高考英语语法复习：连词(讲解+练习)及论大学生写作能力

PAGEPAGE11语法：连词Linkwords连词是虚词，不能在句中单独担任成分，只起连接作用。按其用法，连词可分为两大类：并列连词(CoordinateConjunctions)和从属连词(SubordinateConjunctions)。一．并列连词：连接具有并列关系的词、短语或句子。1.并列关系：and,notonly…butalso…,both…and…,neither…nor…IusedtoliveinParisandLondon.BothJaneandJimareinterestedinfishing.Theweatherhereisneithertoocoldnortoohot.Sheisnotonlykindbutalsohonest.2.转折关系：but,yet,while(然而),when(然而，偏偏)Thecarisveryoldbutitrunsveryfast.Theproblemwasalittlehard,yetIwasabletoworkitout.ThewinterinBeijingisverycoldwhilethatofKunmingiswarm.Whydidyouborrowthebookwhenyouhadone?3.选择关系：or,not…but…,either…or…,Wouldyouliketoliveorwouldyouliketostay?Heisnotateacherbutawriter.YoucancomeeitheronSaturdayoronSunday.4.因果关系：forItmusthaverainedlastnight,forthegroundiswetnow.Theleavesofthetreesarefalling,forit’salreadyautumn.5.区别（1）and和or1)并列结构中，or通常用于否定句，and用于肯定句。2)但有时and也可用于否定句。请注意其不同特点：Thereisnoairorwaterinthemoon.Thereisnoairandnowateronthemoon.在否定中并列结构用or连接，但含有两个否定词的句子实际被看作是肯定结构，因此要用and。典型例题Idon’tlikechicken___fish.Idon’tlikechicken,___Ilikefishverymuch.A.and；andB.and；butC.or；butD.or；and答案C。否定句中表并列用or,but表转折。判断改错：(错)Wewilldiewithoutairandwater.(错)Wecan’tlivewithoutairorwater.(对)Wewilldiewithoutairorwater.(对)Wecan’tlivewithoutairandwater.(2)表示选择的并列结构1)or意思为"否则"。Imustworkhard,orI’llfailintheexam.2)either…or意思为"或者……或者……"。注意谓语动词采用就近原则。EitheryouorIamright.(3)表示转折或对比1)but表示转折，while表示对比。Somepeoplelovecats,whileothershatethem.典型例题Wouldyouliketocometodinnertonight?I’dliketo,___I’mtoobusy.A.andB.soC.asD.but答案D。but与前面形成转折，符合语意。而表并列的and，结果的so，原因的as都不符合句意。2)not…but…意思为"不是……而是……"not和but后面的用词要遵循一致原则。Theywerenotthebonesofananimal,but(thebones)ofahumanbeing.(4)表原因关系1)for判断改错：(错)Forheisill,heisabsenttoday.(对)Heisabsenttoday,forheisill.for是并列连词，不能置于含两个并列分句的句子的句首，只能将其放在两个分句中间。2)so,thereforeHehurthisleg,sohecouldn’tplayinthegame.注意：a.两个并列连词不能连用，但therefore,then,yet.可以和并列连词连用。YoucanwatchTV,and/oryoucangotobed.Hehurthisleg,andso/andthereforehecouldn’tplayinthegame.b.although…yet…，但although不与but连用。(错)Althoughhewasweak,buthetriedhisbesttodothework..(对)Althoughhewasweak,yethetriedhisbesttodothework.(5)注意：notonly…butalso关联两个分句时，一个分句因有否定词not而必须倒装。Notonlydoeshelikereadingstories,butalsohecanevenwritesome.neither…nor意思为"既不……也不……"谓语动词采用就近原则，与nor后的词保持一致。(6)比较so和such其规律由so与such的不同词性决定。such是形容词，修饰名词或名词词组，so是副词，只能修饰形容词或副词。so还可与表示数量的形容词many，few，much，little连用，形成固定搭配。so+adj.such+a(n)+n.so+adj.+a(n)+n.such+n.(pl.)so+adj.+n.(pl.)such+n.(pl.)so+adj.+n.[不可数]such+n.[不可数]sofoolishsuchafoolsoniceaflowersuchaniceflowersomany/fewflowerssuchniceflowerssomuch/littlemoney.suchrapidprogresssomanypeoplesuchalotofpeoplesomany已成固定搭配，alotof虽相当于many，但alotof为名词性的，只能用such搭配。so…that与such…that之间的转换即为so与such之间的转换。二．从属连词：指在复合句中引导从句的连结词。常见的从属连词有：

