语言学问答题

1.HowaretheEnglishconsonantsclassified

Englishconsonantscanbeclassifiedintwoways:oneisintermsofmannerofarticulationandtheotherisintermsofplaceofarticulation.

HowcanwordsoppositeinmeaningbeclassifiedTowhichcategorydoeseachofthefollowingpairsofantonymsbelong

Deep----shallowmarried---single

sour---sweet

Teacher---studentasleep---awake

Theycanbegradableantonyms,complementaryantonymsand

relationalopposite.

Discussindetailthelocutionaryact,illocutionaryactandperlocutionaryact.

Alocutionaryactistheactofutteringwords

，phrases

，

clauses.Itistheactofconveyingliteralmeaningbymeans

ofsyntax，lexicon

andphonology.Anillocutionary

actis

the

actofexpressingthespeaker'sintention

；itistheact

performedinsaying

something.Aperlocutionary

act

isthe

act

per-formedbyorresultingfromsayingsomething

；itisthe

consequenceof，or

thechangebroughtabout

bythe

utterance；

itistheactperformedbysayingsomething.

4．WhatisaninflectionalmorphemeLocatetheinflectionalmorphemeineachofthefollowingsentencesandpointoutitsgrammaticalmeaning.

Mr.SmithlivesintheBigApple.

Thefilm’salreadystarted.

Thereareboundmorphemeswhichareforthemostpartpurely

grammaticalmakersandsignifysuchconceptsas

tense,number,caseandboundmorphemesarecalledinflectionalmorphemes.

withexamplesthethreenotionsofphone,phonemeandallophone,andalsohowtheyarerelated.

(1)Aphoneisaspeechsound,itisphoneticunit.Anysound

wehearinthecourseofcommunicationsaphone,suchas/u:/,

/l/,/p/,/p’/.

(2)Aphonemeisaphonologicalunit.Itisnotaconcretesound

butanabstractnotion.

Itisacollectionof

features.Itcan

berealized

asdifferent

phonesindifferent

phoneticcontexts.

Foeexample,thephoneme/l/canberealizedasaclear[l]or

adark[l],

dependingonwhereitoccursin

asoundcombination.

(3)Theactuallyphoneticrealizationsofaphonemearecalleditsallophones.Allophonesaretheactualphoneswehearinlinguisticcommunication.

6.WhatarethefourmaximsoftheCPTrytogiveyourown

examplestoshowhowfloutingthesemaximsgivesrisetoconversationalimplicature

CooperativePrinciple,abbreviatedasCP.Itgoesasfollows:Makeyourconversationalcontributionsuchasrequiredatthestageatwhichitoccursbytheacceptedpurposeordirectionofthetalkexchangeinwhichyouareengaged.

Tobemorespecific,therearefourmaximsunderthisgeneralprinciple:

(1)Themaximofquantity

Makeyourcontributionasinformativeasrequired(forthe

currentpurposeofthe

exchange).

②Donotmakeyourcontributionmore

informativethan

is

required.

(2)Themaximofquality

Donotsaywhatyoubelievetobefalse.

Donotsaythatforwhichyoulackadequateevidence.

(3)Themaximo