欧洲文化入门一

WelcomeEuropeanCulture:AnIntroduction欧洲文化入门当前1页，总共87页。ThePurposeofLearningEuropeanCultureLanguagecannotbelearnedwithoutsomeknowledgeoftheculturebehindit.Europeancultureitselfisapartofworldculture.Someknowledgeofitisnecessarytousascitizensoftheworld.当前2页，总共87页。Toshowone’sopinion:当前3页，总共87页。Oneself当前4页，总共87页。Theleader当前5页，总共87页。Oldagelife当前6页，总共87页。PurposeforMyCultureClassLearningcultureisnottorecitenumerousinformationsfromtextbook.Buttoimproveself-cultivation,topromoteone’sthinkingability,thentoprobeourculture’smeritsanddefectsfromdifferentculture,tothinkaboutwhatweshouldlearnfromothersandwhatothersshouldlearnfromours.Sothatwecouldcultivateahabitofthinkingandknowinghowtomakelifemeaningful.当前7页，总共87页。ForMyPersonalView文化，不是让你死记硬背时间、地点、人物、事件、影响、意义。而是透过不同的文化，探究自身文化的优缺点，从中吸取精华、去除糟粕，来达到提升自我修养，培养独立思考能力的目的。从而让文化成为我们参悟生活，领会人生意义的重要渠道。当前8页，总共87页。TheOriginofCultureMesopotamia—两河流域文明Egyptian—古埃及文明Hebrew—希伯来文明GreekandRoman—希腊与罗马文化（文化=文明）当前9页，总共87页。当前10页，总共87页。当前11页，总共87页。DivisionOneGreekCultureandRomanCulture当前12页，总共87页。TheOriginCrete(3000B.C.)克里特岛TrojanWar(1200B.C.)特洛伊战争GreekDarkAges(1200B.C.—800B.C.)ArchaicGreece(800B.C.—500B.C.)古风时期ClassicalPeriod(500B.C.—336B.C.)古典时期HellenisticAge(336B.C.—31B.C.)希腊化时代

当前13页，总共87页。GreeceandTroy当前14页，总共87页。1.Historicalcontext(background)WarbetweenGreeceandTroyinabout1,200B.C.Greekcultureinthe5thcenturyB.C.CivilwarbetweenAthensandSparta.RuleofAlexanderinthe4thcenturyB.C.In146B.C.theRomansconqueredGreece.当前15页，总共87页。2.SocialandPoliticalStructureDemocracy—theadultmalecitizensEconomy—slavelabor(exploitation)Sports—OlympicGames当前16页，总共87页。3.HomerHomer

荷马(around700B.C.),epic史诗Iliad《伊利亚特》Odyssey《奥德赛》

TodayweseeIliadandtheOdyssey

incorporatedintothecourseofalmosteveryhighschoolinAmerica.当前17页，总共87页。EpicDefinition：Anepicis

alongnarrativepoemofgreatscaleandgrandiosestyleabouttheheroeswhoareusuallywarriorsorevendemigods.简言之，史诗是叙述英雄传说或重大历史事件的叙事长诗。当前18页，总共87页。TrojanWar特洛伊战争InGreekmythologyandinIliadandOdysseybyHomerAbout1,200B.C.WarbetweenGreeceandTroyFoughtoverthebeautifulHelenLastedfor10yearsTrojanhorseTroydefeated当前19页，总共87页。GreeceandTroy当前20页，总共87页。当前21页，总共87页。Achilles阿喀琉斯/阿基里斯当前22页，总共87页。MatchingGoldappleTrojanhorseAchillesheelDeathfulweaknessBaneIntrudingdestructiveelement当前23页，总共87页。Matching(key)Goldapple—BaneTrojanhorse—IntrudingdestructiveelementAchillesheel—Deathfulweakness“不和的金苹果”—祸根“特洛伊木马”—侵入内部的破坏性因素“阿喀琉斯的脚踵”—致命的弱点当前24页，总共87页。Poetry=Poem=Verse（诗歌）Ballad（民谣）Lyric（抒情诗）Epic（史诗）Ode（颂诗）Elegy（挽歌）Pastoral（田园诗）Sonnet（十四行诗）NarrativePoem（叙事诗）BlankVerse（无韵体诗）FreeVerse（自由体诗）当前25页，总共87页。4.Lyric（抒情诗）Definition:Alyricisapoemthat expressesstrongfeeling.当前26页，总共87页。4.LyricWritersSappho(about612-580B.C.)萨福----lovepoemPindar(about518-438B.C.)品达----odes：apoemtopraiseandglorifyan individualorathing.当前27页，总共87页。5.DramaOpen-airtheatres,stonebenches,lookingdownatthestagefromthreesides,actorswithmasks.mask=masque假面剧当前28页，总共87页。ThreeGreatestTragedyWriter:

a.Aeschylus（埃斯库罗斯）b.Sophocles（索福克勒斯）c.Euripides（欧里庇得斯）当前29页，总共87页。a.Aeschylus(525-456B.C.)

埃斯库罗斯The“FatherofTragedy”,oneofthethreegreatancientGreektragedians古希腊悲剧之父PrometheusBound《被缚的普罗米修斯》当前30页，总共87页。PrometheusBoundBasedonthemythofPrometheus,atitan泰坦神族人whogavethegiftoffiretomortalsandwaspunishedbythegodZeus.当前31页，总共87页。MatchingPrometheus —MartyrtothecauseofhumanPandora’sbox —Rootofalldisaster当前32页，总共87页。b.Sophocles(496-406B.C.)

索福克勒斯SecondofthethreegreattragediansofclassicalAthensOedipustheKing《俄狄浦斯王》StrongimpactonEuropeanliterature

“theOedipuscomplex”俄狄浦斯情结当前33页，总共87页。MatchingOedipuscomplex俄狄浦斯情结

—complexfeelingtowardparentsor betweenaccidentandnecessity

Sphinx’sriddle斯芬克斯之谜

—somethingofpersonthathardto understand当前34页，总共87页。c.Euripides(484-406B.C.)

欧里庇得斯ThirdofthethreegreattragediansofclassicalAthens,thefirstwriterof“problemplays”社会问题剧concernedwithconflicts--originofrealismAndromache,Medea,TrojanWomen当前35页，总共87页。d.ComedyAristophanes(阿里斯托芬450-380B.C.)ancientGreekComicdramatist,theFatherofComedy11plays:Frogs,Clouds,Wasps,Birds当前36页，总共87页。6.History—Herodotus

希罗多德TheGreekhistoricalwritingwritesmainlyaboutwars.Herodotus(484-430B.C.),AncientGreekhistorian,“FatherofHistory”古希腊历史学家，“历史之父”当前37页，总共87页。7.PhilosophyandscienceIntroductionTheancientGreeks’curiosityaboutthings,freeenquiry,imagination当前38页，总共87页。IntroductionThePre-SocratesGreekPhilosophersPythagoras毕达哥拉斯Heracleitue赫拉克利特Democritus德莫克里特当前39页，总共87页。Pythagoras毕达哥拉斯FounderofscientificmathematicsthefatherofnumbersToPythagoras,Allthingswerenumbers.当前40页，总共87页。Heracleitue赫拉克利特

AncientGreekphilosopherFireistheprimaryelementoftheuniverse.火是万物之源“Youcannotsteptwiceintothesameriver…Thesunisneweveryday.”

——“人不能第二次踏进同一条河流。”当前41页，总共87页。Democritus德莫克里特Theearliestmateriamlist.GettheEnglishwordatom

当前42页，总共87页。TheGreatestPhilosophersSocrates 苏格拉底Plato 柏拉图Aristotle 亚里士多德当前43页，总共87页。a.Socrates苏格拉底Socrates

(470-399B.C.)DialecticalMethod辩证法当前44页，总共87页。StoryTimeWhatislove?Whatismarriage?Whatisaffair?（艳遇）Whatishappiness?Whatislife?当前45页，总共87页。b.Plato(428-348B.C.)