引导时间状语从句的：after,before,when,as,while,since,until,till,assoonas

引导原因状语从句的：because,since,as

引导让步状语从句的：although,though,nomatter（无论）,evenif(though)

引导条件状语从句的：if,unless,once,as(so)longas

引导结果状语从句的：so,sothat,so…that…,such…that…

引导目的状语从句的：so,sothat…,inorderthat…

引导比较状语从句的：as…as…,notso(as),as,than

引导方式状语从句的：as,asif…,asthough引导地点状语从句的：where，wherever

引导名词性从句（主语，宾语、表语或同位语从句）的连词主要有：that,whether,if三个。其中that和whether间或还可以引起同位从句和状语从句。（一）某些用法比较特殊的从属连词用法区别1、当while,when,as引导时间状语从句时的区别：

①while引导的状语从句中动词必须是延续性。谓语动词多为进行时，或状态动词的一般时。while的这些用法可用when代替，等于“atthetimethat”,“duringthetimethat”。例如：Pleasekeepquietwhile(when)othersarestudying；

②when除可指一段时间外，还可用来指一点时间，等于“atthetime”，when引出的时间状语从句中的谓语动词可以是终止性的，也可以是延续性的。因此主句和从句的谓语可以是一般时，进行时，或完成时。例如：WhenIwentintothelab,theteacherwasdoinganexperiment.（不能用while）HeoftenmakesmistakeswhenheisspeakingEnglish.（when可换成while）③as常可与when，while通用，但强调“一边、一边”。例如：As(when,while)Iwaswalkingdownthestreet,Inoticedapolicecarinfrontofnumber37.

④when引导的状语从句中的主语与主句主语一致，主、谓是“主语+系动词”结构时，这时主语和系动词可以省略。例如：When(hewas)young,heworkedforarichman.She’llbeheretogiveyouhelpwhen(ifitis)necessary.

⑤when有时代替if，引导条件句，意为“如果”、“假如”，例如：I’llcomewhen(if)I’mfree.

2、before作连词一般表示时间，意为“在…之前”，但有些句子中这样译就显得别扭。试看以下句子的翻译：Healmostknockedmedownbeforehesawme.他几乎把我撞倒才看见我；BeforeIcouldgetinawordhehadmeasuredme.我还没来得及插话，他已经给我量好了尺寸。

3、till,until作为介词式从属连词引导时间状语短语或状语从句，用于否定句时，结构为not…until(till)，主句谓语动词延续与非延续皆可，意为“直到…才…”。用于肯定句时，只与延续性动词连用，表示“到…为止”。例如：Theyplayedvolleyballuntil(till)itgotdark.Theydidn’ttalk（延续）until(till)theinterpreter（译员）came.Hedidn’tgotobed（非延续）until(till)thehisfathercameback.；until可以放在句首，till则不行，例如：Untilthelastminuteofthematchwekeptonplaying.Notuntilhefinishedhisworkdidhegohome.（倒装）；till,until只用于时间，以下句子是错误的：Wewalkedtilltheedgeoftheforest.（要用asfaras或to）。

4、because,since,as引导原因状语时注意使用上的区别：

①如果原因构成句子的最主要部分,一般用because,因此because引导的从句往往放在句末。用why提问的句子，一定用because回答。例如：Hehadtostayathomeyesterdaybecausehewasill.；

②如原因已为人们所知，或不如句子的其他部分重要，就用as，或since。since比as更正式些。as和since引导的从句一般放在句子的开头。例如：Asyouaretired,youhadbetterrest./Sinceeveryoneishere,nowlet’sbegin.

