国际贸易理论与实务英文

国际贸易理论与实务英文第1页/共91页TwoBasicConceptsbalanceoftradeTradeSurplus（Exports＞Imports，FavorableBalanceofTrade）TradeDeficit（Exports＜Imports，UnfavorableBalanceofTrade）TradeBalance（Exports＝Imports）TradeStructureCommodityStructureGeographicalStructureDependencyofTrade2004、2005年中国的贸易收支2004年中国对外贸易依存度接近70%2005年中国主要进出口商品第2页/共90页第2页/共91页Chap.3ComparativeCostandClassicalTradeTheoremInthischapter,weintroducetheoremofinternationaltrade.Westartsuchintroductionlookingatcausesofinternationaltradeanditsinfluencesintheeconomy(inChap3,4,5and6),thenwewillanalyzetheinfluencesofeconomicsintrade.One,TheoryofAbsoluteCostTheoryofabsolutecostItisatheoreticalexplanationtothecauseofinternationaltradeIntroducedbyAdamSmithinhis“WealthofNations”第3页/共90页第3页/共91页GraphofAbsoluteCostUnitCostCalculatedintermsoflabor

UKPortugalCarpetWine4863Eachcountryproducesgoodsabsolutelylowincost,inexchangeforothercountries’goodsabsolutelylowincostTradebasedondivisionoflaborReasonoftradeisbecauseofdifferencesinabsolutecostCouldcountrieshavetradewithoutabsolutedifferencesincost?第4页/共90页第4页/共91页Chap3.2.ComparativeCostDavidRicardo，1817Background谷物法Cultivationofwheatexpands,landofgrassshrinks,andpriceofwoolgoesup小麦价格上涨LaborismoreexpansiveFoodexpendincreases,endgoodsexpenddecreasesRevengefromothercountries,exportofendproductsdecrease损害了资产阶级的利益要求自由贸易第5页/共90页第5页/共91页CaseofRicardianModelUnitCostCalculatedintermsoflabor

BritainPortugalCarpetWine48610Assumptions：Twonations,twoproducts,onefactor,fixedproductivity,sufficientemployment,perfectcompetition,non-mobilityoffactor,barter,notechnologicalimprovement,notransportationcostTheabsolutecostsofbothproductsinBritainislowerthanthatinPortugal,whyistherestilltradebetweenthesetwocountries第6页/共90页第6页/共91页Anecessaryconditionofinternationaltrade:Comparativecostdifference两利相权取其重，两弊相权取其轻Asufficientconditionofinternationaltrade:internationalexchangerateisbetweendomesticexchangeratesinbothcountries.ThereisbenefitfromtradeLimitation：Whythereiscomparativecost？第7页/共90页第7页/共91页Chap3.3.ClassicaltrademodelbasedoncomparativecostUsedtoexplain：Reasonsandinfluencesoftrade(Price,Production,ConsumptionandWelfare.1,AnalysisTools1)ProductionPossibilityCurveThemaximumproductionwhenfactorsarefullyemployed.A（0，100）B（100，0）OXYC（X1，Y1）第8页/共90页第8页/共91页PropertyofProductionPossibilityCurveSlopeofPPCisequaltomarginalopportunitycostAB5434OXYThecostofgivinguponebenefitforgettinganotherMaximumcostmaynotbeoptimumproduction.Wehavetointroduceindifferencecurveinordertogetoptimumproduction.第9页/共90页第9页/共91页2,IndifferenceCurveThedifferentproductscombinationthatcanbringsamesatisfactiontoconsumers.OXYA（10，40）B（25，15）UA=UBPropertyofIndifferenceCurve:TherearemanyindifferencecurveFurtherfromoriginmeansmoreutilitylevelNevercrosswitheachotherConcaveNegativeSlope第10页/共90页第10页/共91页ThecombinationofPPCandIndifferenceCurve:Equilibrium(Optimum)ProductionandConsumptionOXYEACBU0U2U1ineffectiveImpossibleMaximumproduction,bututilitylessthanEEquilibriumpoint：Maximumproduction,maximumutility第11页/共90页第11页/共91页3,ExchangeRate(ComparativepriceandTradeconditionOYXABCDE1X=1Y1X=2Y3X=3Y

★Theexchangerateisequaltotheslopeoftheline

★Thekeyofexchangeratelineisitsslope,nottheposition.Forexample,ABandDEisindifferentpositionbuthassameslope第12页/共90页第12页/共91页二、贸易前均衡开展国际贸易前，一国国内的生产和消费状况YXOBAT生产可能性曲线边际机会成本为1X=1Y交换比率线交换比率为1X=2YX产量扩大X价格下跌，比如：1X=1.5Y国内均衡时，生产可能性曲线与交换比率线重合，实现完全专业化生产第13页/共90页第13页/共91页根据生产可能性曲线的斜率

判断一国的比较优势YXOBAYXOB1A1A国B国1X=1Y相对于B国而言，X成本更低1X=3Y相对于A国而言，X成本更高，Y成本更低第14页/共90页第14页/共91页Three,ClassicalTradeModel(OneFactor)YXOABYXOCDTT1X=1Y1X=3YPriceofXfallsininternationalmarket,andPriceofYalsofalls,finallyreachesanequilibriumprice,say,T(1X=2Y)NationalANationalB第15页/共90页第15页/共91页InfluenceofInternationalTradeYXOABYXOCDTTEJU0U1U0U1FMPrice:X(morecomparativeadvantage)raisedProduction：ProductionofXexpanded(Perfectspecialization)Consumption:consumptioncombinationisinhigher-positionindifferencecurve,bettertradeoffXinNationA:ProductionOB,ConsumptionOX0,SurplusX0B(Export)YinNationA:Production:0,ConsumptionOY0(imports)X0Y0XinnationBProduction0,consumptionOX1(Imports)

YinnationProductionOC,ConsumptionOY1,surplusY1CX1Y1第16页/共90页第16页/共91页Chap.4,MutualDemandsTheoryUsedtoexplainhowexchangerateisfixed,andhowitvaries.One,TermsofTradeT=PXPMPriceIndexofexportsPriceIndexofImportsT：Improvementoftradecondition:eachunitofexportcanexchangeformoreimportsT：Deteriorationoftradecondition:eachunitofexportexchangesforlessimports第17页/共90页第17页/共91页ChangesinTermsofTradeYXOT0T1T2T3X0Y0Y1Y2Y3ImprovementofTradeConditioninAYXOT3T2T1T0Y0X0X1X2X3ImprovementofTradeConditioninB第18页/共90页第18页/共91页OfferCurveOXXYT0T1T2U0U1U2CABEFGLMNX0X1X2Y0Y1Y2T0：Export

LA（=OX0），ImportEL（=OY0）T1：Ex

MB（=OX1），ImFM（=OY1）T2：EX

NC（=OX2），ImGN（=OY2）T2T1T0OfferCurveEachpointalongoffercurvemeanstheequilibriumimportandexportincertainexchangerate第19页/共90页第19页/共91页GeneralEquilibriuminInternationalTradeOXYABTT1A1X0X1Y0Y1EquilibriuminternationalexchangerateImprovementoftradeconditionfor（ThatofBfixed）OfferCurveofAmovesleftExportsdecreasegreatly,butexchangedimportsstayunchanged第20页/共90页第20页/共91页Chap5,FactorEndowmentUsedtosolveproblemsleftbehindbyRicardo:ReasonsforcomparativecostdifferencePutforwardbySwedishEconomistsHeckscherandOhiler,soitisalsocalltheHeckscher-Ohlinmodel,orH-Omodel,alsoknownasfactorendowmenttheory.