柏拉图Dialogues《对话录》Idealism（唯心主义）Influence—absorbedintoChristianthought当前46页，总共87页。PlatonicLove柏拉图式爱情，追求心灵沟通，排斥肉体欲望，是一种理性的精神上的纯洁恋爱。当前47页，总共87页。c.Aristotle(384-322B.C.)亚里士多德AncientGreekphilosopher,astudentofPlatoandteacherofAlexandertheGreatThegreathumanistandthegreatmanofscienceWorks—Ethics,Politics,Poetics,andRhetoric《诗学》AristotleandPlato–p28当前48页，总共87页。DifferencesbetweenPlatoandAristotle1.Aristotle—theoryshouldfollowfact Plato—subjectivethinkingisimportant2.Aristotle—idea+matter=reality

Plato—ideaishigherthanphysicalworld当前49页，总共87页。d.ContendingSchoolsofThoughtSophists

智者派--Protagoras普罗泰戈拉Fourschools

theCynics犬儒派theSceptics怀疑派theEpicureans伊壁鸠鲁派（享乐派）andtheStoics斯多葛派当前50页，总共87页。e.ScienceEuclid

欧几里德—Elements,geometryArchimedes

阿基米德当前51页，总共87页。Euclid欧几里德

"TheFatherofGeometry"Elements,atextbookofgeometry当前52页，总共87页。Archimedes阿基米德AncientGreekmathematician,physicistandengineer“Givemeaplacetostand,andIwillmovetheworld.”当前53页，总共87页。8. Art；architecture； sculptureandpottery当前54页，总共87页。多立克柱式（Doricorder）——

Parthenon帕德农神庙

当前55页，总共87页。AcropolisofAthens雅典卫城当前56页，总共87页。当前57页，总共87页。爱奥尼克柱式（Ionicorder）--伊瑞克提翁神庙（Erechtheion）当前58页，总共87页。当前59页，总共87页。科林斯柱式(Corinthainorder)--列雪格拉德音乐纪念亭当前60页，总共87页。当前61页，总共87页。掷铁饼者当前62页，总共87页。米洛的维纳斯当前63页，总共87页。拉奥孔人物组图当前64页，总共87页。陶器当前65页，总共87页。9.ImpactSpiritofInnovationSupremeachievementLasingeffect当前66页，总共87页。II.RomanCultureRomansandGreeksRomanhistoryLatinliteratureArchitecture,paintingandsculpture当前67页，总共87页。1.RomansandGreeks146BC,RomanconquestofGreeceLanguagesoftheRomanEmpire:Latin(western)andGreek(eastern)SimilaritiesbetweenRomansandGreeks—democracy,religion,languagesDifferences—p37“CaptiveGreecetookherrudeconquerorcaptive.”--Horace被俘虏的希腊使野蛮的征服者成了她的俘虏！当前68页，总共87页。2.RomanhistoryTheyear27BC,Rome--republic,theRomanEmpirePaxRomana:Latinfor“theRomanpeace”between27BCand180AD.Romanlaw:3rdcenturyBC罗马法学Declineinthe3rdcenturyTheemperorConstantinemovedthecapitalfromRometoByzantium拜占庭(Constantinople君士坦丁堡--Istanbul伊斯坦布尔)DividedintoEast(theByzantineEmpire)andtheWestin395In476,endoftheWestRomanEmpire–bytheGothsIn1453,endoftheEastRomanEmpire–bytheTurks当前69页，总共87页。3.LatinliteratureProseMarcusTulliusCicero

西塞罗

JuliusCaesar

凯撒Poetry

Lucretius

卢克莱修

Virgil

维吉尔当前70页，总共87页。ProseandPoetryProseiswritingdistinguishedfrompoetrybyitsgreatervarietyofrhythmanditscloserresemblancetothepatternsofeverydayspeech.Poetryisaformofartinwhichlanguageisusedforitsaesthetic（审美的）andevocative（共鸣的）qualitiesinadditiontoitsostensible（表面的）meaning.当前71页，总共87页。ProseandPoetryProseiswritingastory,eitherfictionornonfiction.Prosewritingmostoftenfollowsstandardrulesingrammar,punctuation,capitalization,andsentencestructure.Poetryreferstopoems,withorwithoutrhymeschemes.Poetryhasrhythm,likeasong.Itusuallyfollowsasetpattern,rhymeschemeandmeter.当前72页，总共87页。Prose—M.T.Cicero西塞罗(106-43BC),Romanorator,lawyer,

politician,andphilosopher罗马最伟大的演说家、教育家和天才作家Ciceronian,eloquent,oratoricalmannerofwriting西塞罗式Nomancanbebravewhoconsiderspainthegreatesteviloflife;ortemperate,whoregardspleasureasthehighestgoo