5、although和though引导让步状语从句往往用法一样，但注意以下区别：

①although用于各种文体，而though则多用于非正式的口语或书面语中。注意由although,though引导的从句后，主句不能用but，但可用副词yet,still。例如：Although/Thoughitrainedallthemorning,theystillwentonworking.（或yettheywentonworking）

②though常与even连用，eventhough表示强调，意为“即使”，但不能说evenalthough，例如：EventhoughIdidn’tunderstandaword,Ideptsmiling.

③though可用作副词，意为“然而”，常用逗号与句子分开。although则不能这样使用，它只作连词。例如：Itwasaquietparty,Ihadagoodtime,though.

6、once作副词译“曾经”，作为连词译“一旦”，引导条件状语从句。相当于if的加强形式。例如：Idon’tbelievehewasonceathief.(once这里是副词)/OnceAristotlehadmadeuphismindthatheavyobjectsalwaysfellfasterthanlightobjects,hetaughtitasatruthtohisstudents.(once连词)

7、unless引导条件状语从句等于if…not…。例如：He’llacceptthejobunlessthesalaryistoolow.(=He’llacceptthejobifthesalaryisnottoolow.)

8、在用asif引导的方式状语从句及表语从句中，根据情况要使用虚拟语气。例如：Hetalksasifheknewallaboutit.但有时也可用直陈语气。Itlooksasifitisgoingtorain.9、whether,if引导从句的用法区别：

①引导主语从句、表语从句或同位语从句时，用whether，不用if。例如：WhethertheywillgototheGreatWallisnotknown./Thequestioniswhetherwecanfinishthetaskontime./Thequestionwhetherwewilltakepartinthephysicscontesthasnotbeendecided.②whether可接不定式，而if则不可。例如：Ihaven’tdecidedwhethertoleaveornot.

③whether可作介词的宾语或置于句首表示强调，而if则不可。例如：Everythingdependsonwhetherwehaveenoughmoney./Whetherhewillcome,Iamnotsure.

④whether和if均可引导宾语从句，whether引导的宾语从句一般都是肯定句，if引导的宾语从句可以是肯定的，也可以是否定的（此时不能用whether），例如：Couldyoutelluswhether/ifitrainsinwinterinAustralia?/Iwonderifitdoesn’train.

⑤引导宾语从句的whether和if常可与ornot连用。连用时要注意ornot的位置，它一般与whether、if分开使用，有时它可与whether合起来使用，但不能与if合起来使用。例如：Idon’tknowwhether/iftheywillcomeornot./Idon’tknowwhetherornottheywillcome.

⑥if可用来引导条件状语从句，译“如果”，whether则不行。例如：Ifyouworkhard,youaresuretosucceed.10、as作从属连词可引导多种状语从句。

①as引导时间状语从句，意为“当…时”。例如：As(hewas)ayoungman,hewasastorekeeperandlaterapostmaster./Hesangasheworked.

②as引导方式状语从句，意为“象…一样”。例如：WemustdoasthePartyteachesus.

③as引导原因状语从句。意为“由于”，例如：Asyouaretired,youhadbetterrest.

④as引导让步状语从句。意为“虽然”、“尽管”Childasheis,hecandoitwell.(=Althoughheisachild,hecandoitwell.)

另外，as做为关系代词还可以引导定语从句，如：Ihavethesamebookasyou.连词while是高考一个命题的热点，你知道其考点主要涉及哪些方面吗？

一、考查表示时间的用法，其意为“当……的时候”。如：

Wemuststrikewhiletheironishot.我们要趁热打铁。

StandstillwhileItakeyourphotograph.我给你拍照时站着不要动。

Havewegotenoughbookstoreadwhileweareonholiday?假期里我们有足够的书看吗?

WerethereanycallsformewhileIwasout?我出去的时候，有人来过吗?

