英美文学作家作品及名词解释、人物分析

1/53rauthorsAmericanLiteratureOfPlymouthPlantationAModelofChristianCharityTheTenthMuseLatelysprungupinAmerica“UpontheBurningofOurHouse”“ToMyDearandLovingHusband”“TheFleshandtheSpirit”“UponaSpiderCatchingaFly”HuswiferyTheBloodyTenetofPersecutionfortheCauseofConscience“SomeConsiderationsontheKeepingofNegroes”“APleaforthePoor”eCommonSenseAmericanCrisisTheAgeofReasonTheRightsofMan“TheRisingGloryofAmerica”“TheWildHoneySuckle”SmithAMapofVirginiaDescriptionofNewEnglandTheTransformation:AnAmericanTaleEdgarHuntlyOrmondArthurMervynanRevolutionTheFreedomoftheWillTheGreatDoctrineofOriginalSinDefendedSinnersintheHandsofanAngryGodTheNatureofTrueVirtueImagesorShadowsofDivineThingsnPoorRichard’sAlmanac(2009年)TheAutobiographyofBenjaminFranklin(2007年)coeurLettersfromanAmericanFarmermericanRomanticismAHistoryofNewYorkTheSketchBookofGeoffreyCrayon:RipVanWinkleTheLegendofSleepyHollowTheHistoryoftheLifeandVoyagesofChristopherColumbusAChronicleoftheConquestofGranadaTheAlhambraLifeofGoldsmithLifeofWashingtoneCooperTheSpyLeatherstockingTales:DeerslayerPathfinderTheLastofMohicans(2003年)ThePrairieThePioneersNatureTheAmericanScholar(America’sDeclarationofIntellectualIndependence)Self-reliant(2009年)horeauCivilDisobedienceAWeekontheConcordandMerrimackRiver(2008年)rneTheScarletLettertoldTalesMossesFromanoldManseTheBlithedaleRomanceYoungGoodManBrownTheMinister’sBlackVeil3/53TheHouseofSevenGablesTheMarbleFaunDr.Rappaccini’sDaughterOmooMardiRedburnWhiteJacketMobyDickPierreTheConfidenceManBillyBuddSonnet-toscienceIsrafelTheCityintheSeaTheRaven(2009年)TheFalloftheHouseofUsherBlackCatTheMasqueoftheRedDeathTheCaskofAmmtilladoFoeLigeieThePurloinedLetterTheGoldBudTheMurdersintheRueMorqueTalesoftheGrotesqueandArabesquelowAPsalmofLife(2007年)VoicesoftheNightHiawathaEvangelineTheCourtshipofMilesStandishLeavesofGrassSongofMyself(2003年出现诗句)IHearAmericaSingingOutofCradleEndlesslyRockingWhenLilacsLastintheDooryardBloom’dAtlasttoprayisleftBecauseIcouldnotstopfordeathIheardaflybuss—whenIdiedWildnights—wildnightsIdieforbeauty———————————————————————————————————————————RealismTheRiseofSilasLaphanCriticismandFictionTheMinister’sChargeAModernInstanceAWordofChangeAnnieKilburnAHazardofNewFortunesDaisyMillerThePortraitofaLadyTheAmericanTheAmbassadors(2004年)TheGoldenBowlTheWingsoftheDoveTheTurnoftheScrewWhatMaisieKnewalColourismTheCelebratedJumpingFrogofCalaverasCountyTheGildedAgeTheAdventuresofTomSawyerTheAdventuresofHuckleberryFinnLifeontheMississippiTheManThatCorruptedHadleyburgHeadWilsonTheMysteriousStrangerAConnecticutYankeeinKingArthur’sCourtThePrinceandthePaupercanNaturalismMaggie:AGirloftheStreetsTheBlackRidersTheRedBadgeofCourage“TheOpenBoat”“TheBlueHotel”5/53“AnExperimentinMisery”McTeagueTheOctopusThePitSisterCarrieAnAmericanTragedyTheGeniusJennieGerhardtTheFinancierTheTitanTheStoicTheBulwarkackLondonTheCalloftheWildWhiteFangTheSeaWolfMartinEdenTheGiftofMagiTheCopandtheAnthemTheJunglenismdTheGreatGatsbyTenderistheNightTheBeautifulandtheDamnedThisSideofParadiseTheLastTycoonAlltheSadYoungMenTapsatReveilleTheSunAlsoRises003年、2004年)AFarewelltoArms(2007年)ForWhomtheBellTolls(2008年、2009年)TheOldManandtheSeaTheTorrentsofSpringInOurTimeMenwithoutWomenWinnerTakeNothingmCantosHughSelwynMauberlyTheLoveSongofJ.AlfredPrufrock(2003年出现诗句)TheWasteLand(2005年)HollowManAshWednesdayFourQuartersMurderintheCathedralTheCocktailPartyTheConfidentialClerkAnecdoteoftheJar(2010年)SundayMorningTheEmperorofIce-creamTheIdeaofOrderatKeyWestPatersonTheRedWheelbarrowSpringandAllStoppingbyWoodsonaSundayEveningMendingWallTheRoadNotTakenFireandIceChicagoFogTheHarbourSmokeandSteelGoodMorning,AmericaThePeople,yesTulipsandChimneyTheEnormousRoomOSweetSpontaneousTheBridgeAtMelville’sTombTheHouseofMirth(2013年),TheTouchstone,TheAgeofInnocence7/53TheSoundandtheFury(2013年)AsILayDying(2005年、2006年)LightinAugust(2008年)Absalom,AbsalomGoDown,Moses(2007年)Winesburg,OhioTheTriumphoftheEggsDeathintheWoodsIWanttoKnowWhyPoorWhiteMainStreetBabbittArrowsmithDodsworthThreeLivesTenderButtonsTheMakingofAmericansHowtoWriteFourSaintsinThreeActs16.CarsonMcCullers(SouthernGothic)TheHeartisaLonelyHunterTheBalladoftheSadCafeTheMemberoftheWeddingReflectionsinaGoldenEye17.CormacMcCarthy(SouthernGothic)SuttreeBloodMeridianAllthePrettyHorsesNoCountryforOldManTheRoadChildofGodMyAntoniaTheSongofLarkALostLadyTheProfessor’sHouseShipofFoolsLeaningTowerandOtherStoriesFloweringJudasTheJiltingofGrannyWeatherallPaleHorse,PaleRiderTheNeverEndingWrongLookHomeward,AngelOfTimeandRiverTheWebandtheRockYouCan’tGoHomeAgainGonewiththeWindDistrictofColumbiaU.S.A.The42ndParallel1919TheBigMoneybeckOfMiceandManTheGrapesofWrathCupofGoldTortillaFlatInDubiousBattleTravelswithCharleyAppointmentinSamaraYoungLoniganTheYoungManhoodofStudsLoniganrnismDanglingManTheVictimTheAdventuresofAugieMarchSeizetheDayHendersontheRainKing(2006年)Herzog(2013年)Mosby’sMemoirsMr.Sammler’sPlanet9/53Humboldt’sGiftTheDean’sDecemberMoreDieofHeartbreakTheBellarosaConnectionATheftSomethingtoRememberMeByTheLastAnalysisTheNakedandtheDead(2004年)BarbaryShoreTheDeerParkTheArmiesoftheNightMarilyn:ANovelBiographyTheExecutioner’sSongAncientEveningToughGuysDon’tDanceHarlot’sGhostTheGospelAccordingtotheSonAdvertisementsforMyselfAnAmericanDreamWhyAreWeInVietnam?MiamiandtheSiegeofChicagoExistentialErrandsGeniusandLust“TheWhiteNegro”TheCatcherintheRyelamudTheNaturalTheAssistantANewLifeTheFixerTheTenantsPicturesofFidelmanDubin’sLivessGraceThePeopleTheMagicBarrelIdiotsFirstRembrandt’sHatTheCentaurCouplesMarryMeGertrude&Claudius“Rabbit”pentalogy:Rabbit,Run,(2006)RabbitRedux,RabbitisRich,RabbitatBest,LicksofLovennorWiseBloodAGoodManIsHardtoFindTheViolentBearIsAwayEverythingThatRisesMustConvergeLieDowninDarknessSetThisHouseonFireTheconfessionsofNatTurnerSophie’sChoiceATidewaterMorningTheLongMarchIntheClapShackOtherVoices,OtherRoomsTheGrassHarpAChristmasMemoryBreakfastatTiffany’sInColdBloodGoodbye,Columbus,andFiveShortStoriesPortnoy’sComplaintCatch-22(2005)SomethingHappenedSlaughterhouse-Five(2008)PlayerPianoMotherNightleBreakfastatChampionsSlapstickJailbirdDeadeyedickGalapagosBluebirdHocusPocusCanaryinaCathouseWelcometotheMonkeyHouseOneFlewOvertheCuckoo’sNestSometimesaGreatNationDemonBoxSailorSongLetters:ANovelSabbatical:ARomanceTheTidewaterTalesTheLastVoyageofSomebodytheSailorLostintheFunhouseTheFloatingOperaTheEndoftheRoadGilesGoat-BoyComeBack,Dr.CaligarriUnspeakablePracticesUnnaturalActsCityDaysSadnessGuiltyPleasuresAmateursGreatDaysOvernighttoManyDistantCitiesSnowWhiteTheDeadFatherTheKingV .VTheCryingofLot49Gravity’sRainbowMason&DixonRecognitionsCarpenter’sGothicJRLolita(2004年)Dar,ortheGiftPaleFire(2005年)Possession13年、2010年)TheShadowoftheSunAWhistlingWomanTheChildren'sBookStillLifeTheShadowoftheSuniterTheThingsTheyCarriedIfIDieinaCombatZone,BoxMeUpandShipMeHomeNorthernLightsGoingAfterCacciatoTheNuclearAgeIntheLakeofWoodsJuly,JulyQuestionsofTravelGeographyIII“Sestina”“OneArt”“FillingStation”“Over2,000IllustrationsandaCompleteConcordance”TheBeautifulChangesandOtherPoemsCeremonyandOtherPoemsThingsofThisWorldAdvicetotheProphetandOtherPoemsPrinceSouvannaPhouma:AnExchangebetweenRichardWilburandWilliamJaySmithComplaintWalkingtoSleep:NewPoemsandTranslationsSeedLeaves:HomagetoR.F.TheDreamSongsTheDispossessedHomagetoMistressBradstreetBloodforaStrangerLittleFriend,LittleFriendLossesTheSeven-LeagueCrutchesTheWomanattheWashingtonZooTheLostWorldLordWeary’sCastleLandofUnlikenessLifeStudies13/53FortheUnionDeadDaybyDayAWinterShipCrossingtheWaterTheBellJar“Daddy”“LadyLazarus”LiveorDieToBedlamandPartWayBackAllMyPrettyOnesTransformationsTheDeathofNotebookTheAwfulRowingtowardGodnHowlEmptyMirrorRealitySandwichesTheChangePlanetNewsTheFallofAmericaASupermarketinCalifornia(2011年出现诗句)AugustonSourdoughTheAsiansDyingForaComingExtinctionTheLastOneSilenceintheSnowFieldsTheNightaroundtheBodyMinnesotaLyinginaHammockatWilliamDuffy’sFarmonPineIsland“TheDayLadyDied”“Self-PortraitinaConvexMirror”CorsonsInletMountainTalktainPoetsProjectiveVerseInColdHell,inThicketTheDistanceTheMaximusPoemssTheNakedLunchJunkieTheExterminatorTheWildBoysCitiesoftheRedNightMindWarsPlaceofDeadRoadsOntheRoadTheLonesomeTravellerTheSubterraneansandMaggieCassadyTropicofCancerBlackSpringTropicofCapricornTheColossusofMaroussiTheRosyCrucifixionTheHairyApe(2005年)LongDay’sJourneyintoNightDesireundertheElmTree(2010年)TheIcemanComethBoundEastforCardiffBeyondtheHorizonTheEmperorJonesAnnaChristieTheAddingMachineTheGlassMenagerieAStreetcarNamedDesireerDeathofaSalesmanTheManWhoHadAllLuck15/53eidofVirginiaWoolfreMyBondageandMyFreedomUpfromSlaveryTheSoulsofBlackFolks:EssaysandSketchesenaissanceane“ShroudofColour”ColourCopperSunTheBalladoftheBrownGirlTheWearyBluesSimpleSpeaksHisMindTheBestofSimpleSimple’sUncleSamMontageofaDreamDeferred“TheNegroSpeaksofRivers”“AsIGrewOlder”ovellasNativeSonBlackBoyInvisibleManGoTellItontheMountainTheColourPurple(2010年)TheBluestEye(2011年)Beloved(2006年)SongofSolomonJazzParadisenTheWomanWarrior:MemoirsofaChildhoodamongGhostsChinaMenTheJoyLuckClub17/53BritishLiteratureTheCanterburyTales(2005年)TheHouseofFameTroilusandCriseydeTheBookofDuchessTheParliamentofFowlsPardoner’sTale(2004年)VisionofPiersthePlowman___________________________________________________________________________________iaserTheShepherd’sCalendarProthalamionandEpithalamionAmorettiTheFaerieQueeneAstrophelandStellaArcadiaApologieforPoetrieerMarloweTamburlainetheGreatJewofMaltaTheTragicalHistoryofDoctorFaustusHeroandLeanderThePassionateShepherdHenryIVLove’sLabour’sLostRichardIIIRomeoandJulietAMidsummerNight’sDreamTheMerchantofVenice(2009年)TheMerryWivesofWindsorAsYouLikeIt(2006年)JuliusCaesar(2005年)HamletOthelloKingLearMacbethAntonyandCleopatraTimonofAthensAll’sWellThatEndsWellMeasureforMeasureCymbelineTheTempestAdvancementofLearningNewAtlantisEssaysEveryManinHisHumour___________________________________________________________________________________uryTheFleaAValediction:ForbiddenMorningDeathbenotProudTheCanonizationBattermyheart,three-personedGod,foryoultonParadiseLostParadiseRegained(2006年)SamsonAgonistes(2002年)LycidasAllforLoveAbsalomandAchitophelAnEssayofDramaticPoesyanThePilgrim’sProgressTheLifeandDeathofMr.BadmanHolyWarGraceAboundingtotheChiefofSinners___________________________________________________________________________________19/53EssayonCriticism(2004年)TheRapeoftheLockEssayonManAnEpistletoDr.ArbuthnotTheDunciadLondonTheVanityofHumanWishesLivesofthePoetsAFableforCriticsTheHistoryofRassledas,PrinceofAbyssiniaTotheRightHonourabletheEarlofChesterfieldADictionaryofEnglishLanguageLifeofthePoetsElegyWritteninaCountryChurchyarddsmithTheDesertedVillageSheStoopstoConquerTheVicarofWakefieldsleySheridanTheRivalsTheSchoolforScandalTheSpectatorClubTheChristianHeroAdventuresofaShillingTheBattleoftheBooksTubTheIrishDrapier’sLettersAModestProposalGulliver’sTravelsRobinsonCrusoeMollFlandersRoxanaPamela,OrVirtueRewardedClarissaHoweSirCharlesGrandisonJosephAndrewsJonathanWildtheGreatTomJones,theFoundlingAmeliaTheLifeandOpinionsofTristramShandy,Gentleman(2011年)ASentimentalJourneythroughFranceandItaly,byMr.YorrickTheAdventuresofRoderickRandomTheAdventuresofPenegrinePickleExpeditionofHumphreyClinker___________________________________________________________________________________anticismTheSeasonsTheCastleofIndolenceComplaintorNightThoughtsonLife,Death,andImmortalityNightThoughtsOnleyHymnsheTaskeTheVillageSongsofInnocenceSongsofExperienceTheBookofThel,TirielTheMarriageofHeavenandHellVisionsofDaughtersofAlbionAmerica,AProphecyEurope,AProphecyTheFirstBookofUrizenTheSongsofLosTheBookofAhaniaTheFourZoasTheGhostofAbelAuldLangSyneARed,RedRose21/53TamO’ShanterLyricalBalladsLinesComposedaFewMilesAbovetheTinternAbbeyPreludeOde:IntimationsandImmortalityTotheCuckoo“IWanderedLonelyasaCloud”TheSolitaryReaperKublaKhan“Dejection:AnOde”TheRimeoftheAncientMariner(2005年)eyJoanofArcChildeHarold’sPilgrimageDonJuanManfredTheAgeofBronze“SheWalksinBeauty”“TheIslesofGreece”QueenMabTheRevoltofIslamPrometheusUnboundTheMaskofAnarchy“OdetotheWestWind”“ToaSkyLark”ADefenceofPoetry“OnFirstLookingintoChapman’sHomer”Endymion“OntheGrasshopperandCricket”“WhenIHaveFears”“OdetoPsyche”“OdetoaNightingale”“OdeonaGrecianUrn”(2002年、2013年出现诗句)“OdeonIndolence”“ToAutumn”“OdeonMelancholy”SenseandSensibilityPrideandPrejudiceMansfieldPark(2011年)EmmaNorthangerAbbyPersuasion___________________________________________________________________________________SarterResartus:TheLifeandOpinionsofHerrTeufelsdrockhPastandPresentlUtilitarianism“OnLiberty”omenDombeyandSonLittleDorritDavidCopperfieldThePickwickPapersNicholasNicklebyTheOldCuriosityShopBarnabyRudgeHardTimesATaleofTwoCitiesBleakHouse(2007年)OurMutualFriendTheBooksofSnobsPendennisVanityFair(2010年)HenryEsmondTheNewcomeseJaneEyreShirleyTheProfessorWutheringHeights23/53TheOrdealofRichardFeveralTheShavingofShagpatTheEgoistTheMillontheFlossSilasMarnerMiddlemarchAdamBede(2002年)RomolaFelixHoltDanielDerondanTheBarchesterTowersTheLastChronicleofBarsetErewhonErewhonRevisitedTheWayofAllFleshAPairofBlueEyesDesperateRemediesUndertheGreenwoodTreeFarfromtheMaddingCrowdTheReturnoftheNativeTheMayorofCasterbridgeTessoftheD’UrbervillesJudetheObscureNewGrubStreetAModernLoverEstherWatersThePictureofDorianGrayLadyWindermere’sFanAWomanofNoImportanceAnIdealHusbandTheImportanceofBeingEarnest(2008年)TheHappyPriceandOtherTalesTreasureIslandTheStrangeCaseDr.JekyllandMr.HydeThePrincessInMemoriamMaudEnochArdenTheIdyllsoftheKingUlysses(2007年)TheEagleBreak,Break,BreakTheRingandtheBookParacelsusMyLastDuchessSonnetsfromthePortugueseAuroraLeighTheCryoftheChildrenTheScholarGypsyDoverBeach(2010年)CultureandAnarchydShawMrsWarren’sProfessionCandidaCaesarandCleopatraArmsandtheManManandSupermanMajorBarbaraPygmalion(2013年)HeartbreakHouseBacktoMethusdahSaintJoan___________________________________________________________________________________nismAnnaoftheFiveTownsClayhangerHildaLesswaysTheseTwain25/53ngTheJungleBooksTheForsyteSagaAModernComedyTheEndoftheChapterTheManofPropertyInChanceryTheWhiteMonkeyTheSilverSpoonSwanSongTheIndianSummerAwakeningTheTimeMachineTheWaroftheWorldsTheFirstMenintheMoonTheInvisibleMan(2002)Almayer’sFollyTheOutcastoftheIslandsTheNiggeroftheNarcissusLordJim(2008)nTheHeartofDarkness(2003年、2011)AspectsofNovelPassagetoIndia(2009年、2010)ARoomwithaViewWhereAngelsFeartoTreadTheLongestJourneysfield“Prelude”“AtBay”“TheGardenParty”“HerFirstBall”“TheDaughtersoftheLateColonel”BlissandOtherStoriesTheGardenPartyandOtherStoriesTheDove’sNestandOtherStoriesSomethingChildishandOtherStoriesNovelsandNovelistsfJacob’sRoomMrs.DallowayTotheLighthouseBetweentheArtsUlysses(2008年)DublinersThePortraitofanArtistasaYoungManFinnegansWake“OdourofChrysanthemum”“DaughtersoftheVicar”“TheLadybird”“TheRocking-HouseWinner”SonsandLoversTheRainbow(2004年)LadyChatterley’sLover(2003年)Aaron’sRodKangarooTheManWhoDiedTheWanderingsofOisinTheCountessKathleenandVariousLegendsandLyricsTheGreenHelmetResponsibilitiesTheWildSwanatCooleMichaelRobartesandtheDancerowerTheWindingStairCrazyJane“TheLakeIsleofInnisfree”“LedaandtheSwan”“TheSecondComing”“SailingtoByzantium”___________________________________________________________________________________TheOrators27/53“ACommunisttoOthers”“1929”“Spain1937”“September1,1939”TheDanceofDeathLettersfromIcelandNewYearLetterTheSeaandtheMirrorFortheTimeBeingAbouttheHouseCitywithoutWallsOnThisIslandAnotherTime“MusedesBeauxArts”“AsIWalkedOutOneEvening”TheMapofLoveDeathsandEntrancesPortraitoftheArtistasaYoungDogUnderMilkWood:APlayforVoices“DoNotGoGentleintoThatGoodNight”“FernHill”“OverSirJohn’sHill”romeYellowPointCounterPointBravetheNewWorldAnimalFarmNineteenEighty-FourDeclineandFallAHandfulofDustThePowerandtheGloryTheHeartoftheMatterTheHumanFactorOurManinHavana(2008年)nettMenandWivesAFamilyandaFortuneTwoWorldsandTheirWaysTheDeathoftheHeartTheHeatoftheDayTheFountainOverflows___________________________________________________________________________________“PoetryofDepartures”“HighWindows”“HomeIsSoSad”“ChurchGoing”“Aubade”BridesofReasonThreeforWaterMusicandtheShiresTheScorchorFreezeFightingTermsTheSenseofMovementMySadCaptainsMolyTheManwithNightSweats“ConsideringtheSnail”“MySadCaptains”“OntheMove”nRelationsandComfortsTheNecklaceSeeingIsBelieving“Pike”Moortown“OfCommerceandSociety”“FuneralMusic”MercianHymnsTheSchoolofEloquence29/53DeathofaNaturalistDoorintotheDarkSweeneyPraisestheTreesTheHawLanternSweeney’sFlightsTheSpiritLevelLuckyJimThatUncertainFeelingILikeItHereTheAnti-DeathLeagueTheGreenManTheOldDevilsTheGrassIsSinging(2009年、2013年)BriefingforaDescentintoHellCanopusinArgos:ArchivesTheDiariesofJaneSomersTheFifthChildSatanicVerses(2007年)Midnight’sChildren(2011年)MurphyEndgameEmbersWaitingforGodotTheUnnameableMollyMaloneDiesLookBackinAngerAmericanLiteraturernismsmItrepresentsanewmodeofperceptionandawayofwriting.Initsthematicconcerns,Postmodernismviewstheworldasonethatisnottobemoulded,butasformlessandunpredictable.Postmodernismdoesnotendeavourtoimposeonlifeandreality,butiswillingtoembraceitforwhatitis.Andittendstousetopicsandsubjectsofapersonal,evenforbidden,nature.Initsformalaspects,Postmodernismseeksforafreedominliteraryexpression.Itpreferscolloquialandinformalspeech,notalwaysgrammaticalandcoherentinsyntax.ThePostmodernismnovelexhibitsitsownuniquefeaturessuchasmetafiction,blackhumourandformsofavant-gardism.Feminismincorporatesbothadoctrineofequalrightsforwomenandanideologyofsocialtransformationaimingtocreateaworldforwomenbeyondsimplesocialequality.Ingeneral,feminismistheideologyofwomen’sliberationbasedonthebeliefthatwomensufferinjusticebecauseoftheirgender.Underthisbroadumbrellavariousfeminismsofferdifferinganalysesofcauses,oragents,offemaleoppression.3.SurrealismItisanartisticmovementdoingawaywiththerestrictionsofrealismandverisimilitudethatmightbeimposedonanartist.Inthismovement,theartistssoughttodoawaywithconsciouscontrolandinsteadrespondtotheirrationalurgesofthesubconsciousmind.Fromthisresult,thehallucinatory,bizarre,oftennightmarishqualityofsurrealisticpaintingsandwritingsappear.SamplesurrealistwritersincludeFrankO’Hara,JohnAshbery,andFranzKafka.4.TheNovelofAbsurdItisbasedonthenotionthat(theuniverseisabsurd,thatneitherGodnorman,northeologynorphilosophycanmakesenseofthehumansituation).Theyrespondedtothecallofthetimeandtookituponthemselvestopresentavisionofabsurdityinwhathavebeentermedabsurdisttechniques.Thenovelistsofabsurdtendtoburlesquethetraditionalnovelisticdevices.Thewritersofabsurdtendtoaccepttheworldasitis,andastheyarescepticaloftheirself-integrityandtheirownabilitytogiveshapeandsignificancetotheimmensepanoramaoffutilityandanarchy,theyopenthemselvesuptothatdisorderandcontingencywhichtheybelievenoartcanmediate.Forthemuncertaintyistherule.Sotheseauthorsarepostmodernists.5.MetafictionItisaformofwritingaboutfictionintheformoffiction.Itisastyleoffictivenarrativethattriestotellthereadersthatfictionisfictionandisnotanillusionofrealityastherealistshavetriedtodeceivethereadersintobelieving.Metafictionalnovelsarewrittennottomeetthetraditionalexpectationsoftraditionalreadersandcritics,buttoshockandsubvertthepresuppositions.Notablemetafictionalstrategiesincludesuchastextwithintext,authorialpersonaeandundecidabilitywithnorealstory.6.Avant-gardism(2012年)Ithasbeenusedasatermofpreferenceforpostwarwritingwhichhasenjoyedsomevanguardstatus.Anavant-gardenovelrepresentsacleanbreakawayfromnormalnovelisticconventions,haslittleornorealstory,oftendull,notsatisfying,evenoffensivetomiddlebrowtaste,andisoftennotreadable.31/53impersonalpresentationofimages,andtriedtoasserttheirindividualpoeticicstripfiguresimpersonalpresentationofimages,andtriedtoasserttheirindividualpoeticicstripfiguresandHollywoodmovies.thevulgarandthesentimental.maturity.ThebasicthematicpatternissurprisinglyRomanticinItisagrotesqueormorbidhumourusedtoexpresstheabsurdity,insensitivity,paradoxandcrueltyofmodernworld.Ordinarycharactersorsituationsareusuallyexaggeratedfarbeyondthelimitsofnormalsatireorofmodernworld.Ordinarycharactersorsituationsareusuallyexaggeratedfarbeyondthelimitssometimesequatedwithtragicfarce.JosephHeller’sCatch-22isthemostfamousexample.8.Anti-noveleAtermcoinedbyFrenchcriticJeanSartre.Itreferstoanyexcrementalworkoffictionthatavoidscertaintraditionalelementsofnovelwritingliketheanalysisofthecharacter’sstateofmind.eanti-novelusuallyfragmentsanddistortstheexperienceofitscharacters,forcingthereaderofconstructtherealityofthestoryforadisorderednarrative.Theanti-novelistsbelievethattheexternalworldanti-objectiveandmustbedescribedwithoutsocialormoralsuperstructures.9.TheConfessionalSchool(2009年)analysisofone’sownbackgroundand“I’ll-tell-it-all-to-you”impulse,RobertLowell,SylviaPlathandAnneOnedistinctgroupofpoetsinthepostwaranalysisofone’sownbackgroundand“I’ll-tell-it-all-to-you”impulse,RobertLowell,SylviaPlathandAnneSexton.Confessionalpoetryisanautobiographicalmodeofversethatrevealsthepoet’spersonalproblemswithunusualfrankness.Thegenuinestrengthofconfessionalpoets,combinedwiththepityevokedbytheirhighsuiciderate,encouragedinthereadingpublicaromanticconfusionbetweenpoeticexcellenceandinnertorment.conventionalInthe1950stherewasawidespreaddiscontentmentamongthepostwargeneration,whosevoicewasoneofprotestagainstallthemainstreamculturethatAmericahadcometorepresent.ThishascometobeknownastheBeatGeneration.AllenGinsbergmadehisvoiceheardasthepoetlaureateoftheBeatGeneration.Theword“beat”representedanon-conformist,rebelliousattitudetowardconventionalItwasanattitudethatresultedfromthefeelingsofdepressionandexhaustionandItwasanattitudethatresultedfromthefeelingsofdepressionandexhaustionandtheneedtoescapeintoanunconventional,sometimescommunal,modeofliving.TheNewYorkSchoolbecamewellknownwiththepublicationofDonaldAllen’s1960anthology.TheschoolincludeFrankO’Hara,JohnAshberry.Theircommonfeaturesare:1)TheywereallvehementlyupagainstthedominantNewCriticalvaluessuchasthe2)Theyintroducedthepopularandthelowfeaturesoflifeintotheirwritingslikepopular3)Theyexhibitedahugesenseofhumour,offeringroomastheirpoemsdidforelementslike4)TheyexperimentedwithSurrealism,forawhile.12.TheBlackMountainPoets(2012年)BlackOnegroupofpoetsactiveonthecontemporarysceneincludesCharlesOlson,RobertDuncanandRobertCreeley.AsthesepeoplewereeitherassociatedwithBlackMountainCollege,orwithBlackMountainReview,theyhavebecomebackknownastheBlackMountainPoets.Itisanovelofgrowthordevelopment.Ittellsastoryaboutayoungpersongrowingfrominnocencetoexperienceandfromimmaturitytonature,i.e.countryvs.city,andinnocencevs.experience.ItisreferstoaperiodofoutstandingliteraryvigourandcreativitythatoccurredintheUnitedStatesduringthe1920s.TheHarlemRenaissancechangedtheimagesofblackliterature.Newblackimageswerenolongerobedientanddocile;insteadtheyshowedanewconfidenceandracialpride.ThecentreofthismovementwastheblackghettoofHarlem,inNewYorkCity.TheleadingfiguresareLangstonHughes,JamesWeldonJohnson,WallaceThurman,etc.It’sthesemblanceoftruthorrealityinliteraryworks;ortheliteraryprinciplethatrequiresaconsistentillusionoftruthtolife.Thetermcoversboththeexclusionofimprobabilities,asinrealismandnaturalism,andthecarefuldisguisingofimprobabilitiesinnon-realisticworks.Asacriticalprinciple,itoriginatesinAristotle’sconceptofmimesisorimitationofnature.ItwasusedbyFrenchcriticsasareasontoenforcethedramaticunitiesinthe17thand18thcenturies,onthegroundsthatchangesofsceneortimewouldbreaktheillusionoftruthtolifefortheaudience.16.UnreliableNarrator(2013年)Infiction,asinlife,theunreliablenarratorisanarratorwhocan'tbetrusted.Eitherfromignoranceorself-interest,t