英语语言学复习资料

语言学各章重点学习资料整1.1islanguage?systemarbitraryusedforhuman1.2①Arbitrariness任意性Thebywhichthereisingeneralnatural(i.e.logical)betweentheformofaunititsmeaning.②Duality重性consistsoflevelsThelowerleveliscombineunitsconstituteahigher(primary)③Creativity造性insensethatuserscanneverheardbefore.④移位meantcanbeusedtoreferthatare(inspace)atthe1.3of①Informative信息功能Languageitisusedtoexpressthespeaker’sopinion,stateafact,ortoreasonthingsout.②人际功Languageservesestablishmaintainsocialpeople.③Performative事功能useddotoe.g.“Isurrender.”“I’lldoittonight.“Ideclaremeetingopen.”“Iyoutothreeyearsprison.”④function情功能oftorevealtheattitudesofthee.g.“Ouch!“I’mterriblysorryabout…”(alternativelycalledexpressivefunction)⑤Phatic暄交谈Theuseestablishormaintainabetweenanyfactualcontent.greetings,farewells,andtalkingtheweather.⑥娱功能Theuseforsheerjoyit.⑦Metalingual元语言功能Theuseoftomakestatementsitself.Thearemadeiscalledthe1.4islinguistics?Thescientificof1.5

①语音学Thestudyandperceptionofspeech,abstractiontheofanyspecificintophonetics,articulatoryphonetics,auditoryphonetics.②Phonology音系学Theofthesystemsofindividualandofthenaturesuch③Morphology形态学iswiththeinternalorganizationofItminimal–morphemesprocesses.④Syntax句法学Thebranchgoverningcombinationofsentences.⑤Semantics语学Themeaning.⑥用学studyinparticularcontexts.1.6cultureisanindispensablecarrierofculture.Cultureabetterrepresentationthrough1.7OnsetPrinciple最大节前辅音则Whichthereisachoiceastoplaceaconsonant,itistheratherthanthecode.1.8Important①Descriptiveprescriptive描写规定Alinguisticstudyisdescriptiveifitlinguisticobserved;itisifitdownrulesforcorrectness.②共时历时Thestudyitsatainis③Languevs.语言言语AdistinctionSwissFerdinanddeSaussure(绪尔Languereferstotheabstractsystemsharedbyalltheaspeecharolereferstotheactualizedorrealizationoflangue.④语言力vs.语言运Competenceisspeaker-listener’sknowledgeofhislanguageandisactualconcretesituations.Chapter2Sounds1.IPA：国际语音学协.2.ThetheorycardinalAvowelsestablishedDanielasunchangingdescriptionvowelsinanylanguage.Byconvention,theeightprimaryvowelsarenumberedfromonetoeight:8基本音：记住：p35,p36个表格3.

①Minimal最小立体:Twoadifferfrombyone(onephoneme)andwhichdifferinmeaning.E.g.wordsbitandareaminimal②：4.process化:aprocessonesoundtakesonorcharacteristicsneighboringsound.iswithcoarticulation.①Ifafollowinginfluencesasound,itisassimilation逆同化:can,tan,tenth,ninth,cupboard,pence,haveusedpancake,.②ainfluencesafollowingProgressiveassimilation顺同化words,pears,rides,eyes,loved,5.Theofpluralformin:①：theaftersounds②：the/z/appearsaftervoicedsounds③：the/z/after6.Stressreferstoofinproducing①句子的音。②：单词的重音isChapter31.Morpheme:theunitofinrelationshipbetweenmeaning,aunitcannotbedividedfurthersmallwithoutoralteringmeaning.:前位：half;double,twice,threeetc;one-third,two-fifths,etc;what,/an)中：a(n),thethis,my,your,his,her,our,Jimmymother’sany,no,enough,后位three,etc;first,third,etc;many,much,(a)fewer,(the)fewest,least,most;several,plentyof,lotsgreat/large/a/gooddealof,large/amount3.WordFormation(1)复合

blackboard,

(2)衍生派生,clockwise,uninstall(3)新创词语condom,boycott,(4)成法modem,,blog,bit(binary+(5)Abbreviation缩写词；语fax,flu(6)字母缩词ATM，逆构词lase,enthuse(7)Analogicalcreation类推造字wroughtworked,

slew、(8)Borrowing借用；词i.词混合借词吉普车ii.Loanshift转移借词Loan翻译借Chapter4Relations①PositionalRelation:relation,wordreferstosequentialarrangementwordsinalanguage.②ofsubstitutability:代关系Whetherasequenceofcanbesubstitutedasinglewordand③of同现关系ofdifferentpermit,occurrenceofaofanothersettoformaConstitute直接成分析法N:名词V:动adj:形容词副词det:限定词part:助词Prep:介词情态动词NP:名词语动词短语PP:词短语AP:形容词短C/S从句句子3.EndocentricandExocentricConstructions①向心结构NP,APtotupesaretotheHead.Coordinationandto②Exocentric:离心结构noorincludesbasicPredicate(V+O)construction,connectiveconstruction(:递归Embedding：入式Embeddingreferstothebyoneisinthesubordination.The3:,adjunct(oradverbial)relativeclauses.

Chapter51.Meaning:Representativeofthemaindefinitionsreputablestudentshavefavored.记P94表格。2.TheReferentialTheory:指称论3.Senserelations①同义关系同义词分为完同义词和部同义词②反义关反义词i:Gradableantonymy:good-bad,ii:antonymy：-iii:borrow-give③上下义关：一种义包含的关上义词下义词：Hyponyms4.ComponentialAnalysis:成分分P103出判题包含关系a=1,b=1a=0,b=?前提关a=0,b=1Inconsistent:盾Chapter81.PragmaticsTheory:Austin①:施为句perform特点：一人称，现在时，直陈气，主动语态②:叙事句Itisatheisdoingof(afact;3.Atheoryofthe①Locutionary:言内行为②言外行③言后为4.The1775.CharacteristicsofImplicature:①Calculability:可推测性

②可撤性（加一话可撤）③不可分性④:非常规性Chapter9P206Howanalysepoetry?P215HowanalyseP221HowanalyseDramaticChapter10instruction计算机辅助学CAL:Learning计算机辅助学习CALL:Computer-assisted计算机辅语言学习ChapterAnalysis(CA)2.ErrorAnalysis(EA)Mistake:具备competence,但有performanceError:没有Chapter121.TheThePragueiscontributiontophonologydistinctionbetween代表人：Trubetskoy(FSP)功能句观Theprincipleisthattheofutterancepartisevaluateditssemanticcontributionwhole.2.TheSchoolB.J.R.Firth,HallidayallimportanceofandaspectsofSchoolknownas

Malinowski’stheories:Meaningisnotsomethingthatexistsinsounds,butsomethingthatexistsinoftheir

Firth’stheories:Languageisasocialprocess.Meaningisuse,themeaningofanysentenceconsistsoffiveparts（P285第二）

HallidayandSystemic-FunctionalGrammarHalliday’sSFisasociologicalorientedfunctionallinguisticproachwhichcanbeappliedtolanguageteaching,discoursestylistics,machinetranslation.①aimstointernalrelations