Shehatesanyonelisteningwhilesheistelephoning.她打时不愿让任何人听。

二、考查表示让步的用法，其意为“尽管”“虽然”。如：

Whiletheworkwasdifficult,itwasinteresting.虽然工作有难度，但很有趣。

WhileIunderstandwhatyousay,Ican’tagreewithyou.虽然我理解你的意思，但我还是不同意。三、考查表示对比的用法，其意为“而”“但”。如：

Somepeoplewastefoodwhileothershaven’tenough.一些人糟踏食物而另一些人却食不果腹。

Iwentswimmingwhiletheothersplayedtennis.我去游泳，而其余的人则去打网球了。

Pricesarerisingsharply,whileincomesarelaggingfarbehind.物价飞涨而收入却远远落后。

注：这样用时，while引出的句子通常位于末，但有时也可位于句首。如：

Whilemostchildrenlearntoreadeasily,someneedextrahelp.大多数儿童学会阅读很容易，有一些儿童却需要特别帮助。

WhileDeauvilleisaholidayresort,Trouvilleismoreofaworkingtown.特维尔是个度假胜地，而特鲁维尔更多的却是个工业城市。

四、考查其省略用法，即主句与从句主语相同，且从句谓语动词含有动词be时，通常可省略从句主语和动词be。如：

While(hewas)inprison,shewroteherfirstnovel.她在狱中写出了第一部小说。

Hehadstrayedfromhomewhilestillaboy.他小时候就离开家到处流浪了。

Hefellasleepwhile(hewas)doinghishomework.他做着做着功课就睡着了。Iwasonlylisteningtotheradiowithhalfanear,while(Iwas)preparingsomefood.我正在做吃的东西，没太留心听收音机。【考点实训】1.Shejustsitstherereadingherstorybook,_________Idoallthework.A.untilB.whileC.becauseD.though2.Theireconomyhasexpandedenormously,_________ours,bycontrast,hasdeclined.A.whileB.unlessC.incaseD.which

3.Couldyouwatchmybagsforme,_________Igotothetoilet?A.thoughB.unlessC.whatD.while4.Theprofessoristypinghisownletters_________hissecretaryisill.A.whatB.whichC.ifD.while5.ShesaidshewasgoingtotheshopsandaskedmewhetherIwantedanything_________shewasout.A.thoughB.whileC.whichD.before6.Teaisthemostpopulardrink,_________coffeecomessecond.A.sinceB.untilC.whatD.while7.Schoolsinthenorthtendtobebetterequipped,_______thoseinthesoutharerelativelypoor.A.sinceB.beforeC.whileD.because

8.Itisnoaccidentthatmenfillmostofthetopjobsinnursing,_______womenremainonthelowergrades.A.afterB.sinceC.whileD.which9._________tryingtoopenthecan,Icutmyhand.A.ThoughB.BecauseC.ForD.While10.Somepeoplepreferavegetariandiet,_________otherspreferameat-baseddiet.

A.thoughB.whileC.whichD.for11.Hedidn’taskmein;hekeptmestandingatthedoor_________hereadthemessage.

A.whileB.beforeC.afterD.which12.Now’sthetimetobuyacar,_________theinterestratesarelow.A.butB.whichC.whileD.until13.Thecoupletookgoodcareofthebaby_________occupiedbytheirwork.A.whileB.afterC.whichD.since14.Howdidyouspendyourtime_________youwereonholiday?

A.althoughB.whileC.whichD.since15.BecauseJanehadoncehadabadaccident_________driving,shewasafraidtotryitagain.