Itoffersgoodexplainingtointernationaltrade,sostillworksasmainstreamtheoryininternationaltrade.第21页/共90页第21页/共91页Chap5.1.Heckscher-OhlinModelOne,Assumptions1.Twonations,twoproducts,twofactors(LandK),2×

2×2

model.

2.FixedEndowment,freemobilityoffactordomestically,non-mobilityinternationally.3.Sametechnicallevelbetweentwonations(Sameproductionfunction,sameendowmentforsameproductsintwonations)Two,NotionsFactorintensityFactorabundance第22页/共90页第22页/共91页三、Heckscher-OhlinTheoremEachcountryexportsthegoodintensiveinthecountry'sabundantfactor,andimportsthegoodintensiveinthecountry’sscarcefactor.两国要素禀赋不同，导致两国要素价格不同要素价格差异导致生产成本差异生产成本差异导致同种产品在两国的价格差异同种产品在不同国家价格的差异导致国际贸易发生两国要素密集度和要素丰裕度的差异形成了不同产品的比较优势第23页/共90页第23页/共91页TradeinfluenceandbenefitsProductionPossibilitycurveincaseoftwofactorsYXOTUEDuetodiminishingsubstitutionoffactors,marginalopportunitycostwillincrease,thusproductionpossibilitycurveisconcave.ItsslopeistheopportunitycostinpointE.EquilibriuminEmeansmarginalopportunitycostinE.Domesticequilibriumisequaltodomesticpriceratio.equilibriumX0Y0第24页/共90页第24页/共91页Tradeinfluences:1)priceYXOEDomesticequilibriumpretrade.TisdomesticexchangerateTT1Aftertrade,thecountryexportX,anditsdomesticsupplyofXdecreases,andpriceXrises.TT1A第25页/共90页第25页/共91页TradeInfluences2)productionYXOETT1SX0Y0X1Y1SincetheinternationalpriceofXishigherthanthatofdomestic,productionofXwillincrease,therefore,productionofYmustdecrease.ProductioncombinationwillmovetoS.SinceinS,theinternationalexchangerateisequaltodomesticmarginalopportunitycost,thecountry’sproductionofXwillnotincrease.Withtheincreaseofmarginalopportunitycost,therewillnotbeperfectspecialization.A第26页/共90页第26页/共91页TradeInfluences3)ConsumptionYXOETT1SAU0U1CAftertrade,consumersinthenationwillbeabletoconsumeatinternationalpriceT1,asbudgetconstraintmovestoU1,consumptioncombinationmovestoC.U1ishigherthanU0,soconsumersarebetteroff.