2003年全国入学统一考试英语试题及解析

Section ListeningThissectionisdesignedtotestyourabilitytounderstandspokenEnglish.Youwillhearaselectionofrecordedmaterialsandyoumustanswerthequestionsthat them.Therearethreepartsinthissection,PartA,PartB,andPartC.Remember,whileyoushouldfirstputdownyouranswersinyourtestbooklet.Attheendofthelisteningcomprehensionsection,youwillhavefiveminutestotransferallyouranswersfromyourtestbooklettoANSWERSHEET1.NowlookatPartAinyourtestPartAForQuestion1-5,youwillhearatalkaboutBostonMuseumofFineArt.Whileyoulisten,filloutthetablewiththeinformationyouhaveheard.Someoftheinformationhasbeengiventoyouinthetable.Writeonly1wordornumberineachnumberedbox.Youwillheartherecordingtwice.Younowhave25secondstoreadthetablebelow.(5BostonMuseumofFineFoundedOpenedtothepublicQuestionMovedtothecurrentlocationThewestwingcompletedQuestionNumberof9ThemostremarkableQuestionExhibitionSpaceQuestionApproximatenumberofProgramsprovidedQuestionPartForQuestions6-10,youwillhearaninterviewwithanexpertonmarriageproblems.Whileyoulisten,completethesentencesoranswerthequestions.Usenotmorethan3wordsforeachanswer.Youwillheartherecordingtwice.Younowhave25secondstoreadthesentencesandquestionsbelow.(5points)Whatshouldbetheprimarysourceofhelpforatroubledcouple? QuestionWritingdownalistofproblemsinthemarriagemayhelpatroubledcouplethem .QuestionWhoshouldacoupleconsiderseriouslyturningtoiftheycan’ttalkwitheach .QuestionPriestsareusuallyunsuccessfulincounselingtroubledcouplesdespite .QuestionAccordingtotheoldnotion,whatwillmakeheartsgrowfonder? QuestionPartCYouwillhearthreepiecesofrecordedmaterial.Beforelisteningtoeachone,youwillhavetimetoreadthequestionsrelatedtoit.Whilelistening,answereachquestionbychoosing[A],[B],[C]or[D].Afterlistening,youwillhavetimetocheckyouranswersyouwillheareachpieceonceonly.(10points)Questions11-13arebasedonthefollowingtalkaboutnap,younowhave15secondstoreadquestions11-13.Childrenunderfivehaveabundantenergypartlybecausethey sleepinthreedistincthavemanyfive-minutesleepinonelongtakeoneortwonapsAccordingtothespeaker,thesleeppatternofababyisdeterminedby itsitsitsmentalitsphysicalThetalksuggeststhat,ifyoufeelsleepythroughtheday,youshould takesomegotobedhavealonggiveintoQuestions14-16arebasedonthefollowinginterviewwithShermanAlexie,anAmericannpoet.Younowhave15secondstoreadQuestions14-16.WhydidShermanAlexieonlytakedayHecouldbringunfinishedworkHemighthavetimetopursuehisHemightdosomeeveningHecouldinvestmoreemotioninhisWhatwashisoriginalgoalattoteachinhightowritehisowntobeamedicaltobeaWhydidhetakethepoetry-writingTofollowhisForaneasyTochangehisForknowledgeofQuestions17-20arebasedonthefollowingtalkaboutpublicspeaking.Younowhave20secondstoreadQuestions17-20.WhatisthemostimportantthinginpublicWhatdoesthespeakeradviseustodotocapturetheaudience’sGatherabundantOrganizetheideaDevelopagreatSelectappropriateIfyoudon’tstartworkingforthepresentationuntilthedaybefore,youwill WhoisthisspeechmostprobablymeantThoseinterestedinthepowerofThosetryingtoimprovetheirpublicThosenningtotakeupsomepublicThoseeager eeffectiveYounowhave5minutestotransferallyouranswersfromyourtestbookletANSWERSHEETSection UseofReadthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmark[A],[B],[C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.(10points)Teachersneedtobeawareoftheemotional,inlectual,andphysicalchangesthatyoungadultsexperience.Andtheyalsoneedtogiveserious大21家tohowtheybest大22家suchchanges.Growingbodiesneedmovementand大23家,butjustinwaysthatemphasizecompetition.