A.thoughB.unlessC.forD.while（以上答案均是while）练习连词1.Heisveryold,____hestillworksveryhard. A.butB.ifC.whenD.as2.____youaredismissed.A.Neitheryougonor B.Eitheryougoor C.WhetheryougoorD.Bothyougoand3.Theyhadcampedoncebefore,____theyknewwhattotake.A.because B.now C.so D.since4.Whythesethingshappenedwas____thedriverhadbeencareless.A.becauseof B.owingto C.dueto D.that5.Although,it'sraining,____arestillworkinginthefields.A.they B.butthey C.andthey D.sothey6.___wehavesatisfiedyou,youhavenogroundsofcomplaint.A.SoB.Sincethat C.Nowthat D.Bynow.7.Writeclearly____yourteachercanunderstand.youcorrectly.A.since B.for C.because D.sothat8.You'llmissthetrain____youhurryup. A.unlessB.asC.ifD.until9.Francisdidthetask____hisbrother. A.asgoodasB.asbetterasC.aswellasD.asbestas10.Thesizeoftheaudience,____wehadexpected,waswellovertwentythousand.A.as B.what C.that D.whom11.IthoughthehatedtheTV.Youareright,____hestillwatchestheprogram.A.yet B.besides C.also D.then12.Itlooks____it'sgoingtorain. A.thatB.asC.asifD.likethat13.____toNewYork,herfatherhasnotheardfromher.A.Becauseshewent B.Aftershewent C.Whenshewent D.Sinceshewent14.___hedaydreamed,Petersawfiguresinthesky. A.UntilB.SinceC.WhileD.During15.Wearrivedatthestation____thetrainhadleft. A.afterB.beforeC.sinceD.when16.____hewasinpoorhealth,heworkedjustashardaseveryoneelse.A.But B.Although C.Evenif D.If17.Givemeonemoreminute____I'llhavefinished. A.soB.untilC.andD.when18.TheworkerhuntedforjobsinNewYorkformonths,____hecouldnotfindanywork.A.and B.yet C.or D.andbut19.Hurryup,____you'llbelate. A.orB.andC.soD.yet20.Donotmakethesamemistake____Idid. A.soB.asC.likeD.that21.Mysisterisexpectingme,____Imustbeoffnow. A.howeverB.orC.soD.otherwise22.Weshouldpayattention____toindustry____toagriculture.A.either,or B.neither,nor C.not,but D.both,and23.Heranoff____Icouldstophim. A.beforeB.afterC.sinceD.when24.____youtoldme,Ihadheardnothingofwhathappened.A.TillB.UntilC.AfterD.Since25.Wherehaveyoubeen____youlefthome? A.beforeB.asC.sinceD.when26.____theproblemofmethodissolved,talkingaboutthetaskisuseless.A.Until B.Since C.After D.Unless27.Wehaveproduced15%morecottonthisyear____wedidlastyear.A.as B.than C.like D.white28.Itislate;____,I'mtootiredtogoout. A.besidesB.exceptC.exceptforD.exceptthat29.Everythingaroundusis____solid..liquid____gas.A.not...but... B.either...or... C.neither...nor... D.whether...or...30.Hewillcome____youaskhim. A.whetherB.unlessC.ifD.while31.____hewillcomeornotisstillunknown. A.IfB.WhereC.ThatD.Whether32.Idon'tknow____tostayathomeorgoout. A.whetherB.ifC.howD.where33.Hespokeloudly____theaudiencecouldhearhimclearly.A.so B.that C.sothat D.inorderto34.Thebookisnoteasy.____it'sratherdifficult.A.Ontheonehand B.OnthecontraryC.OntheotherhandD.Ontheothercontrary35.Youmustworkhard,____youwillnotlearnEnglishwell.A.if B.whether C.otherwise D.unless36.Itrainedheavily,____thebasketballmatchhadtobeputoff.A.sothat B.when C.otherwise D.therefore37.Wemustdo____thepeoplewantustodo..A.whatever B.however C.wherever D.whenever38.Youarecertainlyright,____othersmaysay. A.whatB.whateverC.thatD.as39.____makesmistakesmustcorrectthem. A.WhoB.WhatC.WhoeverD.Whatever40.I’lldiscussitwithyou____youliketocome.A.when B.where C.whoever D.whenever41.____youwork,youmustalwaysservethepeopleheartandsoul.A.Wherever B.Whenever C.Where D.When42.___youunderstandthisrule,youwillhavenofurtherdifficulty. A.Once B.Atonce C.Only D.Onlythen43.___difficultthetaskmaybe,wemustfulfilitthismonth.A.NomatterhowB.NomatterwhatC.NomatterwhenD.Nomatterwhere44.Wecansurelyovercomethesedifficulties_,___wearecloselyunited.A.sofaras B.solongas C.assoonas D.aswellas45.___Iknowhewillstayhereforhalfayear.A.assoonas B.aslongas C.sofaras D.aswellas46.Pleasewriteme____youarriveinNewYork.A.aswellas B.solongas C.asfaras D.assoonas47.Thatisnot____Iwant. A.that B.why C.whatD.whose48.___hediditremainsasecret. A.WhatB.WhomC.WhichD.How49.Itisquiteclear____hewon'tseeus. A.whatB.thatC.whyD.how50.Wouldyoutellme____wayIshouldtake?A.whatB.thatC.whichD.whose51.Iamsure____yousaidistrue. A.whatB.thatC.whichD.who52.Thetroubleis____wecannotfindsuchanexpert.A.why B.that C.where D./53.Ithasnotbeendecided____theywillleave.A.whyB.whenC.which D.what54.Weshallgo____youareready. A.while B.assoonasC.asD.since55.Hewilltellyouaboutit____yougetthere. A.whileB.asC.whenD./56.Don'ttrytogetoffthebus____ithasstopped.A.whileB.asC.sinceD.before57.I'llcomeandseeyou_____Igotothecountryside.A.whileB.when.C.assoonasD.before58.___hecametostudyintheuniversity,hehasmademuchprogressinthestudyofEnglish.A.While B.WhenC.SinceD.After59.Thingshavechangedalot____Iwrotetoyoulasttime.A.when B.since C.as D.before60.Ican'tuseyourpen,___thereisnoinkinit. A.forB.whenC.ifD.whether61.I'dliketogoswimming____thewaterisnottoocold.A.forB.unlessC.ifD.whether62.Difficultiesarenothing___wearenotafraidofthem.A.for B.asC.ifD.whether63.Thedoctorwillnotperformtheoperation___itisabsolutelynecessary.A.when B.if C.for D.unless64.Goback___youcamefrom.A.untilB.whereC.whichD.when65.Helay___thegrasswasthethickest.A.whereB.whenC.thatD.after66.Youwillfindfriendlypeople___yougoinChina.A.where B.and C.whereverD.so67.___itwasalreadydark,theywentonworkinginthefields.A.If B.Whether C.But D.Though68.___hehasfinishedwritingthenovelisunknown.A.If B.Whether C.When D.While69.We'llgoandseethepatient___wearebusy.A.evenif B.for C.if D.while70.Themuseumis___far____itwilltakeushalfanhourtogettherebybus.A.such...that B.as...as C.so...that D.so…as练习、连词1．(全国卷2)13.Wethoughttherewere35studentsinthedininghall,______,infact,therewere40.