第27页/共90页第27页/共91页EquilibriumYXOETT1SU0U1CX1X2Y1Y2X：OX1-OX2=X2X1：ExY：OY1-OY2=Y1Y2：Im第28页/共90页第28页/共91页BenefitfromTradeTrademakesanation’sconsumersbetteroff,buthavedifferentinfluencestoproducers.ExportProducersDXSXQXPXOEQ0P0HGFP1Ex△HEP0：Theexportproducers’surpluspretrade△HGP1：Theexportproducer’ssurplusaftertrade.Difference：P1GEP0Tradewillbenefitexportproducers.第29页/共90页第29页/共91页InfluencetoimportcompetitiveproducersDYSYQYPYOEP0P1FHImK△P1FK：Producer’ssurplusaftertrade△P0EK：Producers’surplusbeforetradeDifference：P0EFP1Tradewillharmtheimportcompetitiveproducers第30页/共90页第30页/共91页Chap.5.2.AnempiricalstudyofH-Omodel1,LeontifParadoxAccordingtothestatisticalanalysisofLeontif,hefoundoutthatU.S.A.,whichisacapitalabundantcountry,importsmorecaptial-intensiveproducts,whileexportsmorelaborintensivegoods.ThisisaparadoxtoH-Omodel.2,ExplaintheParadoxInverseofresourceintensityTradebarriersHumanresourceNaturalResourcesH-O模型并没有错第31页/共90页第31页/共91页Chap5.3.,ExpansionofH-OmodelInternationaltradeaffectspriceproductionandconsumption,butwillitalsoaffectthefactorpayoffandprice?BasingonH-Omodel,wesolveproblemsoftradetoincomedistribution.Stolper-SamuelsonTheoremFactorPayoff=Price（P）×Marginalproductsoffactors（MP）Valueofmarginalproducts（VMP）W=P×MPLR=P×MPK第32页/共90页第32页/共91页Shortterm:Factornon-mobilityBecauseofnon-mobility,tradewillonlyaffectprice出口产品（X）价格上涨W=PX×MPLWincreasesR=PX×MPKRincreasesAllexportproducers’payoffsincrease进口产品（Y）价格下跌W=PY×MPLWDecreasesR=PY×MPKRDecreasesAllimportproducers’payoffsdecrease第33页/共90页第33页/共91页Longterm:Becausefactorsaremobile,tradenotonlyaffectsprice,butalsothemarginalproducts.劳动密集行的出口行业报酬提高资本密集型的进口竞争行业的要素向出口行业流动进口竞争行业流出的资本比劳动多出口行业需要的劳动比资本多资本相对过剩，价格降低劳动相对稀缺，价格提高各行业投入更多资本，资本/劳动比率提高劳动生产率提高，资本生产率下降劳动的边际产品增加，资本的边际产品减少第34页/共90页第34页/共91页Continue出口行业W=PX×MPLPX上涨，MPL增加W提高R=PX×MPKPX上涨，MPK减少R？进口竞争行业W=PY×MPLPY下跌，MPL增加W？R=PY×MPKPY下跌，MPK减少R下降PayoffofthefactorintensivelyusedbyexporterswillincreasePayoffofthefactorintensivelyusedbyimporterswilldecrease第35页/共90页第35页/共91页ContinueLabormarketisinequilibriumbeforetradeWX=WY，RX=RYFactormarketwillalsoformequilibriumaftertradeWX

increases，WY

alsoincreases；RX

decreases，RY

alsodecreasesInlongterm,aftertrade,Payoffofthefactorintensivelyusedbyexporterswillincrease,andPayoffofthefactorintensivelyusedbyimporterswilldecrease,thisistryinanyindustry.

第36页/共90页第36页/共91页FactorpriceequalizationtheoryExplainstheinfluenceoftradeamongcountriestothefactorpriceintwocountries.A国贸易前W低R高贸易后W提高R降低B国贸易前W高R低贸易后W降低R提高均等第37页/共90页第37页/共91页Chap6,NewTradeTheoryChangesininternationalTradeIncreaseofIntra-industryTradeDevelopmentoftradewithindevelopedcountriesTradebetweengoodswithsimilarorsameendowmentsH-O

cannotexplainAmendmentsofassumptionsofH-Omodel,developstonewtradetheory第38页/共90页第38页/共91页GeneralpointsofnewtradetheoriesImperfectCompetitionDifferentiatedproducts(Intra-industrytrade)

Monopolypower(pricedifference)Large–ScaleEconomyInternal(enterprises)External(Industry)第39页/共90页第39页/共91页Intra-industrytradeandcross-industrytradeDomestic（RichinCapital）Foreign（Richinlabor）productsFoodstuffCross-industrytradeIntra-industrytrade第40页/共90页第40页/共91页TradeduetoexternalscaleeconomyOne,incaseofperfectcompetitionQPOD1S1P1AC1MC1P，COqq1Q1Beforetrade,supplyanddemand（S1，D1）determineequilibriumprice（P1）,theMCandACareMC1andAC1.第41页/共90页第41页/共91页QPOD1S1P1AC1MC1P，COqq1Q1S2Enlargeofindustry,supply,supplyincreasestoS2AC2ACdecreasesMeanwhile,marketpricefalls,andtradehappensQ2P2D2MC2Foreigndemandsincrease,demandcurvesmovesInternationalpricestaysatP2OutputfromenterprisesstayunchangedReasonoftradeisbecauseofthepricechangeduetoexternalscaleeconomy第42页/共90页第42页/共91页二、TradeEquilibriumatexternalScaleofeconomyXYOProductioncurveofincreasingreturntoscale:diminishingmarginalopportunitycostETSupposeotherconditionsaresamefortwonations,equilibriumpointisEUJHU1T1E1Supposetheproductionscaleoftwonationschange,productioncombinationmovestoJandH,tradeaccordingtosameexchangerate(T1)beforetradeT2TradeisduetothepriceadvantageofXwhenindustryscaleisexpanded.SupposeXandYaretwoproductsinsameindustry第43页/共90页第43页/共91页TradeduetoInternalScaleofEconomy:ImperfectcompetitivemarketQOD1MR1MCQ1P1P，CEACSupposemarginalcoststayunchangedDuetoscaleofeconomy,averagecostfalls,enterpriseswilltradeD2MR2P2AC2Q2Demandcurveandmarginalincomecurvemoveright,butslopeisless(moreelasticity)Price（P2）inshortterishigherthanaveragecost（AC2）,enterprisehavemonopolyprofitNomonopolyprofit第44页/共90页第44页/共91页LongtermequilibriumQOP，CD2MR2MCQ2AC2P2ACShorttermmonopolyprofitMR3D3Q3P3NewfirmenterDemandoftheproductsdecreasesExpansionofindustryscaleloweraveragecost,andcompetitioneliminatesmonopolyprofit.Scaleofeconomycausestrade,whichconsequentlyincreaseconsumersurplus(welfareimproves),betterspecialization第45页/共90页第45页/共91页KrugmanModelThreerelationsRelationofQuantityofproducersandAverageCost:Thebiggerthequantityofproducers,thelessasingleproducer’soutput,andACishigherRelationofQuantityofproducersandprice:Themoretheproducers,themoreseriousthecompetition,thelowertheprice.

WhenpriceishigherthanAC(hasmonopolyprofit),otherproducerswillgointotheindustry,whileinothercases,whenpriceislowerthanAC(monopolyprofitisnegative),producerswillgooutoftheindustry.Ingraph,relationofquantityofproducersandACisCCcurve(inpositiverelationship),;RelationofQuantityofproducersandpriceisPPcurveinthegraph(innegativerelationship).Inlongterm,quantityofproducersisdeterminedbythecrossoftwocurves.第46页/共90页第46页/共91页ContinuedNP，CCCPPOEP1AC1N0N1P2AC2N2Monopolyprofitexists,newproducersgoin,NincreasesLoss,producersgoout,NdecreasesEquilibrium均衡第47页/共90页第47页/共91页TradeEquilibriumNP，COPPCC1CC2N1N2P1P2E1E2ScaleofeconomylowertheAC,haspriceadvantage,exportThelowerACmakesCCcurvemovesright,newproducersgoin,NincreasesMorecompetitionmeanslowerpriceScaleofeconomycauseslowerprice,bringwithtrade,improveconsumer’swelfare,makeproducersspecialized,scaleofeconomyexpands,andmorechoicesforconsumers.第48页/共90页第48页/共91页Productslifecyclemodel(technicaltransfer)tExImOUSA：UKChina：Tradehappensduetothetechnicaldifference,explainsintra-industrytradeindifferenttime第49页/共90页第49页/共91页Chap7,EconomicgrowthandinternationaltradeSolveproblemsoftheinfluenceofeconomicvariationtointernationaltradeResourceofgrowthIncreaseoffactorsandtechnicalimprovementsIncreaseofGDPResultsofgrowthOXYABA1B1第50页/共90页第50页/共91页BalancedgrowthandunbalancedgrowthBalancedGrowth

