromthe1940sthroughtheearly1960s,AmericansmarriedatahighrateandatayoungeragethantheirEuropecounterparts.Lessnotedbutequallymoresignificant,themenandwomenwhoformedfamiliesbetween1940and1960neverthelessreducedthedivorcerateafterapostwarpeak;theirmarriagesremainedintacttoagreaterextentthandidthatofcoupleswhomarriedinearlieraswellaslaterdecades.SincetheUnitedStatesmaintaineditsdubiousdistinctionofhavingthehighestdivorcerateintheworld,thetemporarydeclineindivorcedidnotoccurinthesameextentinEurope.Contrarytofearsoftheexperts,theroleofbreadwinnerandhomemakerwasnotabandoned 1. :height—high,high "Nä7k*" broughtdow(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)reachanallDemographicindicatorsshowthatAmericansinthepostwartimehigh2.a〔详细解笞〕此处steadydecline指定下降的行力过程而不是其结果为不可数名词，故应去掉定冠讠司3．笞案went后加on6羊细解笞〗on为固定信配，意为"樗续"4．《案：high—higher6羊细解笞〗—Fthan，此处应为比較级。5．笞旱．El」rope—European6羊细解笞〗根上下文，此处应用形容河作定谌修饰名词counterparts.6，！笞蒹．more〔详细解笞]由上下文可知，more与u删y矛直，故应去掉7．笞：nevertheless—a刃[详细解笞]由上下文可知，此处讲的内容与前部分内容之0力遂进关系，而非转扌斤8·！笞案．that—+those〔详细解]由上下文可知此处所指代的应为前面短数形式的marriages，故指代词也应该用复数形式·9．笞案：Since—+Although（或While）6羊细解笞〗从逻辑上讲，此处应表达让步关系，而菲因果关系。10、笞案：in—to6羊细解笞〗toexnt为固疋配为"到一02homemakerwasnotabandoned.1．答案．height—high，high作为名满译为"最高水平又如reachan一timehigh2．《案'删除a[详细解笞〕此处steadydecline指稳定下降的行为名词故应去掉定冠词a.3．答幸．went后昶on 6羊细解答〗“为固定搭配，意为''持续'' 4过程而不是早结果，为不可数答案high—higher 5. :Europe—European:more ,more-5equally ,nevertheless—alsomarriages,. :Since—Although(While).to2002Therearegreatimpedimentstothegeneraluseofastandardinpronun