A.whileB.whetherC.whatD.which2．(北京卷)34.Hefounditincreasinglydifficulttoread,_______hiseyesightwasbeginningtofail.

A.andB.forC.butD.or3．(辽宁卷)24.Hewasabouthalfwaythroughhismeal_______afamiliarvoicecametohisears.

A.whyB.whereC.whenD.while4．(辽宁卷)34.IgrewupinAfrica,atleastIshouldsaythatIspentmuchofthefirsttenyearsofmylifethere.

A.andB.orC.soD.but5．(四川卷)24.Startoutrightaway,________you'llmissthefirsttrain.

A.andB.butC.orD.while6．(天津卷)2.ThecostoflivinginGlasgowisamongthelowestinBritain,thequalityoflifeisprobablyoneofthehighest.

A.sinceB.whenC.asD.while7．(湖南卷)23.Amancannotsmilelikeachild,___achildsmileswithiseyes,whileamansmileswithhislipsalone.

A.soB.butC.andD.for练习连词：答案1~5ABCDA6~10CDACA11~15ACDCA16~20BCBAB21~25CDABC26~30BBABC31~35DACBC36~40AABCD41~45AAABC46~50DCDBC51~55ABBBC56~60DDCBA61~65CCDBA66~70CDBAC1-7ABCBCDD

论大学生写作能力写作能力是对自己所积累的信息进行选择、提取、加工、改造并将之形成为书面文字的能力。积累是写作的基础，积累越厚实，写作就越有基础，文章就能根深叶茂开奇葩。没有积累，胸无点墨，怎么也不会写出作文来的。写作能力是每个大学生必须具备的能