O

X

Y

A

B

EA1B1E1SameSlope

O

X

Y

A

BUnbalancedgrowth

C

D

F

Gimportreplacinggrowthexportexpansion

growth第51页/共90页第51页/共91页EconomicgrowthandtradeGrowthandtradeofsmallcountryIRG

O

X

Y

A

BTTCDU0U1FGHLMN

OX

Y

A

BTU0FGHU1LMNTEEGTradeconditionstayunchanged,importandexportchangeinsameratioTradevolumedoesnotaffectinternationalexchangerate(Tradecondition)CD第52页/共90页第52页/共91页RybcZynskiTheorem

OX

Y

BTACDTX1X2Y1Y2ThescaleofdecreaseofX’scostislargerthanthatofY,soproductionofXwillincreasetillequaltomarginalopportunitycost(slopeofT),outputofYisabsolutelylower.第53页/共90页第53页/共91页GrowthandtradeforLargeCountry大国增长与贸易ImportreplacinggrowthXOYABDCT0FEGHJKT1U0U1U2T2Welfareimproves,HJ＞GF,duetointernationalmarketpriceofYfalls,tradeconditionimproves,thecertainamountofthenation’sproductscouldexchangeformoreimportgoods.第54页/共90页第54页/共91页ExportexpansiongrowthXOYABT0FEGU0T1KHJU1U2T2ExportofXincreaseforlargecountry,whichcausesinternationalmarketpriceofXfalls,tradeconditionchanges.Welfareimproves.JK>FE,moreexportproductsareneededinexchangeforacertainamountofimportgoods,tradeconditiondeteriorates.CD第55页/共90页第55页/共91页ImmiserizinggrowthYOXABCDTT1U0U1第56页/共90页第56页/共91页Chap8,ProtectionismandPoliciesWhenfreetradecanmaketwocountriesbetteroff,whyshouldtherebetradeprotection?One,Policiesofthemercantilism只有金银才是财富任何国家金银储量都是有限的，只有靠出口赚取别国金银才能增加本国财富同时要限制或禁止本国购买别国商品支出本国金银限制或禁止进口，同时鼓励出口第57页/共90页第57页/共91页Two,ProtectiontheoryofListThereshouldbedifferenttradepoliciesindifferentstagesofeconomicdevelopment.第58页/共90页第58页/共91页TradeprotectionismofKeynesianAggregateDemand:C＋I＋G＋XAggregateSupply：C＋S＋T＋M＝消费投资政府支出出口消费储蓄进口政府收入EquationofAggregateDemandsY＝C＋I＋G＋（X－M）NetExport第59页/共90页第59页/共91页TradeMultiplierConsumptionFunction：C＝Ca＋bY自发消费引致消费MPCXIncomeY＝Ca＋bY＋I＋G＋（X－M）不考虑Ca、I和GY＝bY＋（X－M）Y－bY＝（X－M）Y＝11－b（X－M）Let11－b＝k，Y＝k（X－M）InordertoincreaseY,needstoincrease(X—M),ortheexports,anddecreaseimports,thenYisincreasedbyKtimes.