大24家theyareadjustingtotheirnewbodiesandawholehostofnewinlectualandemotionalchallenges,teenagersareespeciallyself-consciousandneedthe大25家thatcomesfromachievingandknowingthattheir plishmentsare大26家byothersHoweverthetypicalteenagelifestyleisalreadyfilledwithsomuchcompetitionthatitwouldbe大27家tonactivitiesinwhichtherearemorewinnersthanlosers,大28家,publishingnewsletterswithmanystudent-writtenbookreviews,大29家studentartwork,sponsoringbookdiscussionclubs.Avarietyofsmallclubscanprovide大30opportunitiesforleadership,aswellasforpracticeinsuccessful大31家dynamics.Makingfriendsisextremelyimportanttoteenagers,andmanyshystudentsneed大32家ofsomekindoforganizationwithasupportiveadult大33家visibleintheIntheseactivities,itisimportanttorememberthattheyoungteenshave大34attentionspans.Avarietyofactivitiesshouldbeorganized大35家participantscanremainactiveaslongastheywantandthengoonto大36家elsewithoutfeelingguiltyandwithoutlettingtheotherparticipants大37家.Thisdoesnotmeanthatadultsmustacceptirresponsibility.大38家theycanhelpstudentsacquireasensecommitmentby大39家forrolesthatarewithintheir大40家andtheirattentionspansandbyhavingclearlystatedrules.[A][B][C][D][A] [C][D][A][B][C][D][A][B][C][D][A][B][C][D][A][B][C][D][A][B][C][D][A]in[B]asa[C]for[D]ina[A]dis[B][C][D][A][B][C][D][A][B] [D][A][B][C][D][A][B][C]defini[D][A][B][C][D][A]if[B]now[C]so[D]even[A][B][C][D][A][B][C][D][A]Onthe[C]Onthe[B]Onthe[D]Ontheother[A] [B] [C] [D][A] [B]responsibilities[C] [D]SectionIIIReadingPartAReadthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosing[A],[B],[C]or[D].MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1(40points)WildBillDonovanwouldhavelovedtheInternet.TheAmericanspymasterwhobuilttheOfficeofStrategicServicesintheWorldWarIIandlaterlaidtherootsfortheCIAwasfascinatedwithinformation.Donovanbelievedinusingwhatevertoolscametohandinthe“greatgame”ofespionage--spyingasa“profession.”ThesedaystheNet,whichhasalreadyre-madesucheverydaypastimesasbuyingbooksandsendingmail,isreshaDonovan’svocationaswell.Thelatestrevolutionisn’tsimplyamatterofgentlemenreadingothergentlemen’se-mail.Thatkindofelectronicspyinghasbeengoingonfordecades.Inthepastthreeorfouryears,theWorldWideWebhasgivenbirthtoawholeindustryofpoint-and-clickspying.Thespookscallit“open-sourceinligence,”andastheNetgrows,itisingincreasinglyinfluential.In1995theCIAheldacontesttoseewhocouldcompilethemostdataaboutBurundi.Thewinner,byalargemargin,wasatinyVirginiacalledOpenSourceSolutions,whoseclearadvantagewasitsmasteryofelectronicAmongthefirmsmakingthebiggestsshinthisnewworldisStraitford,Inc.,privateinligence-ysisfirmbasedinAustin,Texas.Straitfordmakesmoneybysellingtheresultsofspying(coveringnationsfromChiletoRussia)tocorporationslikeenergy-servicesfirmMcDermottInternational.ManyofitspredictionsareavailableonlineatStraitfordGeorgeFriedmansaysheseestheonlineworldasakindofmutuallyreinforcingtoolforbothinformationcollectionanddistribution,aspymaster’sdream.Lastweekhisfirmwasbusyvacuumingupdatabitsfromthefarcornersoftheworldandpredictingacrisisin.“Assoonasthatreportruns,we’llsuddenlyget500newInternetsign-upsfrom,”saysFriedman,aformerpoliticalscienceprofessor.“Andwe’llhearbackfromsomeofthem.”Open-sourcespyingdoeshaveitsrisks,ofcourse,sinceitcanbedifficulttolgoodinformationfrombad.That’swhereStraitfordearnsitskeep.Friedmanreliesonaleanstaffof20inAustin.Severalofhisstaffmembershavemilitary-inligencebackgrounds.Heseesthefirm’soutsiderstatusasthekeytoitssuccess.Straitford’sbriefsdon’tsoundliketheusualWashingtonback-and-forthing,wherebyagenciesavoiddramaticdeclarationsonthechancetheymightbewrong.Straitford,saysFriedman,takesprideinitsindependentvoice.TheemergenceoftheNethas receivedsupportfromfanslikeremoldedtheinligencerestoredmanycommonrevivedspyingasaDonovan’sstoryismentionedinthetextto introducethetopicofonlineshowhowhefoughtforthegiveanepisodeoftheinformationhonorhisuniqueservicestotheThephrase“makingthebiggestssh”(Line1,Paragraph3)mostprobablymeans causingthebiggestexertingthegreatestachievingthegreatestenjoyingthewidestItcanbelearnedfromParagraph4that Straitford’spredictionabouthasprovedStraitfordguaranteesthetruthfulnessofitsStraitford’sbusinessischaracterizedbyStraitfordisabletoprovidefairlyreliableStraitfordismostproudofits officialnonconformistefficientmilitaryToparaphrase18th-centurystatesmanEdmundBurke,“allthatisneededforthetriumphofamisguidedcauseisthatgoodpeopledonothing.”Onesuchcausenowseekstoendbiomedicalresearchbecauseofthetheorythatanimalshaverightsrulingouttheiruseinresearch.Scientistsneedtorespondfullytoanimalrightsadvocates,whoseargumentsareconfusingthepublicandtherebythreateningadvancesinhealthknowledgeandcare.Leadersoftheanimalrightsmovementtargetbiomedicalresearchbecauseitdependsonpublicfunding,andfewpeopleunderstandtheprocessofhealthcareresearch.Hearingallegationsofcrueltytoanimalsinresearchsettings,manyareperplexedthatanyonewoulddeliberayharmananimal.Forexample,agrandmotherlywomanstaffingananimalrightsboothatarecentstreetfairwasdistributingabrochurethatencouragedreadersnottouseanythingthatcomesfromoristestedinanimals—nomeat,nofur,nomedicines.Askedifsheopposedimmunizations,shewantedtoknowifvaccinescomefromanimalresearch.Whenassuredthattheydo,shereplied,“ThenIwouldhavetosayyes.”Askedwhatwillhappenwhenepidemicsreturn,shesaid,“Don’tworry,scientistswillfindsomewayofusingcomputers.”Suchwell-meaningpeoplejustdon’tunderstand.Scientistsmustcommunicatetheirmessagetothepublicinacompassionate,understandableway--inhumanterms,notinthelanguageofmolecularbiology.Weneedtomakecleartheconnectionbetweenanimalresearchandagrandmother’shiprecement,afather’sbypassoperation,ababy’svaccinations,andevenapet’sshots.Tothosewhoareunawarethatanimalresearchwasneededtoproducethesetreatments,aswellasnewtreatmentsandvaccines,animalresearchseemswastefulatbestandcruelatworst.Muchcanbedone.Scientistscould“adopt”middleschoolclassesandpresenttheirownresearch.Theyshouldbequicktorespondtoletterstotheeditor,lestanimalrightsmisinformationgounchallengedandacquireadeceptiveappearanceoftruth.Researchinstitutionscouldbeopenedtotours,toshowthatlaboratoryanimalsreceivehumanecare.Finally,becausetheultimatestakeholdersarepatients,thehealthresearchcommunityshouldactivelyrecruittoitscausenotonlywell-known alitiessuchasStephenCooper,whohasmadecourageousstatementsaboutthevalueofanimalresearch,butallwhoreceivemedicaltreatment.Ifgoodpeopledonothing,thereisarealpossibilitythatanuninformedcitizenrywillextinguishthepreciousembersmedicalTheauthorbeginshisarticlewithEdmundBurke’swordsto callonscientiststotakesomecriticizethemisguidedcauseofanimalwarnofthedoomofbiomedicalshowthetriumphoftheanimalrightsMisledpeopletendtothinkthatusingananimalinresearchis cruelbutinhumanandinevitablebutpointlessandTheexampleofthegrandmotherlywomanisusedtoshowthepublic’s discontentwithanimalignoranceaboutmedicalindifferencetoanxietyaboutanimalTheauthorbelievesthat,infaceofthechallengefromanimalrightsadvocates,scientistsshould communicatemorewiththeemployhi-techmeansinfeelnoshamefortheirstrivetodevelopnewFromthetextwelearnthatStephenCooperis