第60页/共90页第60页/共91页NewTradeprotectionismStrategicTradepolicyPrisoner’sdilemmaABconfessNotconfessconfessNotconfess5，510，11，100，0Nashequilibrium第61页/共90页第61页/共91页StrategicTradepoliciesBoingAirbusProduceNotproduceProduceNotproduce－5，－50，100100，00，0BoingAirbusproduceNotProduceProduceNotProduce－5，200，125100，00，0政府可以采取措施帮助本国企业获得战略性优势第62页/共90页第62页/共91页OtherreasonsfortradeprotectionProtectyoungindustriesProtectindustrieswhoseaveragecostnothigherthanthatofinternationalmarketpriceinfutureCostshouldbelowerthantheincomeoftheindustryinfutureIndustrymustbefreejoinanexitPromotecapitalformationandindustrymultilateralImprovetradeconditionsandinternationalbalanceofpaymentsIncreaseemploymentandsustainhighsalaryPromoteeconomicdevelopmentofdevelopingcountries.第63页/共90页第63页/共91页Chap9,TrademanagementtheoriesandpoliciesLimitedimportTariffNon-tariffBarriersQuantitylimitationsPricelimitationsPurchasecontrolFinancialcontrolTBTImproveexportExportcreditNationalGuaranteeofexportcreditExportsubsidyDumping第64页/共90页第64页/共91页TariffBasicIdeas（P.113~116）ERPERP＝V’－VVV’＝（Finalpriceofexports+Duty)–priceofImportedmaterialV＝priceofforeignendproducts—foreignmaterialpriceUnderacertainnominaltariffrate,thelowerthenominaltariffrateattachedtorawmaterialandmediumgoods,themoretheprotectionleveltotheendproducts第65页/共90页第65页/共91页EconomiceffectsoftariffSolveproblemsoftheinfluencesonimportprice,andwelfareofimportproducer,consumerandgovernment.1.PartialEquilibriumofsmallnation第66页/共90页第66页/共91页PYQYOSDPwPtFAGabcdPriceininternationalmarketPriceofimportsaftertax①priceincreaseQ1Q2Q3Q4Importbeforetax②importsdecreaseaftertaxeBCH③lossofconsumerisa+b+c+d④producersurplusisincreaseda⑤governmenttariffincomeiscLoss：a+b+c+d（Consumer）Benefit：a（producer）+c（government）⑥netbefefit：－（b+d）第67页/共90页第67页/共91页2.PartialequilibriumanalysisoflargecountriesPYQYOSDPwPtPW1Pt1Q1Q3Q4Q4abcdftPW1：Importsoflargecountriesdecreases,internationalmarketpricefallsPt1：Domesticdecreasesaftertax第68页/共90页第68页/共91页InfluenceoftarifftosomeAmericanproducts(inMilliondollars)

Rubbershoes41.9-272.2188.444.139.7Womenshoes10.0-325.1253.454.617.1tile19.1-90.077.610.02.4cases16.3-186.3139.836.410.1Leathergloves15.3-28.115.010.82.2China14.2-43.8Pottery9.4-34.7bags12.5-134.4103.425.75.3Artificialjewlry9.9-86.759.520.76.512.9-185.899.077.29.6Bicycle11.0-38.126.410.01.7ProductTariff（%）ConsumerCostTariffIncomeProducerIncomeNetcost第69页/共90页第69页/共91页Nontradebarreiers数量限制ImportQuotaAbsoluteQuotaTariffQuotaGlobalQuotaRegionalQuotaImporterQuotaImportlicenseVoluntaryexportrestraint第70页/共90页第70页/共91页EconomiceffectsofimportquotaOPQDSPWPQQ1Q3Q4Q2abcd第71页/共90页第71页/共91页SituationofImportQuotaThevoluntaryexportlimitationofChineseproductsVERChineseproductsthatcarrywithquota中国目前实施配额管理的产品第72页/共90页第72页/共91页PoliciesaimingatimprovingexportExportSubsidy出口补贴DirectSubsidyIndirectsubsidy世界各国的出口补贴出口退税口退税办法第73页/共90页第73页/共91页DumpingEconomicEffectsP,CQQODFMRFMCMCDDMRDPFPDpricediscrimination垄断企业ForeignmarketsDomesticmarketForeignmarketshasmoredemandelasticitythandomesticmarketDomesticpriceishigherthanpriceinforeignmarkets第74页/共90页第74页/共91页ChinaandAnti-dumpingChinese-madetelevisionsetsIssuesofChina’sroleasmarketeconomyLatestcasesChina’simplementofanti-dumping第75页/共90页第75页/共91页RevolutionofChina’sforeigntrade《十一五规划纲要》第76页/共90页第76页/共91页Chap10,