awell-knownamedicalanenthusiastinanimalasupporterofanimalInrecentyears,railroadshavebeencombiningwitheachother,mergingintosupersystems,causingheightenedconcernsaboutmonopoly.Asrecentlyas1995,thetopfourrailroadsaccountedforunder70percentofthetotalton-movedbyrails.Nextyear,afteraseriesofmergersiscompleted,justfourrailroadswillcontrolwellover90percentofallthefreightmovedbymajorrailcarriers.Supportersofthenewsupersystemsarguethatthesemergerswillallowforsubstantialcostreductionsandbettercoordinatedservice.Anythreatofmonopoly,theyargue,isremovedbyfiercecompetitionfromtrucks.Butmanyshipperscominthatforheavybulkcommoditiestravelinglongdistances,suchascoal,chemicals,andgrain,truckingistoocostlyandtherailroadsthereforehavethembythethroat.Thevastconsolidationwithintherailindustrymeansthatmostshippersareservedbyonlyonerail.Railroadstypicallychargesuch“captive”shippers20to30percentmorethantheydowhenanotherrailroadiscompetingforthebusiness.Shipperswhofeeltheyarebeingoverchargedhavetherighttoappealtothefederalernment’sSurfaceTransportationBoardforraterelief,buttheprocessisexpensive,time-consuming,andwillworkonlyintrulyextremecases.Railroadsjustifyratediscriminationagainstcaptiveshippersonthegroundsthatinthelongrunitreduceseveryone’scost.Ifrailroadschargedallcustomersthesameaveragerate,theyargue,shipperswhohavetheoptionofswitchingtotrucksorotherformsoftransportationwoulddoso,leavingremainingcustomerstoshoulderthecostofkeeuptheline.It’satheorytowhichmanyeconomistssubscribe,butinpracticeitoftenleavesrailroadsinthepositionofdeterminingwhichcompanieswillflourishandwhichwillfail.“Dowereallywantrailroadstobethearbitersofwhowinsandwholosesinthemarketce?”asksMartinBercovici,aWashingtonlawyerwhofrequentlyrepresentsshippers.Manycaptiveshippersalsoworrytheywillsoonbehitwitharoundofhugerateincreases.Therailroadindustryasawhole,despiteitsbrighteningfortunes,stilldoesnotearnenoughtocoverthecostofthecapitalitmustinvesttokeepupwithitssurgingcheeringthemon.Considerthe$10.2billionbidbyNorfolkSouthernandCSXtoacquireConrailthisyear.Conrail’snetrailwayoperating ein1996wasjust$427million,lessthanhalfofthecarryingcostsofthetransaction.Who’sgoingtopayfortherestofthebill?Manycaptiveshippersfearthattheywill,asNorfolkSouthernandCSXincreasetheirgriponthemarket.Accordingtothosewhosupportmergers,railwaymonopolyisunlikely costreductionisbasedonservicescallforcross-tradeoutsidecompetitorswillcontinuetoshipperswillhavetherailwaybytheWhatismanycaptiveshippers’attitudetowardstheconsolidationintherailItcanbeinferredfromParagraph3that shipperswillbechargedlesswithoutarivaltherewillsoonbeonlyone overchargedshippersareunlikelytoappealforrate ernmentboardensuresfairyinrailwayTheword“arbiters”(Line7,Paragraph4)mostprobablyreferstothose whoworkaswhofunctionaswhosupervisewhodeterminetheAccordingtothetext,thecostincreaseintherailindustryismainlycaused thecontinuingthegrowingthecheeringWalltheshrinkingItissaidthatinEnglanddeathispressing,inCanadainevitableandinCaliforniaoptional.Smallwonder.Americans’lifeexpectancyhasnearlydoubledoverthepastcentury.Failinghipscanbereced,clinicaldepressioncontrolled,cataractsremovedina30-minutesurgicalprocedure.SuchadvancesoffertheagingpopulationaqualityoflifethatwasunimaginablewhenIenteredmedicine50yearsago.Butnotevenagreathealth-caresystemcancuredeath--andourfailuretoconfrontthatrealitynowthreatensthisgreatnessofours.Deathisnormal;wearegeneticallyprogrammedtodisintegrateandperish,evenunderidealconditions.Weallunderstandthatatsomelevel,yetasmedicalconsumerswetreatdeathasaproblemtobesolved.Shieldedbythird-partypayersfromthecostofourcare,wedemandeverythingthatcanpossiblybedoneforus,evenifit’suseless.Themostobviousexampleislate-stagecancercare.Physicians--frustratedbytheirinabilitytocurethediseaseandfearinglossofhopeinthepatient--toooftenofferaggressivetreatmentfarbeyondwhatisscientificallyjustified.In1950,theU.S.spent$12.7billiononhealthcare.In2002,thecostwillbe$1,540it.Somescholarsconcludethataernmentwithfiniteresourcesshouldsimplystoppayingformedicalcarethatsustainslifebeyondacertainage--say83orso.ColoradoernorRichardLammhasbeenquotedassayingthattheoldandinfirm“haveadutytodieandgetoutoftheway,”sothatyounger,healthierpeoplecanrealizetheirpotential.Iwouldnotgothatfar.Energeticpeoplenowroutinelyworkthroughtheir60sandbeyond,andremaindazzlinglyproductive.At78, chairmanSumnerRedstonejokinglyclaimstobe53.SupremeCourtJusticeSandraDayO’Connorisinher70s,andformersurgeongeneralC.EverettKoopchairsanInternetstart-upinhis80s.Theseleadersarelivingproofthatpreventionworksandthatwecanmanagethehealthproblemsthatcomenaturallywithage.Asamere68-year-old,Iwishtoageasproductivelyastheyhave.Yettherearelimitstowhatasocietycanspendinthispursuit.Asaphysician,Iknowthemostcostlyanddramaticmeasuresmaybeineffectiveandpainful.IalsoknowthatpeopleinJapanandSweden,countriesthatspendfarlessonmedicalcare,haveachievedlonger,healthierlivesthanwehave.Asanation,wemaybeoverfundingthequestforunlikelycureswhileunderfundingresearchonhumblertherapiesthatcouldimprovepeople’slives.WhatisimpliedinthefirstAmericansarebetterpreparedfordeaththanotherAmericansenjoyahigherlifequalitythaneverAmericansareover-confidentoftheirmedicalAmericanstakeavainprideintheirlonglifeTheauthorusestheexampleofcancerpatientstoshowthat medicalresourcesareoftendoctorsarehelplessagainstfatalsometreatmentsaretoomedicalcosts ingTheauthor’sattitudetowardRichardLamm’sremarkisoneof strongconsentslightenthusiastic moremoremoremoreThetextintendstoexpresstheideathat medicinewillfurtherprolongpeople’slifebeyondacertainlimitisnotworthdeathshouldbeacceptedasafactofexcessivedemandsincreasethecostofhealthPartBReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoHumanbeingsinalltimesandcesthinkabouttheirworldandwonderattheirceinit.Humansarethoughtfulandcreative,possessedofinsatiablecuriosity.61)Furthermore,humanshavetheabilitytomodifytheenvironmentinwhichtheylive,thussubjectingallotherlifeformstotheirownpeculiarideasandfancies.Therefore,itisimportanttostudyhumansinalltheirrichnessanddiversityinacalmandsystematicmanner,withthehopethattheknowledgeresultingfromsuchstudiescanleadhumanstoamoreharmoniouswayoflivingwiththemselvesandwithallotherlifeformsonthisnetEarth.“Anthropology”derivesfromtheGreekwordsanthropos:“human”andlogos“thestudyof.”Byitsveryname,anthropology passesthestudyofallhumankind.Anthropologyisoneofthesocialsciences.62)Socialscienceisthatbranchofinlectualenquirywhichseekstostudyhumansandtheirendeavorsinthesamereasoned,orderly,systematic,anddispassionedmannerthatnaturalscientistsuseforthestudyofnaturalphenomena.Socialsciencedisciplinesincludegeography,economics,politicalscience,psychology,andsociology.Eachofthesesocialscienceshasasubfieldorspecializationwhichliesparticularlyclosetoanthropology.Allthesocialsciencesfocusuponthestudyofhumanity.Anthropologyisafield-studyorienteddisciplinewhichmakesextensiveuseofthecomparativemethodinysis.63)Theemphasisondatagatheredfirst-hand,combinedwithacross-culturalbroughttothe ysisofculturespastandpresent,makesthisstudyuniqueanddistinctlyimportantsocialAnthropologicalysesrestheavilyupontheconceptofculture.SirEdwardTylor’sformulationoftheconceptofculturewasoneofthegreatinlectualachievementsof19thcenturyscience.64)Tylordefinedcultureas“…thatcomplexwholewhichincludesbelief,art,morals,law,custom,andanyothercapabilitiesandhabitsacquiredbymanasamemberofsociety.”Thisinsight,soprofoundinitssimplicity,openedupanentirelynewwayofperceivingandunderstandinghumanlife.ImplicitwithinTylor’sdefinitionistheconceptthatcultureislearned,shared,andpatternedbehavior.65)Thus,the